黄大仙论道——语法.doc

大仙GMAT论道系列之三形合Vs意合之延伸分析（已加点评） 第一类 ：李代桃僵以非并列结构连词手段引起意合 老PREP 60. (27763-!-item-!-188;#058&003346)Mideast immigrants rates of entrepreneurship exceed virtually every other immigrant group in the increasingly diverse United States economy.(A) Mideast immigrants rates of entrepreneurship exceed (B) Mideast immigrants are exhibiting rates of entrepreneurship exceeding (C) Immigrants from the Mideast exhibit rates of entrepreneurship exceeding those of (D) The rates of entrepreneurship in immigrants from the Mideast exceed (E) The rates of Mideast immigrants entrepreneurship exceeds those of本题的题眼在于“exceed”，其实这是一个隐含的比较，A 超过B，一个隐含前提是A和B需要是对等的事物。以此切入，可知本题是两个rates进行比较，所以those of一定要出现。易得正确选项C。 延伸：既然exceed有这种意合，那么所以隐含了比较的动词是否都应该引起我们的警惕？surpass、overweight、。 新PREP 220. (29238-!-item-!-188;#058&003590) (GWD-6-Q31)The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness. A. The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably B. That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably C. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation D. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation E. Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably 此题看点在于命题老头对原句精妙的改写。请看： That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar 意思上是不是等于 that they vary considerably所以这个句子的原貌是 That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar, namely that they vary considerably，（到此处为主语） highlights（谓语） an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs。 此处，namely引起了一个意合，要求两端的形式尽量一致。那么，为啥读者读到的最后版本的句子和上面这个不同呢？原因很简单，就是命题者依据避免主语过长的原则，把namely后面的半截移到了句子最后，进一步加大了题目的难度。这一招在其它题目也出现过，请看这题： GWD-11-Q33:After more than four decades of research and development, a new type of jet engine is being tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or help boost cargoes into space at significantly lower costs than current methods permit. A. tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or help B. tested that could eventually have the capability of propelling aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or to help C. tested, eventually able to propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours, or helping D. tested, and it eventually could propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or helping E. tested, and it could eventually have the capability to propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or help that从句实际上修饰的是engine，可是被挪后了，目的也是为了减少主语的长度。 延伸：老头连namely都能编出意合的题目，所以请一定留心能表达出两边相等关系的东东，如be动词，A means B等等。 第二类 暗度陈仓形式并列松散，逻辑呼应紧密 188. (28112-!-item-!-188;#058&002759) (GWD-7-Q33)The health benefits of tea have been the subject of much research; in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting some forms of cancer, the brewed leaves of Camellia sinensis may also play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. A. in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting B. in addition to its possibilities to prevent or inhibit C. besides the possibility that it prevents and inhibits D. besides the possible preventing and inhibiting of E. besides possibly preventing or inhibiting 此题咋看着 in addition to或者besides不知道怎么用，因为很多人生硬地认为主语和in addiction to 之后的东西应该平行，其实不然，该题的妙处，也是在于意合，读者需要判断，“防治癌症”这事儿，到底和句子中哪个地方有资格构成“意合”？ 如果还没看出，请允许我重温一下老头挪位置的常用伎俩，看看这个被我挪过的句子： The brewed leaves of Camellia sinensis may also play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke, besides possibly preventing or inhibiting some forms of cancer 这会儿看明白了吧，实际上，他们需要和in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke平行，本题答案也呼之欲出了。当然，本题还有其它看点，容后再述。有了这题的基础，大家应该会比较明天PREP里面大家一直郁闷的两题，答案是怎么回事，因为， In addition to 到底和谁平行，不是由谁放在主语说了算，而是意思说了算！ In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting East African cave paintings. 黄线部分才是真正的平行双方 (A) Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting (B) Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and by painstakingly documenting (C) Leakey was a contributor to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of (D) Leakeys contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and her painstaking documentation of (E) Leakeys contributions to archaeology include discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of 129. (31370-!-item-!-188;#058&004475)In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings.(A) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of (B) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting (C) Mary Leakey was a contributor to archaeology by discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of (D) Mary Leakeys contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting (E) Mary Leakeys contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of 第三类：声东击西以形合诱敌，以意合击之 197. (31514-!-item-!-188;#058&005971) (GWD-8-Q20)Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions. A. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also B. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast), which gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also C. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States, creating farmland (especially in the Northeast) and giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also D. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also E. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States not only created farmland (especially in the Northeast), giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it 此题容易先入为主排除没有not only but also的选项。实际上已经犯了一个错误：谁告诉你这个句子是并列关系了？实际上这句前后是转折关系，选的答案是D。当然，本题也可以通过杀灭其它选项获得答案。要强调的是避免先入为主这种错误的做题习惯。 Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory. A. Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted B. Thelonious Monk, the jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work that was rooted both C. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk, who produced a body of work rooted D. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted E. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work rooted both 同上理，避免上来就判断人家必用both .and结构。人家可以不用。