1 Instruction to Computer

1 WhatisSpecializedEnglish 专业英语SpecializedEnglish 普通英语CommonEnglish 2 Unit1IntroductiontoComputers 3 Thebasicjobofcomputersistheprocessingofinformation Thebasicjobofcomputersistheprocessingofinformation Forthisreason computerscanbedefinedasvery high speedelectronicdevicewhichacceptinformationintheformofinstructionscalledaprogramandcharacterscalleddata performmathematicaland orlogicaloperationsontheinformation andthensupplyresultsoftheseoperations 被定义为 以 的形式 因此 计算机可被定义为一种高速电子设备 它以指令 称为程序 和字符 称为数据 的形式接收信息 并对这些信息进行算术和 或 逻辑运算 然后提供运算结果 WhatIsaComputer 4 Thebasicjobofcomputersistheprocessingofinformation Forthisreason computerscanbedefinedasvery high speedelectronicdevicewhichacceptinformationintheformofinstructionscalledaprogramandcharacterscalleddata performmathematicaland orlogicaloperationsontheinformation andthensupplyresultsoftheseoperations 因此 计算机可被定义为一种高速电子设备 它以指令 称为程序 和字符 称为数据 的形式接收信息 并对这些信息进行算术和 或 逻辑运算 然后提供运算结果 WhatIsaComputer 5 Theprogram orpartofit whichtellsthecomputerswhattodoandthedata whichprovidetheinformationneededtosolvetheproblem arekeptinsidethecomputerinaplacecalledmemory Theprogram orpartofit whichtellsthecomputerswhattodoandthedata whichprovidetheinformationneededtosolvetheproblem arekeptinsidethecomputerinaplacecalledmemory 指示计算机要做什么的程序或部分程序 以及为解决问题提供所需信息的数据 都被存储在计算机的存储器中 ROM ReadOnlyMemory RAM RandomAccessMemory 只读存储器 随机存储器 6 Computersarethoughttohavemanyremarkablepowers 卓越的 显著的 非凡的 非常 好 的 bethoughttobe 被认为 被看作 Computersarethoughttohavemanyremarkablepowers However manycomputers whetherlargeorsmallhavethreebasiccapabilities First computershavecircuitsforperformingarithmeticoperations suchas addition subtraction multiplication divisionandexponentiation 7 Computersarethoughttohavemanyremarkablepowers However manycomputers whetherlargeorsmallhavethreebasiccapabilities First computershavecircuitsforperformingarithmeticoperations suchas addition subtraction multiplication divisionandexponentiation 8 Computersarethoughttohavemanyremarkablepowers However manycomputers whetherlargeorsmallhavethreebasiccapabilities First computershavecircuitsforperformingarithmeticoperations suchas addition subtraction multiplication divisionandexponentiation Second computershaveameansofcommunicatingwiththeuser Afterall ifwecouldn tfeedinformationinandgetresultsback thesemachineswouldn tbeofmuchuse 加 减 乘 除及求幂 一种方法 方式 手段 veryuseful十分有用 9 However certaincomputers commonlyminicomputersandmicrocomputers areusedtocontrolthingsdirectly suchasrobots aircraftnavigationsystems medicalinstruments etc However certaincomputers commonlyminicomputersandmicrocomputers areusedtocontrolthingsdirectly suchasrobots aircraftnavigationsystems medicalinstruments etc supercomputer 巨型机mainframecomputer 大型机minicomputer 小型机microcomputer 微型机 然而 某些计算机 通常是小型机和微型机 被用来直接控制事物 例如 机器人 飞机导航系统 医疗设备等 micro 机器人 遥控装置 However certaincomputers commonlyminicomputersandmicrocomputers areusedtocontrolthingsdirectly suchasrobots aircraftnavigationsystems medicalinstruments etc 