国际法复习材料范文

国际法复习材料范文 国际法复习材料1.国际法的基本原则(主要内容,即和平共处五项原则)The Contentsof theFundamental Principlesof InternationalLaw:Mutual Respectfor TerritorialIntegrity andSovereignty MutualNon-Aggression Non-Interference inEach Others InternalAffairs Equality and Mutual Benefit PeacefulCo-Existence2.国家主权平等原则EqualityandMutual BenefitAll Statesenjoy sovereign equalityThey haveequal rightsand dutiesand areequal members of the international munity，notwithstanding differencesof aneconomic，social，political or other natureIn particular，sovereignequalityincludes the following elements:a)States arejuridically equal；(b)Each Stateenjoys the rights inherentin fullsovereignty；(c)Each State has theduty torespect the personality of other States(d)The territorialintegrity andpolitical independenceof the State areinviolable；(e)Each State has theright freelyto chooseand developits political，social，economic andcultural systems；(f)Each Statehas theduty toply fullyand ingood faithwith itsinternational obligationsand tolive inpeace withother StatesMutualBenefit3.永久中立国Permanently NeutralState4.国际法渊源The Statute of theICJ a.International conventions,whether generalor particular,establishing rulesexpressly recognizedby thecontesting statesb.International Customc.The generalprinciple oflaw d.Judicial decision and theteachings ofpublicists of the variousnations.5.国际法编纂机构ILC6.条约分类Divisions ofTreaties P14in ternsof functiontreaties canbe possibilydivided intolaw-making treatiesand treaty-contracts.Law-making treatiesTreaty-contracts BilateralTreaties MultilateralTreaties7.明示承认和默示承认明示；A.照会国以照会或函电证实对被承认国表示承认B.多个国家包括新国家在内签订议定书或条约表示承认C.多个国家包括不新国家在内签订议定书或条约，其中载有承认新国家的条款默示A.既存国家与新国家正式缔结条约b.既存国家与新国家正式建立外交关系c.既存国家与新国家正式建立领事关系8.国家继承原则财产不动产动产债务9.国籍的取得10.国家安全P2811.国家的管辖权12.刑事管辖权原则Criminal JurisdictionThe TerritorialPrinciple TheProtective Principle The NationalityPrinciple ThePassive PersonalityPrincipleTheUniversality Principle13.中国国籍法规定国籍，一个人属于某个国家的公民或国民的法律资格，是特定个人和特定国家之间稳定的法律联系。 取得丧失自愿非自愿积极冲突多个国籍可选择（双、多国籍）消极冲突无国籍14.引渡和庇护原则引渡Principles a.Extradition shall not begranted if the offenserelated to the politicalnature.b.If theperson whoseextradition isrequested isa nationalof therequested State.c.Double-Check d.Principle ofIdentity e.Principle ofSpecialty庇护政治犯不庇护In thecase ofprosecutions genuinelyarising fromnon-political crimesor fromacts contraryto the purpose andprinciples of the UnitedNations.The principleof non-refoulement不退回原则15.外交关系公约AT Article221.The premises of the mission shall be inviolable.The agentsof the receiving State may notenter them,except with the consent of thehead of the mission.2.The receiving State isunder aspecial dutyto takeall appropriatesteps toprotect thepremisesof the missionagainst anyintrusion ordamage and to prevent any disturbanceof thepeace of the missionor impairmentof itsdignity.3.The premisesof the mission,their furnishingsand otherproperty thereonand themeans oftransport of the mission shall beimmune fromsearch,requisition,attachment orexecution.Article29The personof a diplomatic agentshall beinviolable.He shall not beliable to any formof arrestor detention.The receivingState shalltreat himwith duerespect andshall takeall appropriatesteps topreventanyattack onhis person,freedom ordignity Article321.The immunity from jurisdiction of diplomatic agents and of personsenjoying immunityunder article37may bewaived by the sendingState.2.Waiver mustalways beexpress.3.The initiationof proceedingsby adiplomaticagentor by a personenjoying immunityfrom jurisdictionunder article37shall precludehim frominvoking immunityfrom jurisdiction in respect of anycounter-claim directlyconnected with the principalclaim.4.Waiver ofimmunityfromjurisdiction in respect ofcivil oradministrative proceedingsshall not be heldto implywaiver ofimmunity in respect of the executionof thejudgement,for whicha separatewaiver shall be necessary.Article371.The membersof thefamily of adiplomaticagent forming part ofhis householdshall,if theyare not nationals of the receivingState,enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in articles29to36.2.Members of the administrativeand technicalstaff of the mission,together withmembersof their familiesformingpart of theirrespective households,shall,if theyare notnationals of or permanently resident in the receivingState,enjoy the privileges andimmunities specifiedin articles29to35,except that the immunityfrom civiland administrativejurisdictionof the receivingState specifiedin paragraph1of