Unit 2 Diction

Unit2Diction 1 I EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevelII MethodsofDiscriminating有鉴别能力的theOriginalMeaningofaGivenWord TechniquesofTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord DictioninChinese EnglishTranslation 2 By diction 措词wemeantheproperchoiceofwordsandphrasesintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal Inthepracticeoftranslation whatperplexesorconfusesusmostfrequentlyishowtofindanequivalentinthelanguagetobetranslatedinto Justasanotedlinguisthasobserved themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage and eachword whenusedinanewcontext isanewword 3 Forexample Tensionisbuildingup Withoutcontext both tension and buildup mayhavevariousexplanations ThusthisEnglishsentencemaybetranslatedintodifferentChineseexpressionsaccordingly 形势紧张起来 张力在增大 电压在增加 压力在增强 4 I EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel Fromtheabove mentionedillustrationswemayfindthereisneitherinvariable永恒的wordingnorfixedsentencepatterninEnglish Chinesetranslation Generallyspeaking theequivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatwordlevelmaybecategorizedasfollows 5 1 Word for WordEquivalence Thisismostevidentlyshowninpropernounsandtechnicalterms Forexample Marxism 马克思主义Aspirin 阿斯匹林激光 laser白血病 leukemia 6 2 OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaning Thisisacommoncaseintranslataion Forexample wife 妻子 爱人 夫人 老婆 老伴 媳妇 堂客内人 potato 马铃薯 洋芋 土豆 山药蛋 人 humanbeing man people person 犬 dog hound猎犬 spaniel长毛垂耳狗 mastiff獒 pointer猎犬 setter塞特猎狗 retriever寻猎物犬 terrier一种灵敏的小猎狗 7 3 OnewordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeanings Thisisalsoverycommonintranslation Forexample cousin 堂兄 堂弟 堂姐 堂妹 表哥 表弟 表姐 表妹 president 总统 总裁 主席 董事长 议长 会长 社长 校长 carry 搬 运 送 提 拎 挑 担 背 抬 搂 抱 举 夹 8 4 EquivalentsInterwoven混合withoneAnother Inthiscase acertainwordmaybetreateddifferentlyaccordingtovariouscircumstancesorcollocations Forexample Say说Speak讲Talk谈Tell诉 9 3 OnewordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeanings 走 walk saunter闲逛 amble慢步行走 stride大步行走 trudge跋涉 shamble蹒跚地走 prance昂首阔步 scamper奔跑 clump用沉重的脚步行走 tiptoe用脚尖走 机 machine engine plane aircraft 羊 sheep绵羊 goat山羊 ram公羊 ewe母羊 lamb羔羊 10 5 WordswithoutCorrespondingEquivalents Inthiscase anexplanationisgiveninsteadofanequivalent Forexample teenager 13至19岁的青少年 cyberslacker 利用工作时间在公司上网 做与工作无关的事情的雇员 meatloaf 朋友 同事之间以群体信件的方式自发传播的电子信件 阴 yin inChinesethought thesoftinactivefemaleprincipleorforceintheworld 阳 yang inChinesethought thestrongactivemaleprincipleorforceintheworld 目不识丁 notknowone s ABC 11 1 AccordingtoWordFormation Compounding derivation派生 affixation加词缀法 blending混和 acronymformation首字母缩略词 clipping缩减 etc Forexample Parabiospheric para outside bio biologic spheri havingtheformofasphere 外生物层的 12 MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofaGivenWord SincethemeaningofEnglishwordsisunfixed itisuptothetranslatortofixateordetermineitinagivencontext Andthefollowingarethemajormethodsofdiscriminatingwordmeaningsuggestedbysomelinguists 13 2 AccordingtotheReferences 1 Thirdpersonpronouns indefinitepronounssuchassome any each both definitepronounssuchasmuch many few little etc Forexample He father sentJohntotheuniversityandwaseagertohavehimdistinguishhimself 他送约翰上大学 巴望能让儿子出类拔萃 14 2 AccordingtotheReferences 2 Demonstrativepronouns suchasthis that these those