飞机导航系统 医疗设备 10 Someofthemostcommonmethodsofinputtinginformationaretousemagnetictapes disks andterminals Someofthemostcommonmethodsofinputtinginformationaretousemagnetictapes disks andterminals 磁带 Someofthemostcommonmethodsofinputtinginformationaretousemagnetictapes disks andterminals Thecomputer sinputdevice whichmightbeakeyboard atapedriveordiskdrive dependingonthemediumusedininputtinginformation readstheinformationintothecomputer 11 Someofthemostcommonmethodsofinputtinginformationaretousemagnetictapes disks andterminals Thecomputer sinputdevice whichmightbeakeyboard atapedriveordiskdrive dependingonthemediumusedininputtinginformation readstheinformationintothecomputer 计算机的输入设备将信息读入计算机中 计算机的输入设备 根据输入信息时所使用的媒体 可能是键盘 磁带机或者磁盘驱动器 将信息读入计算机中 medium 12 Foroutputtinginformation twocommondevicesusedareaprinterwhichprintsthenewinformationonpaper oraCRTdisplayscreenalsocalledamonitorwhichshowstheresultsonaTV likescreen 对于输出信息 有两种常用的设备 将新信息打印在纸上的打印机 或者 Foroutputtinginformation twocommondevicesusedareaprinterwhichprintsthenewinformationonpaper oraCRTdisplayscreenalsocalledamonitorwhichshowstheresultsonaTV likescreen CRT CathodeRayTube阴极射线管LCD LiquidCrystalDisplay液晶显示器 对于输出信息 有两种常用的设备 将新信息打印在纸上的打印机 或者在类似电视的荧屏上显示结果的阴极射线管显示屏 也可称显示器 13 Third computershavecircuitswhichcanmakedecisions Thekindsofdecisionswhichcomputercircuitscanmakearenotofthetype Whowouldwinawarbetweentwocountries or Whoistherichestpersonintheworld 计算机电路能做出的判断并不是针对 两国中谁能赢得战争胜利 或 谁是世界上最富有的人 这种类型的问题 不是这种类型的 14 Unfortunately thecomputercanonlydecidethreethings namely Isonenumberlessthananother Aretwonumbersequal and Isonenumbergreaterthananother Unfortunately thecomputercanonlydecidethreethings namely Isonenumberlessthananother Aretwonumbersequal and Isonenumbergreaterthananother 可惜 计算机只能判断三件事 即 一个数是否小于另一个数 两个数是否相等 以及 一个数是否大于另一个数 Thenumbers lettersandimagesinputtedtoacomputerarecalleddata data 即 也就是 就是说 15 Theinstructionsthatcarryouttheprocessingarecalledcomputerprogramsorsoftware 执行 处理 完成 Theinstructionsthatcarryouttheprocessingarecalledcomputerprogramsorsoftware Theinstructionsthatcarryouttheprocessingarecalledcomputerprogramsorsoftware 执行处理的一系列指令被称为计算机程序或软件Theoutput intendedforuseandinterpretationbypeople iscalledinformation 16 Theinstructionsthatcarryouttheprocessingarecalledcomputerprogramsorsoftware Theinstructionsthatcarryouttheprocessingarecalledcomputerprogramsorsoftware 执行处理的一系列指令被称为计算机程序或软件 Theoutput intendedforuseandinterpretationbypeople iscalledinformation 人们打算使用或解释的输出被称为信息 Acomputercansolveaseriesofproblemsandmakehundreds eventhousands oflogicaldecisionswithoutbecomingtiredorbored 计算机能不厌其烦地解决一系列问题 完成大量的逻辑判断操作 用于 为 而准备 解释 说明 17 Itcanfindthesolutiontoaprobleminafractionofthetimeittakesahumanbeingtodothejob Itcanfindthesolutiontoaprobleminafractionofthetimeittakesahumanbeingtodothejob ittakesahumanbeingtodothejob定语从句修饰thetime 一小部分 Itcanfindthesolutiontoaprobleminafractionofthetimeittakesahumanbeingtodothejob ittakesahumanbeingtodothejob定语从句修饰thetimeAcomputercanreplacepeopleindull routinetasks