美国文学课件

精品文档 1欢迎下载 P Partart 1 1 TheThe LiteratureLiterature ofof ColonialColonial AmericaAmerica 1 Historical Introduction 1 John Smith the first American writer 2 Early New England Literature 2 William Bradford 3 John Winthrop 3 Puritan Thoughts 4 John Cotton 5 Roger Williams 6 Anne Bradstreet 7 Edward Taylor PuritanismPuritanism 1 1 FeaturesFeatures ofof PuritanismPuritanism Unconditional election God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world Irresistible grace regeneration as entirely a work of God which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing Total depravity humanty s utter corruption since the Fall Limited atonement Christ died for the elect only Perseverance of the saints the elect despite their backsliding and faintness of heart cannot fall away from grace 2 2 InfluenceInfluence ofof Puritanism Puritanism A group of good qualities hard work thrift piety sobriety serious and thoughtful influenced American literature It led to the everlasting myth All literature is based on a myth garden of Eden Symbolism the American puritan s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American With regard to their writing the style is fresh simple and direct the rhetoric is plain and honest not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible MainMain FeaturesFeatures ofof ColonialColonial AmericanAmerican Literature Literature 1 American literature grew out of humble origins Diaries histories journals letters commonplace books travel books sermons in short personal literature in its various forms occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period 2 In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both In form if there was any form at all English literary traditions were 精品文档 2欢迎下载 faithfully imitated and transplanted 3 The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature 4 PartPart 2 2 TheThe LiteratureLiterature ofof ReasonReason andand RevolutionRevolution Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography 1 Thomas Paine The American Crisis 2 Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence 3 Philip Freneau The Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground To a Caty Did BackgroundBackground KnowledgeKnowledge TheThe PeriodPeriod ofof Enlightenment Enlightenment The 18th century American history witnessed two great revolutions one was AmericanAmerican RevolutionRevolution the other was EnlightenmentEnlightenment an intellectual movement whose rationalistic spirit inspired American men of letters and brought them into a new horizon beyond the limitation of prevailing Puritanism The two revolutions produced a number of outstanding political and literary figures such as Benjamin Franklin Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson and Philip Freneau Their literary talent enabled them to be political leaders 1 1 1 1 BenjaminBenjamin FranklinFranklin Life Life 1706 1790 Humanist Scientist master of diplomacy a prose writer believer in the possibility of human progress and the comforts of material success pragmatic and optimistic the last positive representation of the values of the American dream TheThe AutobiographyAutobiography ofof BenjaminBenjamin FranklinFranklin a It is perhaps the first real post revolutionary American writing as well as thethe firstfirst realreal autobiographyautobiography in English b It gives us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born the faithful account of the colorful career of America s first self made man c First of all it is a puritan document The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self examination and self improvement d It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth century enlightenment and that he represented in America all its ideas that man is basically good and free by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness e It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity directness and concision The plainness of its style the homeliness of imagery the simplicity of diction syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake 精品文档 3欢迎下载 The style of the AutobiographyAutobiography was simple direct and concise The work also gave autobiography an official position in the literary field Franklin s emphasis on material wealth and material success rather than spiritual satisfaction also met with criticism and challenges from critics Thirteen Virtues in PoorPoor