article31shallnotextend to acts performedoutside the course of their duties.They shallalso enjoy the privilegesspecifiedin article36,paragraph1,inrespect of articlesimported atthe timeof firstinstallation.3.Members of the servicestaff of themissionwho are notnationals ofor permanentlyresident in the receivingState shall enjoyimmunity inrespectof acts performedin thecourse of their duties,exemption from dues and taxes on the emoluments they receive by reason of their employment and the exemptioncontained in article33.4.Private servantsof membersof themissionshall,if theyarenotnationalsoforpermanentlyresidentin the receivingState,be exemptfromduesandtaxeson theemolumentstheyreceivebyreasonof theiremployment.In otherrespects,they mayenjoy privilegesandimmunitiesonly to the extentadmitted by thereceivingState.However,thereceivingState mustexercise itsjurisdiction overthose personsin sucha manneras not to interfereunduly with the performanceof thefunctions of themission.AT39P8216.领事馆人员职务终止的原因使馆领馆A.派遣国召回B.派遣国撤回使馆C.派遣国与接受国外交关系断绝D.派遣国或接受国发生革命或剧烈冲突E.接受国拒绝承认为使馆成员17.国家责任公约（草案）Article2Elements of an internationally wrongful act of a State Thereis an internationally wrongful act of a Statewhen conductconsisting of an actionor omission:(a)Is attributable to the State under international law;and(b)Constitutes abreach of an internationalobligation of the State.Article4Conduct oforgans of a State1.The conduct of anyState organshall be considered an act of that State under international law,whether theorgan exerciseslegislative,executive,judicial or any otherfunctions,whatever positionit holdsin theorganization of the State,and whateverits characteras an organ of the centralGovernment or of aterritorial unitof the State.2.An organincludes anyperson orentity whichhas thatstatus in aordance with the internallaw of the State.Article5Conduct of persons orentities exercising elements ofgovernmental authorityThe conduct of a person orentity which is notan organof the State under article4but which is empoweredby thelaw of that State to exerciseelements of the governmental authority shall be considered an act of the State under international law,provided theperson orentity isacting in that capacityin theparticular instance.Article6Conduct oforgans placed atthe disposal of a State by another State The conduct of an organplacedatthedisposalof a Stateby another Stateshall be considered an act of the former State under international law if theorgan isacting in the exercise of elements of the governmental authorityof theState atwhose disposalit isplaced.Article7Excess of authority orcontravention ofinstructions The conduct of anorganof a State or of a person orentity empoweredto exerciseelementsof thegovernmentalauthority shall be considered an act of theState underinternational lawif theorgan,person orentity actsinthatcapacity,even if it exceedsits authorityor contravenesinstructions.Article8Conduct directedor controlledby a State The conduct of aperson or group of persons shall be considered an act of a State underinternational lawif theperson or group ofpersons is in fact actingon theinstructions of,or under the directionor control of,that State in carryingout theconduct.Article9Conduct carriedout in the absence or default of the official authoritiesTheconductof apersonorgroupofpersonsshall be consideredan act of a Stateunderinternational lawif thepersonorgroupofpersonsisinfactexercisingelementsof thegovernmentalauthorityin theabsenceordefaultof theofficialauthorities and in circumstancessuch asto callfor theexerciseof those elementsof authority.Article10Conduct of an insurrectional orothermovement1.Theconductof aninsurrectional movementwhich beesthe newGovernment of a Stateshall be consideredan act of that Stateunderinternational law.2.Theconductof amovement,insurrectionalorother,which sueedsin establishinga new State inpartof the territory of apre-existing Stateor in a territory under itsadministration shall beconsideredanactof thenewStateunderinternational law.3.This articleis without prejudice to the attributionto a State of any conduct,however relatedto thatof themovement concerned,whichisto beconsideredanactof that Stateby virtueof articles4to9.Article11Conduct acknowledgedand adoptedby a State asits ownConduct whichis notattributabletoa Stateunderthepreceding articlesshall neverthelessbeconsideredanactofthat Stateunderinternational lawif andto the extent that theStateacknowledges and adopts theconduct in