四级作文写作策略.doc

四 级 作 文 写 作 宝 典第一章 四级作文概况一.四级考试对写作的要求大学英语教学大纲和大学英语课程教学基本要求都对培养学生的英语写作能力做了明确规定，即学生能在半小时内完成120字左右的短文，包括书信等应用问题写作，要求文理基本通顺，表达思想清楚，无重大语法错误。通过分析历年的真题发现：英语作文考查的类型基本包括议论文(一般为三段论式的论说文字)，图表作文(要求描述性的语言要贴近图表信息，真实反映语言水平)和应用文写作(包括书信、便条、通知、海报等)。二.四级改革和写作变化2005年1月的作文题目是要求学生以导游的身份写一篇演讲稿，不仅包含欢迎辞(表态)行程安排，(说明)，而且包含安排的理由(说理)。2005年6月作文题目是校园文化旅游，要求学生就此阐述不同的观点。2006年1月是个竞选演说，如果我当选学生会主席，我会给大家做点什么事情(说明)。2006年6月17日的四级考试则是一个海报，要求考生构想一个招募志愿者的海报，其中包括应聘人必备的资历和应准备的材料等(说明)。2006年6月24日新题型的作文是传统的议论文形式，讨论大学生选择任课老师相关的问题。2007年1月作文也是传统的议论文形式，探讨对春节晚会所持的不同观点。2007年6月份是欢迎同学加入俱乐部的海报(应用文)。从上面的题目变化趋势看，描述现象、分析原因、个人看法仍是四级考试写作部分主要考查的重点，在今后相当长的时间内，英语写作教学和辅导的主要突破口应集中在议论文和应用文上。此外，仔细研究06年6月24日以后的四级试卷，我们还可发现，新四级的写作题目与校园生活密切相关，学生普遍感觉亲切，体裁包括两篇议论文，一篇应用文。不仅如此，新四级写作题中提供的文章框架清晰，思路比较明确，绝大多数考生都能利用“经典句型”或“万能模板”写出及格的作文。尽管新四级前两次都考查了议论文，但这并不能说明写作的重心有任何偏移。根据考试改革方案和课程教学要求的相关规定，应用文写作和议论文仍将是新四级作文的主攻方向。为了提高大学英语写作水平，从1997年6月份起，四六级考试采用“作文最低分制”来计算成绩。按规定，考生写作成绩若为0分，无论其总分是否高于60分，均按不及格处理；若成绩高于0分，低于6分，计算成绩时，需从总分中减去6分，再加上实得作文分，也就是说，要从总分中减去实得作文分与6分之间的差额部分。 举例来说：若前边85总分得分65分，但是作文得分为0分，那么最后成绩评为不合格。若前边85总分得分59分，作文得分为5分，那么最后成绩不是64分，而是59+56=58分。 三写作部分考核的技能A思想表达1)表达中心思想2)表达重要或特定信息3)表达观点、态度等B篇章组织4)围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点5)连贯地组句成段，组段成篇C语言运用6)运用恰当的词汇7)运用正确的语法8)运用合适的句子结构9)使用正确的标点符号10)运用衔接手段表达句间关系(如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等)D写作格式11)运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式四、评分标准：CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Award Scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。四级作文不注重思维和思想，注重语言的运用。少出错，得高分。四级考试作文主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜；结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)；语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。1本题满分为15分2阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一份。3阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如 8分)相似，即定为 该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。具体标准：2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。5字数不足应酌情扣分：累计字数 CET-4 110-119 100-109 90-99 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 49扣 分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9注：1如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。2规定的内容未写全者，按比例扣分。3只写一段者：0-4分； 只写两段者：0-9分第二章 议论文写作一. 评分标准议论文将从三个方面进行评分：1. 表述质量：文章的结构是否合理？文章的表述内容是否流畅易懂？文章是否恰当的使用了各种连接器件？2. 论证，论点和论据：文章的议论内容是否符合题目的要求？文章的中心论点是否明晰？文章中使用的论据是否能够很好的服务于中心论点？3. 词汇和句式：文章中是否使用了足够的词汇量？词汇的使用是否准确？文章中是否使用了丰富的句式？句式的运用是否恰当？基于以上的评分方面，应该从以下几个方面入手：1. 文章结构：文章的组成成分（开篇，论点，论据和收尾）如何合理分布？2. 思路拓展：如何以主题为基点进行发散性思维，找出尽可能多的议论素材？3. 如何通过正确使用句型（含连接器件）和词汇来进行表述？二. 构思构思包括“确定主旨”和“附会论据”两方面的任务。确定主旨就是在仔细审题后确定文章的基本观点，即支持哪一个，反对那一个；均衡的的方法；分析原因及解决方略附会论据就是指构思出具体的分论点及其论据来支持文章的主旨。这方面需要考试的发散性思维。构思时首先要审题，找出题目中所包含的所有关键性信息；然后根据题目中给出的关键性信息和题目提出的问题进行快速而缜密的思考，根据个人的经验，好恶，素材的多寡和发挥的难易确定文章的主旨，并找出相应的论据。在构思时，无论何种题目都可以从如下角度来考虑。人的角度：凡事以人为本，人的和谐共处为导向。那些能为人们带来益处的事情总是我们所推崇的，而那些不利于人的事情总是应该为我们所摒弃。考虑人的因素时，可以从身体健康，精神健康，物质财富，精神财富，生活质量，人的发展，人的成长，人的教育等角度展开。 社会的角度：人组成了社会，因此社会将包含人与人的关系及其独特内容。可以从人与人之间的信任与理解，社会的经济发展，社会文明，社会公平与正义，社会的和谐发展，社会法制等方面考虑。环境的角度：人类生存的环境极大的影响了人类的生存质量和发展空间，因此环境为题一直是我们关注的话题。