对照翻译 chapter3-1.doc

Title : Explaining a Process or Procedure(Chapter 3-1)英汉对照Major: Structural Engineering0112Unit 3 Explaining a Process or Procedure解释一个过程或者程序Members of all academic disciplines work with processes or procedures. Students and faculty may be expected to explain, discover, create, implement, modify, or follow processes or procedures as part of their training or professional responsibilities. Processes are generally viewed as a progression or series of events, steps, or changes that have a beginning and end or end result. However, some processes are cyclical or continuing. Processes can be natural or can involve human intervention. Established processes for carrying out specific tasks are generally referred to as procedures.所有的关于学术性的学科都需要与过程或者程序打交道。学生和研究人员可能会期待解释，发现，创造，执行，修改或者遵照过程或者程序来作为他们训练或者培养专业精神的一部分。过程一般被认为是一个进程或者是一系列的事件、步骤和改变，有开始有结束有结果。然而，一些过程是循环性的持续性的。过程的进行可以是自发的也可以是有人为干预的。执行特定任务的过程一般认为是程序。Speeches about processes can be organized in various ways, depending on the purpose of the speech. For example, if we want to highlight several recent improvements on a process, we may simply enumerate the modifications using listing as the main organizational strategy. However, if our purpose is to explain a process, we will generally focus on the chronological dimension of the process and will choose chronological order as the main organizational strategy. In this unit, this chronological dimension will be emphasized.关于过程的演讲可以组织成各种形式，取决于演讲的目的。例如，如果我们想要强调一个过程中最新的几项改进，我们可以列举这些改进然后使用列举作为主要的组织形式。然而，如果我们的目的是解释一个过程，那么我们将聚焦于这个过程的时间顺序，并且会时间顺序作为主要的组织策略。在本单元中，按时间顺序（的组织形式）将会被重点强调。In academic English, it can be more challenging to explain a process than to describe a single object. Technical processes may involve not just one but several objects, such as a set of tools, as well as the materials and people needed to card them out. This is the case, for example, when an engineer describes how concrete is made, a professor of film and video studies explains a film-editing procedure, or an ecology student discusses a new process for removing pollutants from the soil. Both natural processes that take place without human intervention and procedures that primarily involve the actions of people rather than objects and materials can be complex, especially if they include a number of relationships and events. This is the case, for example, when a geologist describes the process of soil formation or a law student explains how a legal case goes through the court system. Therefore, presenters need to plan their speeches carefully. For example, they have to decide what background information the audience needs to know before presenting the process, what terms may be unfamiliar to the audience and when to introduce and explain them, and what strategies for presenting the steps in the process will enhance listeners comprehension and interaction.在学术英语中解释一个过程比描述单个的物体更加有挑战性。技术性的过程，可能包括不仅仅是一个而是多个对象，例如，一套工具、材料和梳理他们的人。在这种情况下，例如，工程师描述如何制混凝土，电影或者视频研究的专家解释视频编辑的过程，或者一个生态学的学生讨论从土壤中去除的污染物的新方法。不仅是没有人为干预的自然过程还是从根本上就需要人为介入而不只是工具或者材料的过程，都可能是复杂的，特别是当它包括一系列的联系和事件时。在这种情况下，例如，当一个地质学家介绍了土壤形成过程或一个法律系学生介绍法院是如何审理案件的。因此，演讲者必须仔细的计划他们的演讲。例如，在讲述过程前，他们必须要决定，在讲述这个过程时哪些是观众必须知道的背景知识，当介绍解释他们时观众可能对哪些项目不熟悉和采取什么样的演讲策略使得演讲的过程中的会加强听众的理解和互动。For your next presentation, you will explain a process or procedure from your field of studies. Since you will be speaking to a general academic audience and wilt have time constraints, your presentation can be neither too simple nor too long and complex. Write down several processes related to your field of studies. As you go through the exercises in this unit, evaluate these processes as possible final presentation topics.