butithasnooriginality itworksaccordingtotheinstructionsgiventoitandcannotmakeanyvaluejudgments 它找到解决问题的方法所花的时间仅仅是人类完成同样工作所花费时间的一小部分 独创性 创造性 Acomputercanreplacepeopleindull routinetasks butithasnooriginality itworksaccordingtotheinstructionsgiventoitandcannotmakeanyvaluejudgments 计算机能代替人们完成枯燥的 常规的工作 但它无创造性 它根据收到的指令工作 不能做出任何价值判断 18 Sometimesacomputerseemstooperatelikeamechanical brain butitsachievementsarelimitedbythemindsofhumanbeings Acomputercannotdoanythingunlessapersontellsitwhattodoandgivesittheappropriateinformation butbecauseelectricpulsescanmoveatthespeedoflight acomputercancarryoutvastnumbersofarithmetic logicaloperationsalmostinstantaneously Sometimesacomputerseemstooperatelikeamechanical brain butitsachievementsarelimitedbythemindsofhumanbeings Acomputercannotdoanythingunlessapersontellsitwhattodoandgivesittheappropriateinformation butbecauseelectricpulsescanmoveatthespeedoflight acomputercancarryoutvastnumbersofarithmetic logicaloperationsalmostinstantaneously 有时计算机就像机械化的大脑一样运作 它的成就是受人脑限制的 机械的 呆板的 完成 成就 成绩 19 Sometimesacomputerseemstooperatelikeamechanical brain butitsachievementsarelimitedbythemindsofhumanbeings Acomputercannotdoanythingunlessapersontellsitwhattodoandgivesittheappropriateinformation butbecauseelectricpulsescanmoveatthespeedoflight acomputercancarryoutvastnumbersofarithmetic logicaloperationsalmostinstantaneously Sometimesacomputerseemstooperatelikeamechanical brain butitsachievementsarelimitedbythemindsofhumanbeings Acomputercannotdoanythingunlessapersontellsitwhattodoandgivesittheappropriateinformation butbecauseelectricpulsescanmoveatthespeedoflight acomputercancarryoutvastnumbersofarithmetic logicaloperationsalmostinstantaneously 有时计算机就像机械化的大脑一样运作 它的成就是受人脑限制的 适当的 合适的 20 Sometimesacomputerseemstooperatelikeamechanical brain butitsachievementsarelimitedbythemindsofhumanbeings Acomputercannotdoanythingunlessapersontellsitwhattodoandgivesittheappropriateinformation butbecauseelectricpulsescanmoveatthespeedoflight acomputercancarryoutvastnumbersofarithmetic logicaloperationsalmostinstantaneously Sometimesacomputerseemstooperatelikeamechanical brain butitsachievementsarelimitedbythemindsofhumanbeings Acomputercannotdoanythingunlessapersontellsitwhattodoandgivesittheappropriateinformation butbecauseelectricpulsescanmoveatthespeedoflight acomputercancarryoutvastnumbersofarithmetic logicaloperationsalmostinstantaneously 有时计算机就像机械化的大脑一样运作 它的成就是受人脑限制的 除非人类告诉计算机要做什么且为其提供适当的信息 否则计算机什么也不会做 21 Sometimesacomputerseemstooperatelikeamechanical brain butitsachievementsarelimitedbythemindsofhumanbeings Acomputercannotdoanythingunlessapersontellsitwhattodoandgivesittheappropriateinformation butbecauseelectricpulsescanmoveatthespeedoflight acomputercancarryoutvastnumbersofarithmetic logicaloperationsalmostinstantaneously Sometimesacomputerseemstooperatelikeamechanical brain butitsachievementsarelimitedbythemindsofhumanbeings Acomputercannotdoanythingunlessapersontellsitwhattodoandgivesittheappropriateinformation butbecauseelectricpulsescanmoveatthespeedoflight