可以从环境污染（空气，水，垃圾等），砍伐森林，噪音，全球温室效应，环境恶化导致的疾病，环境与野生动物的关系，环境与人生存的关系，生态平衡等方面。能力： 物质能力，如金钱；精神能力，如知识技术责任： 法律，道德，情感和义务方面责无旁贷的事权利：人权和产权意识：传统，习惯和文化后果：良性或恶性，于国于民的影响，经贸方面，管理方面，环卫方面和警示作用等三. 布局布局的主要内容是针对题目进行思考，考虑整个文章的结构应该采取何种模式。四级议论文都是三段式：总分总1. 比较模式该模式共有两种,一种是运用比较的手法来阐明自己的取舍.在具体的写作中,对于赞成的事物，其优点要详细写，而对于其缺点要少写，甚至略过。对于反对的事物，其优点要少写或略过，一笔代过，对于其缺点就要不惜笔墨大写特写。以此来强调自己的鲜明观点。其结构为：Part I: S1: Topic: the subjects to be comparedS2: Thesis: your preference for B over APart II: S3: concede As advantagesS4: As disadvantages 1S5: As disadvantages 2S6: As disadvantages 3S7: illustrate Bs advantages 1S8: illustrate Bs advantages 2S9: illustrate Bs advantages 3Part III: S10: conclusion: prefer B to A句型：S1: with the advent of , plays an important role/part in the development of increasing attention is drawn/called to the improved standard of或When it comes to, some people think/believe that, others argue/claim that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, butS2: While it is commonly believed that A, but I believe Bgenerally held widely acceptedS3: It is true that There is no doubt that Certainly that A To be sure It cannot be denied that It is known to all thatS4: But the chief/ obvious defects/faults are或Like anything else, it also has its faults . First. Second.Disadvantages problems. 或However, it is not without limits , the principal one is. BesidesWeaknesses for one thing, For anotherproblemsfaultsS6: Studying show Researches demonstrate that Experiments revealS7: On the contrary, the advantages of B far outweigh On the other hand, carry more weight thanthe advantages of A或A and B differ/are different in several ways, unlike A, BThere are some basic/marked differences between A and B,S8: For another, B also Second, FurthermoreS9: Although B fails to/ can not, few things can be compared with B in terms of.can matchcan equal S10: The advantage/significance of B is more than 或The evidence upon all sides supports unshakable conclusion thatanalysis we have made justifies an/a unmistakable idea thatreasons we have advanced confirms just view that另一种比较性议论文是作者通过比较来阐述自己的观点：两者都有自己的优缺点，不能完全地否定某一事物，也不能完全地肯定另一方。其结构为：Part I: S1: Topic: the subjects to be comparedS2: General view of A and BPart II: S3: As advantages 1S4: As advantages 2S5: As advantages 3S6: As disadvantages S7: Bs advantages 1S8: Bs advantages 2S9: Bs disadvantagesPart III: S10: A balanced view of the subjects句型：S1: To most people, are the two basic ways in whichCommon means toImportant或To the general public To most people , . But I believe To the popular mindTo most peoples opinionS2: There are both advantages and disadvantages to the twostrengths and weaknessesmerits and limitsS3: The most obvious/biggest advantage ofisS4: For example/instance, S5: Another advantage/benefits/merit isS6: The fault , however, is thatdefectproblemS7: By contrast , B On the contraryS8: In addition to Besides , B also Apart fromS9: There is again a faultdefect : itproblem S10: Anyhow, both the ways have their merit and faults , but strengths defectsboth must be improved in order to achieve the best possible result/effect.A combination of their merits might be a step in the right direction. 