RichardRichard s s AlmanacAlmanac 1 Temperance1 Temperance 节制 节制 Eat not Dullness Drink not to Elevation 食不过饱 饮不过量 2 2 SilenceSilence 谨言 谨言 Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself Avoiding trifling conversation 于 人无善者不言 避免琐碎之谈 3 3 OrderOrder 秩序 秩序 Let all your things have their places Let each part of your business have its time 物占其所 置物有定位 做事有定时 物有未来 事有始终 4 4 ResolutionResolution 决断 决断 Resolve to perform what you ought Perform without fail what you resolve 该做之事下决 心去做 决定之事一定去做 5 5 FrugalityFrugality 节俭 节俭 Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself i e waste nothing 花费要于人于 己有益 不得浪费 6 6 IndustryIndustry 勤勉 勤勉 Lose no time Be always employed in something useful Cut off all unnecessary actions 爱惜光阴 应做有用之事 不为无意之举 7 7 SinceritySincerity 真诚 真诚 UseUse nono hurtfulhurtful deceit deceit ThinkThink innocentlyinnocently andand justly justly and and ifif youyou speak speak speakspeak accordingly accordingly 不做伤人之举 思想公正 不做伤人之举 思想公正 8 8 JusticeJustice 正直 正直 WrongWrong none none byby doingdoing injuriesinjuries oror omittingomitting thethe benefitsbenefits thatthat areare youryour duty duty 成人之美 不成人之恶 成人之美 不成人之恶 9 9 ModerationModeration 中庸 中庸 AvoidAvoid extremes extremes ForbearForbear resentingresenting injuriesinjuries soso muchmuch asas youyou thinkthink theythey deserve deserve 避免极端 要尽量克制报复心理 避免极端 要尽量克制报复心理 10 10 CleanlinessCleanliness 清洁 清洁 TolerateTolerate nono uncleannessuncleanness inin body body clothesclothes oror habitation habitation 起居服饰 务求整洁 起居服饰 务求整洁 11 11 TranquilityTranquility 宁静 宁静 BeBe notnot disturbeddisturbed atat trifles trifles oror accidentsaccidents commoncommon oror unavoidable unavoidable 不为琐事 常见的或者不可避免的事感到烦恼 不为琐事 常见的或者不可避免的事感到烦恼 12 12 ChastityChastity 贞洁 贞洁 RarelyRarely useuse veneryvenery butbut forfor healthhealth oror offspring offspring nevernever toto dullness dullness weakness weakness oror thethe injuryinjury ofof youryour ownown oror anotheranother s s peacepeace oror reputation reputation 节欲 保健康或为后代 决不使身体虚弱 生活乏味 不损己或他人 节欲 保健康或为后代 决不使身体虚弱 生活乏味 不损己或他人 13 13 HumilityHumility 谦逊 谦逊 ImitateImitate JesusJesus andand Socrates Socrates 效仿耶稣与苏格拉底 效仿耶稣与苏格拉底 AnalysisAnalysis ofof TheThe PoorPoor RichardRichard s s AlmanacAlmanac B Franklin created a character named Poor Richard whose real existence was 精品文档 4欢迎下载 debated humorously and seriously in this book For almost a quarter of a century he kept publishing Poor Richard s Almanac expending its literary part to the intense delight of its readers Apart from poems and essays he managed to put in a good many adages 格言 and commonsense witticisms 妙语 which became household words and many mottos of the most typical kind He did not always write the maxims 格言 himself He borrowed from others and made good use of his own wit and wisdom to simplify and enrich their axiom 格言 There are many similar statements filled almanac and taught as much as amused The practical wisdom of Franklin shone forth rays of grandeur from its pages S Significanceignificance ofof B B FranklinFranklin 1 He was a rare genius in human history Nature seemed particularly lavish and happy when he was shaped Everything seems to meet in this one man mind and will talent and art strength and ease wit and grace and he became almost everything a printer postmaster citizen almanac maker essayist scientist inventor orator statesman philosopher political economist ambassador musician and parlor man 2 He was the first great self made man in America a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize 3 Politically he brought the colonial era to a close For quite some time he was regarded as the father of all Yankees even more than Washington was He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States the declaration of Independence the treaty of alliance with France the treaty of peace with England and the constitution 4 Scientifically as the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment he invented a lot of useful implements His research on electricity his famous experiment with his kite line and many others made him the preeminent scientist of his day 5 Literally he really opened the story of American literature D H Lawrance agreed that Franklin was everything but a poet In the Scottish philosopher David Hume s eyes he was America s first great man of letters 2 2 ThomasThomas PainePaine 1737 1809 1737 1809 The Case of the Officers of the Excise Rights of Man The Age of Reason Agrarian Justice 1797 3 3 ThomasThomas