acomputercancarryoutvastnumbersofarithmetic logicaloperationsalmostinstantaneously 有时计算机就像机械化的大脑一样运作 它的成就是受人脑限制的 除非人类告诉计算机要做什么且为其提供适当的信息 否则计算机什么也不会做 但是 由于电脉冲的速度与光速一样快 所以计算机能瞬间完成大量的算术逻辑运算 电脉冲 瞬间的 即刻的 22 It shardtoassignaworthwhiledefinitiontoeachtypeofcomputerbecausedefinitionscangetboggeddowninpotentiallyconfusingtechnicaljargon It shardtoassignaworthwhiledefinitiontoeachtypeofcomputerbecausedefinitionscangetboggeddowninpotentiallyconfusingtechnicaljargon assign to 为 赋予 分配 以 getboggeddown 陷入困境technicaljargon 技术术语要为每种类型的计算机进行很好的定义并非易事 Nevertheless thefollowingdefinitionscansuffice 不过 以下这些定义已经能满足要求 足够 因为这些定义可能会导致技术术语上的混淆 可能地 23 Asupercomputercanhandlegiganticamountsofscientificcomputation It susuallymaintainedinaspecialroomorenvironment andmaybeabout50 000timesfasterthanamicrocomputer Asauserinbusiness youprobablywouldnothavecontactwithasupercomputer Asupercomputercanhandlegiganticamountsofscientificcomputation It susuallymaintainedinaspecialroomorenvironment andmaybeabout50 000timesfasterthanamicrocomputer Asauserinbusiness youprobablywouldnothavecontactwithasupercomputer 巨型机可以处理大量的科学计算 巨大的 庞大的 24 Asupercomputercanhandlegiganticamountsofscientificcomputation It susuallymaintainedinaspecialroomorenvironment andmaybeabout50 000timesfasterthanamicrocomputer Asauserinbusiness youprobablywouldnothavecontactwithasupercomputer 巨型机可以处理大量的科学计算 维护 维持 保养 Asupercomputercanhandlegiganticamountsofscientificcomputation It susuallymaintainedinaspecialroomorenvironment andmaybeabout50 000timesfasterthanamicrocomputer Asauserinbusiness youprobablywouldnothavecontactwithasupercomputer 巨型机可以处理大量的科学计算 它通常被放置在一个专用的房间或特殊的环境中 且其速度要比微型机快约五万倍 商业用户是不太可能接触到巨型计算机的 25 However youmightifyouworkedintheareasofdefenseandweaponry weatherforecasting scientificresearch atoneofseverallargeuniversities orfortheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration 防卫 国防部 武器 兵器 天气预报 However youmightifyouworkedintheareasofdefenseandweaponry weatherforecasting scientificresearch atoneofseverallargeuniversities orfortheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration 但是 如果你曾在国防部 军工 气象局 科研机构 某名牌大学 或者国家航空航天局工作过 那么就可能接触过巨型机 国家航空航天局 26 Amainframecomputerisalargecomputer usuallyhousedinacontrolledenvironment thatcansupporttheprocessingrequirementsofhundredsandoftenthousandsofusersandcomputerprofessionals 大型机是一种大型的计算机 通常放置在受控制的环境中 定语从句 Amainframecomputerisalargecomputer usuallyhousedinacontrolledenvironment thatcansupporttheprocessingrequirementsofhundredsandoftenthousandsofusersandcomputerprofessionals 大型机是一种大型的计算机 通常放置在受控制的环境中 它能满足成百上千个用户和计算机专业人士的操作要求 大型机是一种能满足成百上千个用户或计算机专业人士操作需求的大型计算机 通常被置放在受控制的环境中 27 Ifyougotoworkforanairline abank alargeinsurancecompany alargeaccountingcompany alargeuniversity ortheSocialSecurityAdministration youwilllikelyhavecontact throughyourindividualworkstation withamainframecomputer 航线 航空公司 Ifyougotoworkforanairline abank alargeinsurancecompany alargeaccountingcompany alargeuniversity ortheSocialSecurityAdministration youwilllikelyhavecontact