anddemonstrativeadverbssuchashere there now then etc Forexample Healthismoreabovewealth forthiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat 健康比财富更重要 因为财富不能像健康那样给人那么多幸福 15 2 AccordingtotheReferences 3 Referencesofcomparison Forexample Ihateblueshirt whiteshirtssuitmebutgrayisthemostpreferable 我讨厌穿蓝衬衫 喜欢穿白衬衫 而最喜欢穿灰衬衫 Comment Withoutthereferentialwords father health wealth and shirt intheabovethreesentences itwouldbeverydifficulttomakeouttherealmeaningofsuchwordsas him himself this that and themostpreferable 16 3 AccordingtotheContextandCollocation Meaningof develop indifferentcontexts Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff 发生故障 gowrong Thewingsmustdevelopaliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft 产生升力 produce In1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod 研制避雷针 invent Untilanewtheorywasdeveloped theydidnothavemuchsuccess 提出理论 putforward Herevealedthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped 培育新品种 17 3 AccordingtotheContextandCollocation Theboysdidexercisesthatdevelopmuscles 促进肌肉生长 Shedevelopedherthesisinaseriesofarticles 阐明论点 Withhardwork shedevelopedintoagreatwriter 成为作家 18 3 AccordingtotheContextandCollocation AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood hedevelopedtuberculosis 患上结核病 sufferfromWemustdevelopallnaturalsubstancesinourcountry 开发资源 Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit 开采矿床 exploitHeisaninstructorwhodevelopsthecapabilitiesofeachstudent 激发潜能 makefulluseof 19 Collocation anarrangementofwordsthatsoundsnatural isalsoaninseparablefactorthataffectstheoutcomeofdiction delicatedifference细微的差异 delicatediplomaticquestion微妙的外交问题 delicateearformusic对音乐有鉴赏力 delicatefeatures清秀的五官 delicatefood美味的食物 delicatehealth虚弱的身体 3 AccordingtotheContextandCollocation 20 3 AccordingtotheContextandCollocation delicateliving奢侈的生活 delicateporcelain精致的瓷器 delicatesenseofsmell灵敏的嗅觉 delicateskin娇嫩的皮肤 delicatestomach敏感的胃 delicatesurgicaloperation难做的外科手术 delicatetouch妙笔生花 delicateupbringing娇生惯养 delicatevase易碎的花瓶 21 4 AccordingtoDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties LineABisthebaseofthetriangleABC AB线是三角形ABC的底边 Thewearytroopsmarchedbacktothebase militaryscience 疲惫不堪的士兵列队返回基地 22 4 AccordingtoDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties Forexample theword base means 词根 inlexicology 本金 inbusiness 底涂 inpainting 基线 insurvey测量 根据地 inmilitaryscience andherearesomemore Thelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase machinery 车床应安装在坚实的底座上 Asweallknow abasereactswithanacidtoformasalt chemistry 总所周知 碱与酸反应生成盐 23 TechniquesofTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord 1 Deduction推论 todeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglishdictionary Forexample boomer apersonborninthemarkedriseinbirthdate asintheU SimmediatelyfollowingtheendofWorldWar 生育高峰期出生的人 24 TechniquesofTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord cybercaf 网吧 acoffeehousethatprovidespatronsorcustomerwithcomputerterminalsforbrowsingtheInternetforafee smartcard智能卡 electroniccard asmallplasticcardcontainingaMicrochip芯片thatcanstorepersonaldataandbank accountdetails win win双赢 beneficialtoallinsomeway 25 2 Transplant移植 直译 Bythistechnique wemaytranslatetheingredientsofagivenEnglishwordliterallyandthencombineeachpartofthem bandwidth宽带bluetooth蓝牙microwave微波supermarket超级市场splashdown溅落white