英语国家概况学习心得与体会.doc

英语国家概况学习心得与体会英语国家概况（英美概况），雨婷认为是所有科目中最难的一科了！英概的出题范围很广，书中的每一句话都可能成为考题，尤其是选择题、填空题、改错题。从历年考题上看，英、美两国概况所占分值比较大，其他几国相对少些。其中以英、美两国的政治、经济、历史、教育、文化等方面为主，地理次之。 大家首先一定要把教材看透，如果感觉生词太多，可以先通读全文，然后把生词的释义及音标标注出来，再通读全文；若有英汉对照本，那学起来就更方便了！（呵呵，雨婷当时考的时候可没买到这本小册子。）然后把以下几方面单独整理出来，常看常记，雨婷觉得考题中会常出现的。当然这并不是雨婷在押题，而只是总结自己的考试经验而已，各位不要想偏了噢！v1、世界之最（国家之最、城市之最）；2、名作家作品；3、著名城市的地理位置；4、世界著名大学所在地及概况；5、各国历史（年代表）；6、历界总结；7、各国首都。 这几天雨婷将英、美两国的“之最”（世界之最、国家之最、城市之最等等）整理了一下，会贴出来的。至于其他方面，因为最近实在抽不出时间来，过阵子时间充足了，再好好整理整理！ 快考试了，加油噢！以下是英国之最（世界、国家、城市之最）及少部分英国作家作品等。声明：并非押题！这可是雨婷花了整整一天的时间、一个字母一个字母打出来的，呵呵，雨婷还是第一次打这么多的英文呢，感觉比打汉字费时多了！因为时间比较仓促，难免会有错误之处，望多涵噢！下次会打出美国之最（世界、国家、城市之最）及少部分美国作家作品等。1、 England is the most important part of the Kingdom in wealth, size, and population.2、 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain. It is 1343 meters.3、 The North Sea is the first high quality petroleum.4、 Britain is one of the worlds most advanced manufacturing and trading nations.5、 The British economy was the first to have been fully industrialized.6、 The cotton industry, the largest branch, has undergone a severe contraction.7、 The British agricultural industry is one of the most efficient in Europe.8、 The earliest invasion is that by the dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians.9、 Birmingham is the second largest city in England.10、Liverpool is the second largest port of England.11、Before the great Ice Age, Great Britain was joined to the continent of Europe. It was then that men first came to Britain.12、Alfred was considered the first national hero.13、Normandy was the most highly organized state in Europe at that time.14、There were a number of lords, but the most important class was the knights.15、The Normans were the finest fighting horsemen.16、At the end of the century, the most well-known company, the East India Company was formed.17、The English Renaissances finest exponents were Christopher Malovve, Ben Johnson, and William Shakespeare. The greatest dramatist of the age was Shakespeare.18、The early 17th century was a period of the most acute class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the feudalists with the King as their head.19、Economic recovery was the most difficult task for the Commonwealth. In 1651 Parliament passed the first Navigation Act.20、The most notoriously comipt of the Whig statesmen in that half century was Robert Walpole.21、In 1761 the first extensive canal was opened. In1814 George Stephenson constructed the first successful steam locomotive.22、The economic boom which began in 1824 collapsed in 1825,causing the first of many periodic economic crises in the world.23、In1840 under the pretext of protecting her trade, Britain launched an aggressive war against China. This was the Opium War.24、From the mid-19th century onward a number of British colonies were organized into dominiors.The dominion of Canada was the first British dominion to be so organized.25、The Third Reform Bill of 1884 and the Redistribution Act of 1885 was the most important of reforms.26、The Irish question one of the oldest issues created the greatest difficulties.27、In foreign policy the most important achievement was the Locarno Treaty of 1926.28、In the early 1950s,Britains first atomic bomb was tested, joining her to the US and the USSR as a nuclear power.29、Margaret Thatcher was the first female Prime Minister in the nations history.30、In 1981,the Humber Bridge was completed at 4626 feet the worlds longest Suspension Bridge.The worlds longest high-speed opitical fiber link connected Birmingham with London.31、The longest ministry of the century,it had glorified the Victorian values of self-help and nationalism.32、John Major became the first Western leader to visit liberated Kuwait.33、The European Union is the worlds largest trading bloc.34、The world famous universities Oxford and Cambridge,are the oldest ones dating from 1167 and 1284.35、Durham University came into being in1832,the oldest university in this group and the first English university after Oxford and Cambridge.36、A large group of nineteenth and twentieth century universities were founded in most of the biggest industrial towns and in a few other centres. They started as “university colleges”.37、The earlist known printed newspaper in Britain was published in 1513.It was called Trewe Encountre.38、The Times is the most famous of all British papers and the oldest at that.39、The most