在你的下一个演讲中，你将解释你的研究方向中的一个过程或者程序。由于你的演讲对象是一般的学术观众，并且有时间限制。所以你的演讲不能够太简单也不能太长，太复杂。写下关于你的研究领域的几个过程。通过完成本章的联系，评估这些过程作为可能的最终演讲的主题。Task 1作业1Look at the information in this visual*. What procedure has the speaker chosen to discuss?看这张图上的信息。演讲者选择什么程序来讨论？Now answer the questions.现在回答问题。Discussion Questions讨论问题1. What is the topic of this process speech? Do you think it is appropriate for a general academic audience? Would you personally be interested in listening to this speech? What might it depend on?1.演讲的主题是什么？你认为作为一般性的学术听众这是否合适？你个人会喜欢这样的演讲吗？这取决于什么呢？2. Approximately how many steps does the speaker discuss? How can you tell? What organization indicator statement (see unit 1, p. 5 and unit 2, p. 37) could the speaker use to introduce the steps?2.演讲者讨论了大概多少步？你能分清吗？演讲者用了哪些组织性的指引论述来解释这些步骤？3. What information does the speaker include in her visual? Do you think the speech would be more effective if the speaker wrote out each step on the visual? Why or why not?3.演讲者在他的图片中包含哪些信息？你认为如果演讲者将每个步骤都在图片中写下来会更有效果吗？为什么或为什么不？4. What are some of the terms that the speaker will likely define during her speech? Is she more likely to explain these terms in the introduction or as she explains the process?4.在演讲中演讲者可能会定义哪些术语呢？她更可能在介绍部分就解释这些术语还是在解释过程中解释这些术语？5.Compare the speakers first visual with the second one she made, shown below. How has she improved it? If she is using PowerPoint slides, how can she make it even more effective?5.比较演讲者第一次做的图片和第二次做的图片，如下所示。她是怎样改进它的呢？如果她用幻灯片，怎么样做她才能做的更有效果呢?The topic of this speech appears to be well chosen. It is relevant to a general academic audience because it relates to our daily lives. However, if the speech is too simple, the speaker will lose the attention of the audience. Therefore, she will want to make her speech as informative as possible without making it so technical that the audience wont understand.这次演讲的主题似乎是一个好选择。对一个普通的学术听众来说，这是有意思的，因为这与我们的日常生活有关。然而，如果演讲太简单了，观众将会丧失兴趣。因此，她想要让她的演讲尽可能的含有信息量同时又不至于太学术使得观众难以理解。The speakers first visual is adequate. It is neat and clearly labeled. If she puts it on a transparency, there is room to write additional information during the delivery. However, it is not particularly eye-catching. Her second version is more attractive. The speaker has chosen bolder lettering and more decorative borders. However, if she chooses to use PowerPoint slides, she can easily add not only color but also drawings or photos. She can also project one step at a time.演讲者的第一张图是恰当的。标记的整洁而清晰。如果她使用幻灯片的话，那么她在演讲中将有空间加上额外的信息。然而，这不是特别的吸引眼球。她的第二个版本更加的吸引人。演讲者选择加粗的字体和更多的装饰性的边界。然而，如果她选择使用幻灯片，她不仅能方便的加入颜色而且能加入图画或者图片。她可以一步一个脚印。It is obvious from the transparency that the speaker will describe five main steps in the water purification process. However, the transparency does not indicate what these steps are, only where they take place. This may be an advantage. The transparency still provides an outline for both the class and the speaker to follow. But, since there is little writing on the transparency the audiences attention remains on the speaker and not the transparency.从幻灯片中可以明显的看到演讲者在水的净化过程分为5个主要的步骤来描述。然而，幻灯片并没有指出这些步骤是什么，只指出它们在哪儿发生的。这可能是一个优势。幻灯片为学生们和演讲者都提供了一个大纲。但是，由于幻灯片上没些东西，观众的注意力仍然留在演讲者上而不是这个幻灯片。The speaker will likely have to explain the words on her visual that indicate where stages in the process take place, such as settling tank, ozonation tank, and GAC adsorber. She may prefer to do this when she discusses the relevant stage, rather than during the introduction of the speech.演讲者将很可能不得不解释图片上的文字，这图片指明了过程发生的各个阶段，例如沉降槽处理、臭氧化槽处理和GAC吸附器处理。当讨论相关的阶段的时候她可能会更喜欢这样做，而不是在介绍演讲的时候。