throughyourindividualworkstation withamainframecomputer 社会安全局 会计公司 如果你在航空公司 银行 大型保险公司 大型会计公司 大学或者社会安全局工作 Ifyougotoworkforanairline abank alargeinsurancecompany alargeaccountingcompany alargeuniversity ortheSocialSecurityAdministration youwilllikelyhavecontact throughyourindividualworkstation withamainframecomputer Ifyougotoworkforanairline abank alargeinsurancecompany alargeaccountingcompany alargeuniversity ortheSocialSecurityAdministration youwilllikelyhavecontact throughyourindividualworkstation withamainframecomputer 个人工作站 就有可能通过个人工作站接触到大型机 28 Aminicomputer alsoknownasamidsizeorlow endmainframecomputer issimilartobutlesspowerfulthanamainframecomputer Itcansupport2toabout50usersandcomputerprofessionals 小型机也可称为中型的 或低端的大型机 与大型机相似 但性能不如大型机 中号的 中型的 低档的 低端的 可满足2 50个用户或计算机专业人士的操作需求 29 Minicomputersandmainframecomputerscanworkmuchfasterthanmicrocomputersandhavemuchmorestoragelocationsinmainmemory Manysmallandmedium sizedcompaniestodayuseminicomputers soifyougointothebusinessworld youwillhavegoodchancestocontactwithaminicomputer Minicomputersandmainframecomputerscanworkmuchfasterthanmicrocomputersandhavemuchmorestoragelocationsinmainmemory Manysmallandmedium sizedcompaniestodayuseminicomputers soifyougointothebusinessworld youwillhavegoodchancestocontactwithaminicomputer 存储位置 Minicomputersandmainframecomputerscanworkmuchfasterthanmicrocomputersandhavemuchmorestoragelocationsinmainmemory Manysmallandmedium sizedcompaniestodayuseminicomputers soifyougointothebusinessworld youwillhavegoodchancestocontactwithaminicomputer 小型机和大型机的工作速度比微型机快得多 且主存的存储空间也大得多 主存储器 Minicomputersandmainframecomputerscanworkmuchfasterthanmicrocomputersandhavemuchmorestoragelocationsinmainmemory Manysmallandmedium sizedcompaniestodayuseminicomputers soifyougointothebusinessworld youwillhavegoodchancestocontactwithaminicomputer 小型机和大型机的工作速度比微型机快得多 且主存的存储空间也大得多 中号的 中型的 现在许多中小型公司使用小型机 所以如果你进入商界 就会有很多机会接触到小型机 30 Themicrocomputeristhetypeofcomputerthatasauseryouundoubtedlywillbedealwith Manyreadersareprobablyalreadyfamiliarwiththemicrocomputer alsoknownasapersonalcomputer PC 微型计算机是用户一定会接触到的计算机类型 许多读者很可能对微机已经非常熟悉 它也被称为个人计算机 PC机 毋庸置疑地 显然 必定 31 Theyvaryinsizefromsmallportables andlaptopcomputersthatyoucancarryaroundlikeabriefcase topowerfuldesktopworkstations suchasthoseusedbyengineersandscientists Theyvaryinsizefromsmallportables andlaptopcomputersthatyoucancarryaroundlikeabriefcase topowerfuldesktopworkstations suchasthoseusedbyengineersandscientists 在 方面有差异 Theyvaryinsizefromsmallportables andlaptopcomputersthatyoucancarryaroundlikeabriefcase topowerfuldesktopworkstations suchasthoseusedbyengineersandscientists from to 从 到 微机的尺寸各异 公文包 从小型便携式电脑 以及人们可以像公文包一样随身携带的笔记本电脑 到功能强大的桌面工作站 如工程师和科学家们所使用的那种 32 Amicrocomputer generallyusedbyonlyonepersonatatime usesamicroprocessorchipasitsCPU Assmallasonequarterofaninchsquare achipismadeofsilicon amaterialmadefromsand Amicrocomputer generallyusedbyonlyonepersonatatime usesamicroprocessorchipasitsCPU Assmallasonequarterofaninchsquare achipismadeofsilicon amaterialmadefromsand 