2. 理由模式理由型主要是解释作者为什么要干某事或为什么不干某事; 或解释为什么会出现某一社会现象或社会问题.结构如下: Part I: S1 TopicS2 Thesis: attitude to itPart II: S3: Thesis(more specific) S4: Reason IS5: Supporting detail IS6: Reason II S7: Supporting detail IIS8: Reason IIIS9: Supporting detail IIIPart III: S10: Conclusion如果只有两个理由，则结构如下：Part II S3: Thesis (more specific) S4: Reason IS5: Supporting detail 1S6: Supporting detail 2S7: Reason IIS8: Supporting detail 3S9: Supporting detail 4常用句型：S1: When asked about, a vast majority of people believe that. it comes to, a considerable the public argue S2: Contrary to the widely-held belief, I prefer popular thought think differentlyS3：A number of factors might contribute to sudden rise. Several causes may lead to the phenomenon.A couple of things account for problem.S4: Part of the explanations for it One of the most common factors/causes is thatS5: 支持性说明文字S6: is also responsible for the problem. Another contributing factor/cause isS7: 支持性说明文字S8: Perhaps the primary factor is that But fundmental cause S9: 支持性说明文字S10: For all these reasons, it comes as no surprise that Taking all these into account, it is small wonder that3. 批驳模式该类型议论文主要是对某一观点或做法进行批评或驳斥。要求考生在一些有争议的问题上所反映出来的一种作者认为不正确的看法进行批评，然后阐述自己在这方面的看法或观点。（驳论立论）全文可以分为三部分：Part one: S1: topic: the issue to be argued about S2: thesis: my opinion of the issuePart two: S3: others arguments about the issue S4: detail 1 S5: detail 2 S6: (concede their validity) set up writers objection S7: writers own argument S8: detail 3 S9: detail 4Part three: S10: conclusion句型：S1: In recent/the past few years, there is a remarkable increase in growing demand for marked change in attitude toS2: As for me , play an important part in As far as I am concerned, becoming indispensable to I believe/think, make great contribution toS3: But not everyone shares the idea, and it is argued that agrees with the view,S4: They hold/argue/believe thatS5: Another reason they is thatS6: There may be some truth/wisdom in it, but a close examination of the careful analysis argument reveals how fallacious it is. indicates it is not borne out by facts. DisclosesS7: The truth/fact is that Rather, the reverse is true: Just the opposite is true:.S8: Anyone with the least common sense can tell thatmodest knowledge ofS9: In addition, Further, And,S10: In summary,In conclusion,(paraphrase your opinion that has been mentioned above)Above all, 4. 分析模式分析型议论文主要是判断和分析所讨论的事物或观点的性质。就是阐述其重要性，正确性或荒谬性，危害性等，最后提出对该问题或现象的一些解决方法。全文可以分为三部分：Part One: S1: topic: the issue to be talked about S2: thesis: my attitude to itPart Two: S3: thesis: (more specific) S4: benefit(effect) I S5: detail 1 S6: benefit(effect) II S7: detail 2 S8: benefit(effect) III S9: detail 3Part Three: S10: conclusion有的时候，对于论点的分析不一定从同一个方向进行，也可以从正反两个方面同时进行，这时Part Two的结构有所不同。