JeffersonJefferson 1743 1826 1743 1826 an important revolutionary statesman the main drafter of TheThe DeclarationDeclaration ofof IndependenceIndependence and the third president of the USA a fervent believer and advocator of democracy democracy libertyliberty andand selfhoodselfhood The natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all 4 4 F F PhilipPhilip FreneauFreneau 1752 1832 1752 1832 精品文档 5欢迎下载 The poet of revolution Father of American poetry a transitional literary figure from the Enlightenment to the Romantic period The Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground To a Caty Did PartPart 3 3 TheThe LiteratureLiterature ofof RomanticismRomanticism 1 Washington Irving The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 2 James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans 3 William Cullen Bryant To a Waterfrowl 4 Edgar Allan Poe The Raven To Helen Annabel Lee The Fall of the House of Usher 5 Ralph Waldo Emerson Nature Self Reliance 6 Henry David Thoreau Walden 7 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter 8 Herman Melville Moby Dick 9 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow A Psalm of Life The Song of Hiawatha The Slave s Dream My Lost Youth HistoricalHistorical BackgroundBackground 1 1 NationalNational Influences Influences In politics democracy and political equality lay the foundation of Romanticism In economics the spread of industrialism the sudden influx of immigration and the pioneers pushing the frontier further west In culture the publication of WebsterWebster DictionaryDictionary marked the beginning of the American English the appearance of many magazines and newspapers 2 2 InternationalInternational Influences Influences Romantic Movement in England and Europe proved to be a decisive influence Many English and European master of poetry and prose made stimulating impact on American Romanticism Romanticism Romanticism a movement of the 18th and 19th century It is the predominance of imagination over reason and formal rules and over the sense of fact or the actual a psychological desire to escape from unpleasant realities 精品文档 6欢迎下载 American Romanticism Pre romanticism 1770s 1830s Post romanticism Flowing time before American Civil War 1830 1860 Declining time after American Civil War 1865 1875 SpecificSpecific FeaturesFeatures ofof AmericanAmerican RomanticismRomanticism 1 1 AmericanAmerican romanticismromanticism waswas inin essenceessence thethe expressionexpression ofof a a realreal newnew experienceexperience andand containedcontained anan alienalien qualityquality forfor thethe simplesimple reasonreason thatthat thethe spiritspirit ofof thethe placeplace waswas radicallyradically newnew andand alien alien 2 2 ThereThere isis AmericanAmerican PuritanismPuritanism asas a a culturalcultural heritageheritage toto consider consider AmericanAmerican romanticromantic authorsauthors tendedtended moremore toto moralize moralize ManyMany AmericanAmerican romanticromantic writingswritings intendedintended toto edifyedify moremore thanthan theythey entertained entertained 3 3 TheThe newnessnewness ofof AmericansAmericans asas a a nationnation isis inin connectionconnection withwith AmericanAmerican Romanticism Romanticism 4 4 AsAs a a logicallogical resultresult ofof thethe foreignforeign andand nativenative factorsfactors atat work work AmericanAmerican romanticismromanticism waswas bothboth imitativeimitative andand independent independent RepresentativesRepresentatives ofof thethe time time Pre romanticismPre romanticism WashingtonWashington Irving Irving JamesJames FenimoreFenimore Cooper Cooper WilliamWilliam CullenCullen BryantBryant Post romanticism Post romanticism Novelists Novelists NathanielNathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne HermanHerman MelvilleMelville Poets Poets HenryHenry WadesworthWadesworth Longfellow Longfellow EdgarEdgar AllanAllan Poe Poe WaltWalt Whitman Whitman EmilyEmily DickinsonDickinson Essayists Essayists RalphRalph WaldoWaldo Emerson Emerson HenryHenry DavidDavid ThoreauThoreau Pre romanticism Pre romanticism 1770 1830s1770 1830s 1 1 DuringDuring thisthis periodperiod somesome AmericanAmerican writerswriters diddid beginbegin toto attractattract 精品文档 7欢迎下载 noticenotice abroad abroad AlthoughAlthough EnglishEnglish literaryliterary modelsmodels werewere stillstill admiredadmired andand followed followed thethe AmericanAmerican writerswriters