question asits own.Article20Consent Validconsent by a State to themission of a givenact by another Stateprecludes thewrongfulness ofthat actin relation to theformerState to the extent that the actremains within the limitsofthatconsent.Article21Self-defense The wrongfulness of anactofa State is precluded if the actconstitutes alawful measureof self-defense takenin conformity with theCharter of the UnitedNations.Article22Countermeasures inrespectofan internationally wrongful actThe wrongfulness ofanactofaStatenot in conformity with an internationalobligation towardsanother Stateis precludedif andto theextent thatthe actconstitutes acountermeasure takenagainst thelatter State in aordance with chapterII ofpart three.Article23Force majeureThe wrongfulness ofanactofaStatenot inconformity withan internationalobligation ofthat Stateis precludedif the act is due toforce majeure,that isthe ourrenceofanirresistible forceorofan unforeseenevent,beyond thecontrolof theState,making itmaterially impossibleinthe circumstances toperform the obligation.2.Paragraph1does not apply if:(a)The situation of forcemajeure isdue,either alone or inbination withother factors,to theconductof theStateinvoking it;or(b)The Statehas assumedthe riskofthatsituation ourring.Article24Distress1.ThewrongfulnessofanactofaStatenot inconformity withan internationalobligation ofthat Stateisprecludedifthe author of the actin questionhas noother reasonableway,inasituation of distress,of savingthe authors lifeor thelives ofother personsentrusted to theauthors care.2.Paragraph1does notapply if:(a)The situationofdistressisdue,either aloneor inbination withother factors,to theconductof theStateinvoking it;or(b)The actin questionis likelyto createa parableor greaterperil.Article25Necessity1.Necessity maynot beinvoked by aStateas aground forprecluding thewrongfulnessofanactnot inconformitywithan internationalobligation ofthatStateunless theact:(a)Is theonly wayfor theState tosafeguard an essential interestagainst agrave andimminent peril;and(b)Does notseriously impairanessentialinterest oftheStateor States towards which the obligationexists,orofthe internationalmunity as a whole.2.In anycase,necessity maynot beinvoked by aStateas aground forprecluding wrongfulnessif:(a)The internationalobligation in question excludesthe possibilityof invokingnecessity;or(b)The Statehas contributedto thesituationofnecessity.Article26Compliance withperemptory normsNothing in this chapterprecludes thewrongfulnessofany actofaState whichis notinconformitywithanobligation arisingunderaperemptory normof generalinternationallaw.Article27Consequences ofinvoking a circumstance precluding wrongfulness Theinvocation ofacircumstanceprecluding wrongfulnessin aordance with thischapter is withoutprejudice to:(a)Compliance withtheobligationinquestion,if andto theextent thatthecircumstanceprecludingwrongfulnessno longerexists;(b)The questionof pensationfor anymaterial losscaused by theactinquestion.Article29Continued duty of performanceThe legalconsequences ofan internationally wrongfulactunder thispart donot affectthe continueddutyofthe responsibleState toperform theobligation breached.Article30Cessation andnon-repetition TheState responsiblefor theinternationallywrongfulact isunder anobligation:(a)To ceasethat act,ifit is continuing;(b)To offerappropriate assurancesand guaranteesof non-repetition,if circumstancesso require.18.国际犯罪International crimesA distinctionis sometimesdrawn betweeninternational crimesand internationaldelicts.All breachesof internationalobligations areinternationallywrongfulacts.But an internationallywrongfulact whichresults from the breachby astate ofaninternationalobligation soessential for the protectionof fundamentalinterests oftheinternationalmunity that its breachis recognizedas acrime bythat munityasawhole constituteaninternationalcrime.19.领土变更方式:传统的领土变更方式 (一)先占(oupation) (二)时效(prescription)（三）添附(aretion) (四)割让(cession) (五)征服(conquest orsubjugation)现代领土变更的新方式 (一)民族自决 (二)公民投票 (三)收复失地 (四)交换领土20.边境制度主要内容:Contents a.Maintenance ofboundaries b.Utilizing andprotecting the boundary riverc.Utilizing andprotecting thenatural resourcesof frontierd.Frontier inspectione.Frontier tradeand trafficConception:Boundaries arethe imaginarylines on the surfaceoftheearth whichseparate the territory ofone statefrom thatof another,or frominappropriate territory,or from the highsea.Methods fordelimiting the boundaries:a.Boundaries bytopography b.Boundaries bygeography c.Boundaries by the lineof latitudeand longitudeTwo circumstancesfor delimitation:a.Aording to the traditionalCustomary rulesb.Aording to the bilateraltreaties Procedureof delimitingtheboundaries:a.Delimitation b.Demarcation c.Constitute theboundary protocoland boundarymap边界的概念和法律地位国家边界是确定国家领土范围的界线，是分隔一国领土和他国领土，一国领土和公海或专属经济区，以及一国领空和外层空间的界线。 