Part Two: S3: thesis (more specific) S4: Importance (with it) S5: detail 1 S6: detail 2 S7: consequence (without it) S8: detail 3 S9: detail 4句型：S1: With the development of With the introduction of to our lives , more and more With the increase of ofS2: (同向分析) It is certain obvious believed that (反向分析) but, at the same time, it is not without shortcomings.S3: Then/but, you may ask why? S4: One of the benefits deriveing fromharmful effects on is thatS5: To have a better understanding of we may look atfull appreciation of turn toS6: Another benefit is concerned witheffect relates toS7: A good case in point istypical example of this S8: Of all the benefits resulting from, none has been more significant than.effects nothing is as significant asS9: Just think imagineS10: Thus, it can be seen thatTherefore, I thinkAbove all, we may believe that四. 首段的写法在四级作文中，首段的写作一般包含以下三个要素：1. 对于题目中提出的论述、问题的重述(引题)2. 对于该论述/问题，表明自己的观点（立论）3. 对于文章的主体段落布局的预先交代其中，第一和第二要素是必要的组成部分，而要素三是可选择的组成部分。如果有的话，会使文章看上去条理更清楚，层次更分明。具体写法：1. 对于题目中提出的论述、问题的重述该部分的描写可以将题目中的关键信息进行重组后，用自己的方式表达出来。也可以套用一些句型，如：When it comes to, some think/believe/hold/claimThere is a public debate today that .Recently, the problem of has aroused peoples concern.Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face.with the developmentimprovementrisegrowthrecognition realizationacknowledgementof ., weof, learn /feelknow /findsee/noticeplay a vital/essentialrole/partthat .inRecently, has been brought into focus/public attention.In recent years, has become a hot topic domestically and internationally.These days, we oftern hear about .Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to It has long been a contentious issue as to Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed to many families that .has aroused much public concern in China.A common ground has been reached that There is no denying the fact that It is a common scene in big cities that .Now there is a growing awareness that .Nowhere in history has been more visible recently.One of the burning questions facing our society today is另外，还可以以提问的方式来开头。以问题开始一篇论文往往可以引起读者的注意，吸引读者继续读下去，较好的起到了开端引题的作用。如：Should we allow the government to establish a new college or university in our neighborhood?Should we encourage people to make a reservation for luxurious space travel?2. 对于该论述/问题，表明自己的观点开门见山式：可以选择的句型： 这种写法适用于“自由发挥型”和“给定观点型”A. 当问题出现时（后接名词，动名词或名词性从句）As far as is/are concerned, Speaking of, Considering , In case of, B. 我认为（后接完整的句子）In my opinion/Personally,From my point of view, I think/believe/holdMy view is thatAs for myself/For my part, I would like to My answer isI cannot agree more with As far as I am concerned, I would prefer toAs far as I am able to judge, It seems quite clear to me thatC. 这是（It is +adj.+to do/that）形容词可以替换It is encouraged for us toIt is beneficial to do/thatIt is unrealistic that评价引用观点：这种方法适用于“对比选择型”作文A. 表示同意（前方必有一观点）I absolutely agree to/with it.I could not agree more to/with the opinion.I would go along with this point of view.I am for that solution.I vote for this suggestion.That is exactly how I see it.B. 表示不同意（前方必有一观点）I disagree to/with it.I am against that solution.I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis.I doubt whether the argument can hold water.C. 