important Periodicals are the Economist, New Statesman,Spectator,New Society,Private Eye and New Scientist.40、British radio and television play an important part in daily life,social activities,cultural and educational causes.They are chiefly run by three companies:the British Broadcasting Corporation(B.B.C),the Independent Television Commission(I.T.C),and the Radio Authority,though there are many commercial,companies.41、The Press Association Ltd.which was founded by provincial newspapers on a co-operative basis in 1868 is the oldest and largest news agency operating exclusively in Britain.42、Association football (or soccer) claims the highest popular attendance in the country.43、Golf is probably the most attractive of British sports.44、Stephensons Rocket is the most famous of all steam locomotives.45、John Dalton was an English chemist and physicist, who is best known for developing an atomic theory in which the elements are characterized by different sizes and weights.46、The best-known scientific achievement in the nineteenth century was Charles Robert Darwins development of a theory of evolution.47、The number of the British Noble Prize winners in science before World War is the largest in the world.48、Fables which are about animals or supernatural persons or incidents and whose purpose is teaching a moral are pro bably the earliest form of story-telling.49、The best-loved story is about Robin Hood who was a popular hero living under the greenwood with his men, taking from the rich and giving to the poor and waging war against bishops and archbishops.By the time we get to the Middle Ages,we find the first great English poet,Chaucer.50、In the sixteeth century Thomas More issued his masterpiece Utopia in two books,the first of which contains a long conversiation on the social condition of England.51、During the Puritan period (or in the seventeeth century) John Bunyan was a commanding prosewriter and John Milton was an outstanding poet. Bunyan wrote other works, such as the Holy War, Grace Abounding to the Chief of sinners.52、Daniel Defoe and his Robinson Crusoe and Jonathan Swift and his Gullivers Travels belong to this period.53、Samuel Richardson is another novelist renowned as a storyteller. He chose the epistolatary from and wrote“ the first modern novel.”54、The nineteenth century was the golden age of the novel. There were a lot of novelists, the greatest of whom was Charles Dickens. He is looked upon as one of the greatest creative writers who ever lived.55、The comic masterpiece of which Dickens was the proudest, is Picwick Papers. David Copperfield, which is largly based on himself, is perhaps his best novel. Other well-known novels include. The Old Curiosity Shop,Hard Times, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Lities and Dombey and Son.56、Walter Scott was a poet and famous Scottish historical novelist, who wrote much. Among his novels and Waverley, Guy Mannering, Kenilworth, Woodstock and Quent in Durward. His bestknown novel is Ivanhoe, his best novel is The Heart of Midlothian.57、William Makepeace Tackeray, who largely wrote about middle-class society. He wrote The History of Pen Dennis, The History of Henry Esmond, The Newcomers the Virginians.58、Nineteenth-century England also produced many great women novelists, the earliest of whom was perhaps Jane Austen. Her most widely-read novel is Pride and Prejudice, though three others, Sense and Sensibility, Emma and Manse field Park, have slowly won their way to the front rank of fiction.59、Joseph Rudyard Kipling was the first British novelist to win the Nobel Prize, which he did in 1907.60、David Herbert Lawrence was an innovator of psychological fiction and one of the most controversial writers of the early 20th century, surpassed only by James Joyce in the amount of opposition which was caused by his works. His major works are Sons and Lovers, the Rainbow, Women In Love, Kangaroo, the Plumed Serpent and Lady Chatterleys Lover.61、James Joyce was considered in the West and the most important and influential novelist writing in English.62、The name ofHerbert George Wells is closely associated with science fiction. The Time Machine, The Island of Pr. Moreau, The Invisible Man, When the Sleeper Wakes and The Shape of Things to come are his best works about science.63、John Galsworthy was one of the most prominent British novelists and dramatists of the twentieth