Introduction to process speeches介绍演讲过程1. Using rhetorical questions1. 使用设问句One way to begin a process speech is to use a rhetorical question. Rhetorical questions are questions that the speaker poses to the audience but that dont require an answer.开始一个演讲的一种方式是使用设问句。设问句是抛给观众的但是却不需要回答的问题。Task 2作业2Look at the following introduction and identify any rhetorical questions, in what sentence does the speaker introduce the topic?看下面的介绍，鉴定出演讲者在介绍主题的句子中哪些是设问句？(1) Have you ever thought about where the water you drink comes from?(2) Many times it comes from rivers and lakes that have contaminated water. (3) How is this water purified so that it is safe for you to drink?(4) Today, Im going to explain a process commonly used to purify drinking water.(1) 你有想过你喝的水是从什么地方来的么？(2) 很多时候它来自被污染的河水和湖水。(3) 这些水是怎样净化的安全适于你饮用？(4) 今天，我将解释一般用于净化饮用水的过程。Rhetorical questions are an effective means of opening the speech for the following reasons.设问句是开始演讲的一种有效方式，这基于下列理由。l Rhetorical questions are more apt to get the audiences attention than an opener like Today Im going to talk about.l Rhetorical questions gradually lead the audience into the topic of the speech, and thus may more effectively guarantee that the audience is following tile speaker.l By using rhetorical questions, the speaker begins a relationship with the audience that can be maintained throughout the speech.l 作为开场白，使用设问句比类似于今天我们要谈论更能引起观众的注意。l 设问句能够逐渐的引导观众到演讲的话题中，同时能更有效的保证观众紧跟演讲者。l 通过设问句，演讲者开始和观众建立一种关系，这种关系持续到整个演讲中。One drawback to using rhetorical questions is that the audience may think that some questions are real and that the speaker is asking the audience to answer them. One way speakers solve this problem is by not pausing long enough for the audience to respond.使用设问句的一个缺点是,观众可能会认为一些问题是真实的,演讲者要求听众回答这些问题。解决这些问题的一个办法是不要等得足够长来回答它。2. Providing background information2. 提供背景资料Before getting too far into an explanation of the process, the speaker usually needs to give necessary background information. The introduction may include such information as在深入解释过程之前，演讲者一般需要给出必要的背景信息。介绍部分应该包括如下信息l The definition of the processl The purpose of the process (if it is not included in the definition)l Other important definitionsl Equipment and material used in the processl The people involved in the processl The number of steps in the processl 过程的定义l 过程的目的 (如果在定义中不包含的话)l 其他重要的定义l 过程中使用到的设备和材料l 过程中牵涉到的人l 过程的步骤数Task 3作业3First, look at the following introduction to a presentation on the Rankine cycle. Then, working with a partner, put a check () before the introduction strategies the speaker used from the following list:首先，看下面的关于朗肯循环演讲的介绍部分。然后，与伙伴合作，在下列演讲者使用介绍策略的句子前打勾。_ 1. A rhetorical question_ 2. A definition of the process_ 3. The purpose(s) of the process_ 4. Other important definitions or explanation of terms_ 5. Material used in the process_ 6. Equipment used in the process_ 7. People involved in the process_ 8. The number of steps in the process _ 1. 设问句_ 2. 过程的定义_ 3. 过程的目的_ 4.其他的重要定义或解释的项目_ 5.过程中使用到的材料_ 6. 过程中使用到的设备_ 7. 过程中牵涉到的人_ 8. 过程的步骤数 How does the speaker begin his speech? What rhetorical question might the speaker have begun with instead?演讲者是怎么样开始他的演讲？演讲者能用什么设问句代替作为开场白？Rankine Cycle朗肯循环1. Good morning, everyone.1. 大家早上好。2. Today, Id-like to talk about a basic thermal cycle usually used in a power plant. It is called Rankine cycle.2.今天，我将讨论一般用于电厂的基本热循环。它称为朗肯循环。3. Before I launch into the introduction of the Rankine cycle, I would like to explain what a thermal cycle means first. Simply speaking, a thermal cycle is a cycle which is related to some thermodynamic property change, such as temperature, pressure, or density.3.在我开始朗肯循环的介绍之前，我将首先解释什么是热循环。