表示同意一方（前方必有两种对立观点）I absolutely agree to/with the former/latter opinion.I could not agree more to/with the former/latter opinion.I would go along with the former/latter one.I am for the former/latter solution.I vote for the former/latter.Others, including me, hold thatThe issue of whether or nothas been widely/heatedly debated currently/recently. quite a few people claim. On the other handd, those who think differently argue that.As for me/As far as I am concerned/In my opinionThere is no denying that everything has two sides. But when we weigh this measures advantages against its disadvantages, we can see easily that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. So Im for it.Peoples views on vary from person to person. Some hold that . However, others believe that.三七分观点：这种方法适用于“对比选择型”作文A. although（although前是观点）Globally, I believe, although several individual cases should be considered. Universally, I hardly believe, although several merits should be observed in some cases.B. but方式（but后是观点）It is in part beneficial to a person or a group, but I still insistIt is sometimes beneficial to a person or a group, but I assert在提出自己的观点之前还可以罗列出题目中出现的两方面截然相反的观点：Some peoplebelievesay maintainadvocateadviseholdthinkclaimthat., whileotherssaybelievemaintainthinkclaimadvocateargueproposethat.3. 对于文章的主体段落布局的预先交代以间接的语言引出整篇文章主体段落的大致布局，如： In my opinion, computers would jeopardize the overall well-being of humans in three fundamental ways.As to , there are two opposing views, which have caused quite a controversy among citizens.There are three reasons for this. The reasons for this are as follows. 五. 主体段落写作经过构思过程和引言段落的写作，我们基本上确定了主体段落的写作框架，因此，主体段落的写作业就水到渠成了。而主体段落的写作关键在于思路的拓宽，换言之，针对引言段落中提出的观点进行思考，寻找相关的理论或理由支持你的观点，或者说，无论写什么样的观点，你都能够想出它的利和弊。无论什么样的题目出现在面前，都要表明观点，做成评判以及搜寻证据来进行支持或反驳。为了达到这样的目的，有两个方法可以借鉴：1. 多学习一些出色的范文，看一下他人是如何看待这个问题的。他们是如何表达自己的观点的，又是如何来支持自己的观点的，以及他们的写法由和借鉴之处。2. 多关心一下实事新闻，特别要看一些英语新闻和报道，从中了解世界动态，最新的实事见解以及作对实事的透彻分析，这些内容都有助于我们建立自己的观点，拓展自己的思路。 主体段落的具体写法好的段落必须是意思完整，语意连贯，完全体现文章的中心主旨，同时又是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用合理。一个段落有三部分组成：1.主题句：点出段落的主题（谈论什么）2.扩展句：说明和支持主题3.结尾句：得出结论主题句和扩展句是每个段落所必有的，结尾句在有些段落种可能没有。一篇文章有中心思想，也就是有主题。而每个段落则有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中信服务的。每个段落只能有一个主题，它用一个句子表达，所以称之为主题句。主题句一般位于句首。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，这些句子成为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。写好主题句需要注意的事项：1. 主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它2. 尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子3. 主题句应该使表达的主题思想完整扩展句是围绕主题句展开，支持，说明和阐述的句子。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词展开，句子与句子间逻辑清晰，上下转承结合得当，简洁扼要，重点突出。一旦确定了主题和关键词，便要按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要有连贯性，就必须有一系列的逻辑关系构成， 例如： 并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺承关系，让步关系，对照关系等等。这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然，连贯，符合逻辑，结构严谨，故极为重要。转承启合的词汇和表达法表示顺序的顺序1 顺序2 顺序3 结论 First, Second, Third, In conclusion,Firstly, Secondly, Thridly, To concluse, Initially, Next, Finally, In summary,First of all, Then, Lastly, To sum upIn the first place, Last but not l