collar白领 26 3 Extension concretetoabstractorviceversa Theextension延伸ofmeaningmaybeeitherfromthespecifictothegeneralorfromtheconcretetotheabstract andviceversa bottleneck瓶颈 交通峡口 阻塞 fromtheconcretetotheabstract braintrust脑托拉斯 智囊团 fromthespecifictothegeneral 27 3 Extension contracttoabstractorviceversa braindrain脑排干 人才外流 人才流失 fromtheconcretetotheabstract ecstasy anillegaldrug 入迷 摇头丸 fromtheabstracttotheconcrete Itismorethantransient短暂的every dayness 这远非一时的柴米油盐问题 fromtheabstracttotheconcrete 28 4 Substitution置换 ThistechniqueisusedtoreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithChinesesynonymsoridiomsaccordingtodifferentsituations tokillsb asanexample1 杀一儆百 2 杀鸡给猴看置换pleasewithholdthehandout 请不要发这些材料 正说反译Hewasindeedagoodriddance 摆脱 他还是不在的好 正说反译Thesameisnottruewithamortalillness 如果是得了不治之症 绝症 情况就不一样了 正说反译 29 5 Explanation 意译 ThistechniqueiscommonlyusedwhenthereisnocorrespongdingChineseexpressionandalltheabove mentionedtechniquesfailtomakesense mindlessness思想上的混沌状态 粗象词具体化 togetherness 家庭或社会的 和睦相处redshirt红色运动员 出色的美国大学生运动员 swansong天鹅临死时发出的忧伤动听的歌 比喻诗人 音乐家等 最后作品 30 8 PictographicTranslation 象形文字 BythistechniqueEnglishwordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheiractualshapes H beam工字梁 O ring环形圈 U steel槽钢 V belt三角皮带 X brace交叉支撑 Y cruce叉形曲线 31 6 Combination Thistechniqueisusedtointergrateorcombinetwowordsofclosemeaningintooneexpression sosubtleandcarefulanobserver一位如此精细的观察者hismendacity虚假anddishonesty他的狡诈agrim无情的andtragicChristmas一个惨淡的圣诞节thebodyandmindcrampedbynoxiouswork有害工作造成的身心困顿 32 7 Transliteration音译 Thistechniqueiscommonlyusedindealingwithpropernouns especiallythenamesofpeopleandplaces trademarks etc Besides itisalsousedincoinage新词whennoexistingChineseexpressionisavailable bungee蹦极 calorie卡路里 Citroen雪铁龙 clone克隆 domino多米诺骨牌 euro欧元 hacker电脑黑客 Internet因特网 Pizza比萨饼 quinine奎宁 药 TheTimes泰晤士报 WallStreet华尔街 33 DictioninChinese EnglishTranslation DictioninChinese EnglishtranslationissomewhatdifferentfromthatinEnglish Chinese IfthecruxordifficultyofthelatterliesinpickingouttherightChinesewordfromthoseweknowverywell theformerthenismuchmoredifficult wehavetodealwithanEnglishvocabularythatwearenotsofamiliarwith 34 DictioninChinese EnglishTranslation Forexample thefamiliarChineseadjective 老 sosimpleandcommonaword whenusedindifferentcontexts theEnglishequivalentsrarelykeeptoitsoriginalmeaning old thatexplainswhyweareoftenfrustratedwhentryingtofindoutanaccurateEnglishequivalentforacertainChineseword 35 DictioninChinese EnglishTranslation 老战士aveteran 老领导aseniorleader 老师傅amastercraftsman 老儿子theoldestson 老黄牛awillingox 老芹菜overgrowncelery 老黄历ancienthistory obsoletepractice 老家hometown nativeplace 36 DictioninChinese EnglishTranslation Afurtherexample theChineseexpression 运动 运动有益身心 Exerciseisgoodforhealth 足球是我最喜欢的运动 Footballismyfavoritesport 他在香港热心推广手球运动 HeisakeenpromoterofhandballinHongKong 我国每年纪念五四运动 TheMayFourthMovementiscommemoratedinourcountryeveryyear 37 DictioninChinese EnglishTranslation Anotherexample theChinesenoun 书 申请书letterofapplication 协议书agreement 成绩通知书gradereport 使用说明书direction 家书aletterfromhome 国书credential 大使用的 楷书regularscript 证书certificate 保证书guarantee 白皮书WhiteBook 英美政府关于某一问题的官方报告 38 DictioninChinese EnglishTranslation 人们热烈响应筹款运动 Therewasgreatenthusiasmforthedonationdrive 他们发动了一场戒烟运动 Theystartedacampaigntostoppeoplesmoking 这属于运动神经疾病 Thisbelongstomotornerv