简单的说，热循环是与一些热力学性质发生改变的循环，例如温度，压力和密度。4. Okay, now lets go back to the Rankine cycle. Basically the cycle is composed of four steps, as you can see in the figure. The working fluid usually used is water. And the working fluid here experiences all the steps inside the cycle.4.好，现在我们回到朗肯循环理论。正如你在图上看到的，循环由四个步骤组成。工作液体通常是水。在循环中工作液体经历所有的步骤。In the introduction to his speech, the speaker successfully (1) introduces the process he is going to describe (the Rankine cycle) and defines it, (2) explains terms (thermal cycle and thermodynamic property change) that the audience may need to understand the process, (3) states the number of steps in the process (four) by using an organization indicator statement, and (4) tells the audience the material used in the process (water).在他的演讲的介绍中，演讲者成功的（1）介绍了他将要描述的朗肯循环过程并且定义了它, (2) 解释了听众需要理解这个过程的项目（热循环和动力学性质变化）, (3) 通过使用一个组织指标的声明，论述这个过程的步骤数（四）, (4) 告诉听众过程中使用的材料（水）。Task 4作业4Finish reading the speech on the Rankine cycle aloud with your partner. Look at the speakers visual as you read. Answer the questions that follow.和你的伙伴大声地朗读完朗肯循环理论。回答接下来的问题。5. Now lets follow the flow direction of the fluid to see how this cycle works.5.现在让我们循着液体流动的方向看看这个循环是怎样工作的。6. At the beginning, the liquid is pumped into the boiler by a pump, and then inside the boiler the liquid is heated into a vapor.6.开始时，液体用水泵倒入锅炉中，然后在锅炉中液体加热成了蒸汽。7. In the boiler, the liquid reaches a high temperature and high pressure, which means the energy level is increased. This is also the function of the boiler-to increase the energy level of the working fluid so that the fluid can do works.7.在锅炉中，液体达到高温高压的状态，这意味着能量水平上升了。这也是锅炉增加工作液体的能量使之能够工作的功能8. Youll see how this working fluid does the work in the next step. Now lets move to the next step.8.在下一步在中你将看到液体是如何工作的。9. The high-pressure, high-temperature vapor moves to the turbine to drive the generators and generate electricity.9.高温、高压的蒸汽推动涡轮以驱动发电机产生电能。10. And after going through this turbine, the working fluid is cooled down, which means the energy level is reduced. Why the energy level is reduced is because some of the energy is used to drive the generator. That means the working fluid is doing some work.10.在经过涡轮后，液体冷却下来了，这意味着能量水平下降了。能量水平下降的呃原因是因为部分能量用于驱动发电机。这意味着液体做了功。11. Okay, then after this step, the cooled vapor travels to a condenser and inside the condenser, the vapor is condensed to a liquid again, so that the cycle can be repeated again and again.11.好的，在这一步骤之后，冷却下来的蒸汽进入到一个冷凝器，在冷凝器中蒸汽被重新冷凝成液态，因此循环能够一次又一次的重复下去。12. Now thats my brief introduction to how the Rankine cycle works.12.这就是我的关于朗肯循环是如何工作的简单介绍。Discussion Questions讨论问题1. What are the four steps in the Rankine cycle?2. What is the purpose of lets in sections 4, 5, and 8?3. What time connectors does the speaker use to move from one step to another?4. What verb tense does the speaker use to describe the steps in the process?5. Does the speaker generally use active or passive voice?1. 朗肯循环中是哪四个步骤？2. lets 在第4、5和8部分的作用是什么？3. 演讲者从一步移动到下一步时使用了什么时间连接词？4. 演讲者在描述过程中的步骤时使用了什么动词时态？5. 演讲者一般使用主动还是被动语态？Organizing the process: Linking words过程的组织：连接词As long as your introduction contains the necessary background information, you should have few problems organizing the main part of the speech, the explanation of the process. This is because the process mainly involves sequential steps (several single steps that occur one after the other). However, dont overlook the importance of linking words (signposts) to move from one step of your process to another.只要你的介绍包含必要的背景知识，你就会有组织主要部分演讲的难题，过程的解释。这是因为过程牵涉到分散的各步骤（几个单一的步骤一个接一个的发生）。然而，不要忽视连接词在过程中从一个步骤到另一个步骤的重要性。Lets让我们The expression