century. His maiden work is From the Four Winds.64、Another Nobel Prize winner was Bertrand Russell, who was a philosopher, mathematician, logician and novelist. He got his Noble Prize in 1950.65、Geoffrey Chaucer, the father of English poetry, describes a party of pilgrims going to Canterbury in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.66、The greatest English revolutionary poet of the seventeenth century was John Milton, whom we remember chiefly for his long epic in twelve books Paradise Lost, which mainly tells the story of Adam and Ere in the Garden of Eden.67、Two of the greatest names in the poetry of this century are William Butler Yeats and Thomas Steams Eliot. The Second Coming, one of the Yeatss most famous poems, his most famous works are The wind Among the weeds, Responsibilities, The Tower, The Winding stairs and The land of Hearts Desire (a play of 1914).68、Eliot was born in American but he became a British subject in 1927. His best known work, The Waste Land, caused an uproar because of its originality and of the severity of its attack on English and American society, when it was published with Pounds help in 1922.69、English drama is completely dominated by William Shakespeare. He is the great playwright and poet of the Renaissance, widely regarded by the people of the world as one of the greatest writers who ever lived Karl Marx takes Shakespeare and Aeschylus as the two greatest geniuses of whole theatre. He wrote thirty-seven plays, mostly in verse, many of which are still frequently acted. They include comedies. As You Like It, A Midsummer Nights Dream, A Winters Tale, The Merchant of Venice, The Tempest and Twelfth Night; the great tragedies: Rome and Juliet, Macbeth, King Lear and Othello.70、Christopher Marlowe is the most gifted of the “university wits whose three best plays are Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta and The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.71、In the eighteenth century the most outstanding dramatist of the realistic school was Richard Brinsley Sheridan whose first comedy The Rivals was staged when he was 24.72、The British Museum Library is one of the largest and richest in the world.73、At the northeast end are Marble Arch which is famous for its lovely plants and the world-famous Speakers Corner, where outdoor orators make their eloquent free speeches on wooden soap boxes.74、In Tower of London, the first prisoner was Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham, one of the original builders of the White Tower.75、St. Pauls Cathedral, the biggest and most well-known church in London, is a typical example of the architecture of the Renaissance.76、The old buildings of the Observatory are on the highest hill in Greenwich Park, which was beautifully laid out by Le Notre for Charles , but now the Royal Observatory has moved to Herstmonceux Castle in Sussex on account of the London pollution.77、The best-known quality of the British people and, in particular, of the English people is their exclusiveness.78、The British Parliament, is the oldest parliament in Europe.79、In speaking of John Bull, an image immediately appears in our mind. He is short and fat, with a tall hat on his head and a pair of boots on his feet. It is the nickname for Britain.80、“Ladies First” is also a British custom, though it is less observed today than it used to be.81、In British, “Three Dont” :(1)The British have the habit of queuing. They dont jump of the queue.(2)In England, you shouldnt ask a woman her age.(3)Dont try to bargain in Britain when you do the shopping.82、Three “INGS” refer to betting, drinking and tipping, ending for each of which is ING.83、Christmas Day is on December 25, which is the greatest of the Christian festivals, commemorating as it does the birth of Jesus Christ.84、New Years Day (January 1st) is part of the Scottish Hogmanay festival which is more important than Christmas to Scots.85、April Fools Day is hardly a festival, but on that day you may find that someone has given you a false message or your shoe-laces have been tied together, or some other ingenious tricks have been played on you to make you an “April Fool”.86、There are three main world religious Buddhism, Islam and Christianity.87、The most important denomination is the Anglican Church.88、The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.89、The House of Lords is the oldest part of Parliament.90、There are two major parties in Britain today. They are the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.91、In terms of the nature of cases, we can also divide the courts into two systems: the Civil Courts and the Criminal Courts.