turnedturned toto thethe AmericanAmerican scenescene andand civilization civilization andand foundfound theirtheir materialsmaterials inin thethe cultureculture andand history history thethe lorelore andand landscapelandscape ofof theirtheir nativenative land land Irving Irving Cooper Cooper andand BryantBryant mademade forfor themselvesthemselves thethe firstfirst greatgreat namesnames inin AmericanAmerican literature literature AllAll werewere praisedpraised notnot onlyonly inin theirtheir ownown countrycountry butbut abroadabroad asas well well AllAll havehave leftleft workwork thatthat isis enjoyableenjoyable readingreading today today 2 Washington2 Washington IrvingIrving HisHis life life Born into a wealthy New York merchant family Began writing from a very early age Studied law and led for a time the life of a gentleman lawyer Loved writing more and wrote his first book in 1809 Went to England in 1815 to take care of family business but failed Had to write to support himself The Sketch Book won him international fame Went as diplomatic attache to Spain in 1826 and gathered material for writing Secretary of U S Legation in London from 1829 1832 Returned to Am at about 50 after being away for 17 years Lived a leisure life and wrote the rest of his life except 4 years as Minister to Spain Died in 1859 and unmarried all his life HisHis careercareer andand works works 1st1st phase phase 18091809 18321832 English English phase phase A A HistoryHistory ofof NewNew YorkYork fromfrom thethe BeginningBeginning ofof thethe WorldWorld toto thethe EndEnd ofof thethe DutchDutch DynastyDynasty 纽约外史纽约外史 1809 1809 TheThe SketchSketch BookBook 见闻札记见闻札记 1819 1819 1820 1820 TheThe SketchSketch BookBook ofof GeoffreyGeoffrey Crayon Crayon Gent Gent 精品文档 8欢迎下载 RipRip WanWan WinkleWinkle 瑞普瑞普 凡凡 温克尔温克尔 TheThe LegendLegend ofof SleepySleepy HollowHollow 睡谷的传说睡谷的传说 markedmarked thethe beginningbeginning ofof shortshort storystory asas a a genregenre inin Am Am literatureliterature markedmarked thethe beginningbeginning ofof AmericanAmerican RomanticismRomanticism TheThe HistoryHistory ofof thethe LifeLife andand VoyagesVoyages ofof ChristopherChristopher ColumbusColumbus 哥仑布传哥仑布传 1828 1828 A A ChronicleChronicle ofof thethe ConquestConquest ofof GranadaGranada 攻克格拉纳达攻克格拉纳达 1829 1829 TheThe AlhambraAlhambra 阿尔罕伯拉阿尔罕伯拉 1832 1832 2nd2nd phase phase 18321832 18591859 minor minor phase phase LifeLife ofof GoldsmithGoldsmith 歌德斯密传歌德斯密传 LifeLife ofof WashingtonWashington 华盛顿传华盛顿传 TheThe CrayonCrayon Miscellany Miscellany A A TourTour onon thethe PrairiesPrairies 草原游记草原游记 AstoriaAstoria 阿斯托里亚阿斯托里亚 AdventuresAdventures ofof CaptainCaptain BonnevilleBonneville 博纳维尔船长历险记博纳维尔船长历险记 HisHis ContributionContribution toto AmericanAmerican LiteratureLiterature He was the father of American literature He was the first romantic writer first to get international fame He made short story as a genre His stories based on the legends of Europe and Spain gave his readers a glimpse of a world beyond their own shores His colorful legends of the Hudson River Valley helped awaken Am to an appreciation of their nation and its native lit HisHis stylestyle imitative but highly skillful 精品文档 9欢迎下载 never shocking and a bit sentimental at times The style is the man 文如其人 avoided moralizing as much as possible wrote to amuse and entertain good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere his characters are vivid and true his writing with great humor JamesJames FenimoreFenimore CooperCooper 1789 1789 1851 1851 詹姆斯詹姆斯 费尼莫费尼莫 库柏库柏 HisHis lifelife BornBorn intointo a a richrich land holdingland holding familyfamily ofof NewNew JerseyJersey WentWent toto YaleYale atat 1414 butbut waswas expelledexpelled inin juniorjunior duedue toto improperimproper behaviorbehavior SpentSpent 5 5 yearsyears atat seasea InheritedInherited fortunefortune andand settledsettled downdown BeganBegan writingwriting byby accidentaccident WroteWrote thirty oddthirty odd novelsnovels 11 11 ofof sea sea BestBest knownknown andand rememberedremembered byby LeatherstockingLeatherstocking TalesTales HisHis worksworks TheThe seasea adventureadventure tales tales TheThe frontierfrontier saga saga LeatherstockingLeatherstocking TalesTales TheThe SpySpy 间谍间谍 1821 1821 精品文档 10欢迎下载 SatanstoeSatanstoe 萨坦斯托萨坦斯托 1845 1845 TheThe ChainbearerChainbearer 持锁链者持锁链者 TheThe RedRed SkinsSkins 红色人红色人 1846 1846 TheThe WaterWater WitchWitch 水巫水巫 1830 1830 TheThe