微型计算机每次通常只能由一个人使用 依次 每次 Amicrocomputer generallyusedbyonlyonepersonatatime usesamicroprocessorchipasitsCPU Assmallasonequarterofaninchsquare achipismadeofsilicon amaterialmadefromsand 微型计算机每次通常只能由一个人使用 微处理器芯片 它使用一个微处理器芯片作为CPU 芯片只有一平方英寸的四分一大小 由硅材料 原材料是沙子 制成 33 Siliconisreferredtoasasemiconductorbecauseitsometimesconductselectricityandsometimesdoesnot semimeans partly dependingonappliedvoltagesandaddedchemicalimpurities dopants 硅是一种半导体 半导体 Siliconisreferredtoasasemiconductorbecauseitsometimesconductselectricityandsometimesdoesnot semimeans partly dependingonappliedvoltagesandaddedchemicalimpurities dopants 硅是一种半导体 导电 Siliconisreferredtoasasemiconductorbecauseitsometimesconductselectricityandsometimesdoesnot semimeans partly dependingonappliedvoltagesandaddedchemicalimpurities dopants 硅是一种半导体 它有时导电有时不导电 semi的意思是 部分 电压 伏特数 化学杂质 化学混合物 掺杂物 掺杂剂 取决于所施加的电压和添加的化学混合物 即 掺杂物 34 Ingeneral acomputer stypeisdeterminedbythefollowingsevenfactors 1 ThetypeofCPU Asnoted microcomputersusemicroprocessor ThelargecomputerstendtouseCPUsmadeupofseparate high speed sophisticatedcomponents Ingeneral acomputer stypeisdeterminedbythefollowingsevenfactors 1 ThetypeofCPU Asnoted microcomputersusemicroprocessor ThelargecomputerstendtouseCPUsmadeupofseparate high speed sophisticatedcomponents Asnoted 即Asitisnoted如上所述 复杂的 精密的 35 2 TheamountofmainmemorytheCPUcanuse Acomputerequippedwithalargeamountofmainmemorycansupportmoresophisticatedprogramsandcanevenholdseveraldifferentprogramsinmemoryatthesametime 2 CPU能使用的主存的总量 2 TheamountofmainmemorytheCPUcanuse Acomputerequippedwithalargeamountofmainmemorycansupportmoresophisticatedprogramsandcanevenholdseveraldifferentprogramsinmemoryatthesametime 2 CPU能使用的主存的总量 装备有 一台配备有大容量主存的计算机能支持更多复杂的程序 而且内存中能同时容纳多个不同的程序 复杂的 36 3 Thecapacityofthestoragedevices Thelargercomputersystemstendtobeequippedwithhighercapacitystoragedevices 3 Thecapacityofthestoragedevices Thelargercomputersystemstendtobeequippedwithhighercapacitystoragedevices 4 Thespeedoftheoutputdevices Thespeedofmicrocomputeroutputdevicestendstoberatedintermsofthenumberofcharacterspersecond cps thatcanbeprinted usuallyintensandhundredsofcps 输出设备的速度 3 Thecapacityofthestoragedevices Thelargercomputersystemstendtobeequippedwithhighercapacitystoragedevices 4 Thespeedoftheoutputdevices Thespeedofmicrocomputeroutputdevicestendstoberatedintermsofthenumberofcharacterspersecond cps thatcanbeprinted usuallyintensandhundredsofcps 输出设备的速度 以 衡量或表示 微机输出设备的速度多以每秒钟能打印的字符数 即CPS 来表示 通常是每秒钟几十甚至上百个字符 3 Thecapacityofthestoragedevices Thelargercomputersystemstendtobeequippedwithhighercapacitystoragedevices 4 Thespeedoftheoutputdevices Thespeedofmicrocomputeroutputdevicestendstoberatedintermsofthenumberofcharacterspersecond cps thatcanbeprinted usuallyintensandhundredsofcps 输出设备的速度 37 Largercomputers outputdevicesarefasterandareusuallyratedatthespeedofhundredsorthousandsoflinesthatcanbeprintedperminute Largercomputers outputdevicesarefasterandareusuallyratedatthespeedofhundredsorthousandsoflinesthatcanbeprintedperminute