同时这题也可以看到一些教师引导考生不需要思维过程就做出判定的所谓“命题者偏好”是多么脆弱。D选项用的正是所谓“偏好”中不倾向的从句做定语。 老PREP 1. (24465-!-item-!-188;#058&000982)To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them on special diets.(A) their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment (B) their natural growth rate, their feed allotment cut (C) growing them naturally, cutting their feed allotment (D) they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment (E) they grow naturally, with their feed allotment cut 本题容易根据划线外的growing 选择C答案。然而，此题的关键在于看出划线外的grow和内的grow意思其实并不相同。外面的grow是及物动词，意思大概相当于“养”，里面的grow是不及物动词，意思为“生长”，一个“naturally”已经提示了我们，这个grow不是被人养的grow。故本题选择D。 第四类：围魏救赵杠杆里面做文章 Seldom more that 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River at Albany to the Great Lakes at Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the heartland of the North American continent. 1. Seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected 2. Seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected It was seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, and ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, but the Erie Canal, connecting The Erie Canal was seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep and it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, which connected The Erie Canal, seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, connecting 看到老头的小动作了吗？考生光顾着琢磨并列结构的两边了，却忽视了串联他们的“杠杆”。实际上串联两边的连词传递了两端不同的逻辑关系。对应本题，正确的串联应该是or。but。因为前半句是否定句，而两句之间是转折关系。 另上文还有两题亦有此现象。 The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness. A. The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably B. That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably C. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation D. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation E. Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably 经过上文唧唧歪歪的用namely的意合做法，这时候是不是有种四两拨千斤的感觉？ The health benefits of tea have been the subject of much research; in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting some forms of cancer, the brewed leaves of Camellia sinensis may also play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. A. in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting B. in addition to its possibilities to prevent or inhibit C. besides the possibility that it prevents and inhibits D. besides the possible preventing and inhibiting of E. besides possibly preventing or inhibiting 大家看出and 和or用法带来的意思区别吗？ 一个是同时出现，一个是二选一。而预防和治疗两个动作不可能同时出现，所以只能选择or。 从“形合”到“意合”谈GMAT语法考查新着力点2009-12-31Tag：版权声明：转载时请以超链接形式标明文章原始出处和作者信息及本声明/logs/55659850.html形合，指通过明显的字面结构性提示，传递句子内部的前后和谐关系。如大家熟悉的平行结构（由not only .but also、both and 、neithernor等广为人知的结构引出）。此类考点在OG11版本出现颇多。其特色是只要抓住这些结构，则此题一招用到得到最后答案。然而，广大考生在借助比较老的练习材料建立了对该考点的基本熟悉之后，却很容易形成思维定式，变成单纯追求形式上的和谐，而忽略了逻辑意义上的和谐，即“意合”，落入“形而上”的陷阱。这一思维定式在08年以来的机考实战中，已经频繁被命题者所利用于构造题目的强迷惑选项。以下对若干代表性题目做针对性点评（1）GWD题目A New York City ordinance of 1897 regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted pedestrians right-of-way.A.regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it grantedB.regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, grantingC.regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it grantedD.regulating the use of bicycles, mandating a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, requiring of cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and grantedE.regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted答案为E。易见该题意在考查四个动词regulate、mandate、required、granted的排列问题。考生容易先入为主，先假设四个动作是平行的，然后按照这个标准去寻找答案，最后感到困惑。实际上，该题最精妙之处，在于四个动作实际上并不平行。Regulate后面的内容是整个自行车的使用规则，后面三个动作分别介绍了该规则的三个方面。所以，regulate的层次是高于另外三个动词的。所以E的写法并没有使用四个动词平行的写法，却是真正正确的写法。（2）见于GWD与PREP08Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a smoother ride.A. Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less,B. Minivans, which carry as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles, they cost less,C. Minivans carry as many as seven passengers, in comparison with most sport utility vehicles, and have a lower cost, theyD. Minivans, carrying as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less,E. Minivans, which carry as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles the cost is lower, and they在PREP08出来之前，该题答案一直在A和D之间争议，直到PREP给出正确答案A才中止了争议。该题精妙之处在于，D选项是命题者故意设置的“形合”，让读者观感上觉得cost，get，allow，have形成了平行。而感到A选项的第一个“and”为多余。实际上，动作carry和后面几个动作并不平行。这个句子的逻辑关系是，“Carry”这个动作是没有参加“compared”的，所以自成一个层次，而另外四个动词是“compared”的项目，它们另外组成了一个四连珠的动词平行结构。故而A中的第一个“and“恰恰是必要的。（3）来自Prep08 A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomers Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by Black Americansthe others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible ManA. Black Americansthe others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible ManB. Black Americansincluding Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph EllisonC. a Black Americanincluding Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible ManD. a Black Americanthe others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible ManE. a Black Americanthe others being Richard Wrights Native Son and Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man此题第一要点在于不纠缠于黑人到底使用单数还是复数形式，而是从并列对象是书而不是人入手，排除之后余下BE，此题另一精妙之处在于如何在BE之间抉择，谨记避免犯形而上的错误，简单根据E项有Being就杀之。此类对思维要求低的排除方法已经被证明在现行机考中越来越不靠谱。实际上遵循意合的思路容易找到线索。划线外部使用的作者与书的关系所有格写法是s，所以与之保持一致，则后面也使用同一个写法，故而选择E。此题并无明显并列连词提示考生题中的和谐关系，是依靠对句意理解得出。（4）来自Prep08Whereas the honeybees stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and used again.A. because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and usedB. the comparative smoothness of the yellow jackets stinger allows them to pull it out and then can therefore use itC. the yellow jackets stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and usedD. in comparison, the yellow jackets stinger is smooth, and thus able to be pulled out and usedE. in comparison, the yellow jacket has a smooth stinger, thus allowing it to be pulled out and used此题易看出whereas构成了前后2句的对比关系，一般考生都能借此确定比较对象是stinge