国家边界是不容侵犯的，侵犯国家边界就是侵犯一个国家的主权和领土完整，是国际法所禁止的国际不法行为。 2.边界的分类由于国家领土由各部分组成，因而国家边界有陆地边界、水域边界、海上边界、空中边界以及地下边界。 边界可分为自然的和人为的两种。 自然边界即利用天然地形所形成的分界线，如山脉、河流等，亦称为地形边界。 人为边界不问地形，或者以经纬度划分，称为天文学边界；或者以两个固定点之间的直线划分，称为几何学边界。 3.边界的划定边界的划定应根据条约，但在邻国间决定以天然地理特征为边界时，国际间形成了一些习惯法规则 (一)以山脉为界时，边界的划定一般以分水岭为准。 (二)以河流为界时，通航河流以主航道中心线为界，不通航河流则以中间线为界。 (三)河流上的桥梁以桥的中间为界。 (四)湖泊以中间为界。 4.边界的形成与划分根据国际实践，国家边界的形成主要基于以下两种事实一种是由传统习惯所形成，另一种是依条约而划定。 通过双边条约划定边界通常经过两个阶段，即定界和标界。 定界是指有关国家经过边界谈判，将其双方达成一致意见的两国边界的主要位置和基本走向载入两国签订的边界条约。 边界条约签订之后，缔约国双方进入标界阶段，具体实施边界条约条款。 标界通常由双方代表组成的边界委员会进行实地勘察，根据边界条约确定的边界的主要位置和基本走向进行实地划界并树立界标，最后制定边界议定书和边界地图。 一旦实地标界工作完成，边界委员会的任务即告终止。 如果由于某种原因使边界条约、划界议定书和地图之间出现矛盾时，通常遵照下列原则解决 (一)如果界桩位置与地图所标的界线不符，应以地图为准。 (二)如果地图的画法与议定书所载的界线不符，应以议定书为准。 (三)如果议定书与条约规定不符，应以条约规定为准。 21.划界冲突问题:Aording to the fundamentalprinciples ofinternationallaw,one of whichisthat disputesshould besettled peacefully,there aretwo methodsto resolvetheboundarydispute:a.Negotiate andmake treatiesb.Settled byInternational arbitrationor internationaljudicial procedurec.Uti possidetis(as you(now)possess;a principlein internationallaw thata treatyof peacebetween belligerentsvests inthem respectivelyas absoluteproperty theterritoryundertheir actualcontrol,etc)22.南极条约的主要内容:Antarctica shall be usedfor peacefulpurposes only南极专为和平目的所利用International cooperationin scientificinvestigation科研自由和国际合作No claimto territorialsovereignty inAntarctica byall states冻结领土主权要求Supervised byother sates环境保护和生物资源的保护Antarctic TreatyConsultative Meetings(ATCM)定期举行南极协商会议23.海洋法公约:Jurisdiction Article28Civil jurisdictionin relationto foreignships1.The coastal State shouldnot stopor diverta foreignship passingthrough theterritorial seafor the purpose ofexercising civiljurisdictioninrelationtoapersonon boardthe ship.2.The coastalStatemaynot levyexecution againstor arrestthe shipfor the purpose ofany civilproceedings,save onlyinrespectof obligationsor liabilitiesassumed orincurred by the shipitself inthecourseor for thepurpose of itsvoyage through the watersofthe coastalState.Article38Right oftransit passage1.In straitsreferred to inarticle37,all shipsand aircraftenjoytheright oftransit passage,which shallnotbeimpeded;except that,ifthe strait isformed byan islandofaState borderingthestraitand itsmainland,transit passageshallnotapply ifthere existsseaward ofthe islanda routethroughthehigh seasor throughan exclusive economic zone of similarconvenience withrespect tonavigational andhydrographical characteristics.Rights,jurisdiction and duties ofthe coastalStateinthe exclusiveeconomic zoneArticle561.In the exclusiveeconomic zone,the coastalStatehas:(a)sovereign rightsfor thepurpose ofexploring andexploiting,conserving andmanaging thenatural resources,whether livingor non-living,ofthewaters superjacentto the seabed andoftheseabed andits subsoil,and withregard toother activitiesfor theeconomic exploitationand explorationofthezone,such as the productionof energyfrom thewater,currents andwinds;(b)jurisdiction asprovided forintherelevant provisions of this Convention withregard to:(i)the establishmentand useof artificialislands,installations andstructures;(ii)marine scientificresearch;(iii)the protectionand preservationofthemarine environment;(c)other rightsand dutiesprovided forin this Convention.2.In exercisingits rightsand performingits dutiesunder this Convention intheexclusiveeconomiczone,thecoastalStateshallhave dueregard tothe rightsanddutiesofother States andshall actinamanner patible withthe provisions of this Convention.3.The rightsset outinthisarticle withrespect totheseabedand subsoilshallbeexercised in aordancewithPart VI.Article83Delimitation ofthe continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts1.The delimitationofthecontinentalshelfbetweenStateswithoppositeoradjacentcoasts shallbe effectedby agreementonthebasis ofinternationallaw,as referredtoinArticle38oftheStatuteofthe InternationalCourt ofJustice,in orderto achievean equitablesolution.Article110Right ofvisit1.Except whereacts ofinterference derivefrom powersconferred bytreaty,a warshipwhich encountersonthehigh seasa foreignship,other thana shipentitled toplete immunityin aord