英语国家概况学习要领关于英语国家概况课程方面的辅导材料很少。现在又面临课程改革，薄薄的旧版本换成了700多页的厚本，实在是让人挠头。在这种情况下，我总结了自己的学习思路与具体的学习方法。思路共分三步：第一步：粗读。先看大纲，然后把课本翻看一遍，大纲没涉及的内容也要看。第二步：精读。要面面俱到，读完每一章后，要做练习册上的题，除此之外，把自己总结的题也要掌握，然后重读这一章。历史要一字不漏地看，其它的内容可参阅大纲，只抓重点部分看。第三步：记重点。在熟悉习题的基础上，要通读全文，要看重点，依据题型去套书中的内容。具体的学习方法如下：一、通读全文，掌握框架：读书也要讲大将风范，有了具体的思路之后，还要在头脑中形成清晰的框架，从整体入手，然后，再把具体的重点加上去，这样，掌握起来，就不至凌乱。二、找准重点，理清线索：熟悉课文内容是任何一科都必不可少的。英语国家概况比其它课要难，英国与美国的历史部分占很大篇幅，要作为重点去掌握，但这部分内容看起来又是那么宠杂，因此理清线索，摸清脉络之后，我们理解起来就轻松多了。如：英国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索：early settlersRoman invationsAnglo-Saxonsthe Viking and Danish Invationsthe Norman ConquestWilliams Rulethe Great Charterthe Hundred Years Warthe English Reformationthe English Renaissancethe Civil Warthe Glorius Revolutionthe Industrial Revolutionin the two World Wars美国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索：the war of Independencethe War of 1812territorial expansion and Westward Movementthe Civil Warin the two World Warsthe Cold Warthe Berlin Blockadethe Civil Rights Movement in the 1950sthe Vietname War每个要点之后都分别有重点，尤其每次战争的背景、时间、起因、结果都需要全面了解。三、对比分析，找出差别：在自学过程中，我对这种方法应用最多。可以说对比无处不在。例如，每个国家的政体有共同点，也有差别，差别就需要记住。因为这往往是选择题里要出的内容。下面就把这个政体的比较列表呈现给大家:CountryParty systemHousesBritainThe conservative Party,The Labour PartyThe House of CommonsThe House of LorbsThe U.S.The Democrats,The RepublicThe Senate,The House of RepresentativesIrelandFianna Fail,Fine GaelThe Senate,The House of RepresentativesAustraliaThe Labour Party,the Liberal and National PartyThe Senate,The House of RepresentativesNew ZealandThe National Party，The Labour PartyThe House of RepresentativesCanadaThe Liberal Party,the Progressive Conservative PartyThe Senate,The House of Representatives四、依据大纲，做好习题：习题既包括练习册上的题，又包括在精读课文时自己总结的题。要从出题老师的角度去分析，依据大纲会在哪一细节上命题。例如，依据上面提到的对比分析可出这样的题：Canadas political party system is not_?A.one party rule B.two party rule C.one and a half party rule D.no party rule.经济方面的内容也不容忽视，容易出综合性试题，例如：New Zealand is the world leader in _.A.leather industry B.fish industry C.new industries D.shipbuilding industry.又如：Which is faulse in the following kinds of saying about Britains agricultural?A.Farming is one of Britains most important industries. B.Its highly mechanized. C.People engaged in farming have increased lightely over recent years. D.its the source of most of the food and many of the raw materials of the country. 如果没有经过认真看书，就不能总结出类似的试题。因此，自学过程中要不断积累总结知识点，自己给自己出题，加之练习册上的习题，经这样反复演练，对付考试就易如反掌了。一.自然资源英国:Compare with many other countries,Britain has comsiderable reserves of coal.Today British coal mining is called a sick industry.Natural gas and oil was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea.Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel industry.Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.As with the coal industry,Britains steel industry is declining. 美国:Fertile soil is one of the most important natural resouces in the United States.Americas forest resources are among the worlds largest.Another natural resource that contributes to the welfare of the country is water.America is the leaders in production of Coal,iron ore,cpper,oil,sulfur,lead and zine.But short for tin,manganese,and nikel.爱尔兰:Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.While Ireland lacks sizeable oil deposits,it has a valuable energy source in the peat,or turt,bogs that cover extensive areas of the country.加拿大:Water is one of the most important natural resources in Canada.Almost half of the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third,in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world.The largest producer of newsprint in the world.Canada is a primary world producer of nickle,zine and asbestoes,and comes second in potash,third in gold and fourth in copper.Canada is a major world supplier of uranium.Experts believe that the cold fields of Canada may be among the largest in the world.A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thurds of Canadas petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta.澳大利亚:Australia is one of the worlds biggest producers of minerals and metals.It has major deposits of bauxite,mineral sands,diamonds,and bl