[上册]Unit One

研究生英语精读教程 第三版 上 中国人民大学出版社 UnitOne YouAreWhatYouThink 1 Text 2 Exercises 3 SupplementaryReading YouAreWhatYouThink Andifyouchangeyourmind frompessimismtooptimism youcanchangeyourlifeClaipeSafran Translation Menu doughnutn 炸面圈clich n ideaorexpressionthathasbeentoomuchusedandisnowoutdated stereotypedphrase triteexpression陈腔滥调scrutinizev makeadetailedexaminationof细查 详审 审视 Menu 1 Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut notuponthehole Suddenlytheseclich s arescientificquestions asresearchersscrutinize thepowerofpositivethinking Translation 2 Afast growingbodyofresearch 104studiessofar involvingsome15000people isprovingthatoptimism canhelpyoutobehappier healthierandmoresuccessful Pessimism leads bycontrast tohopelessness sicknessandfailure andislinkedtodepression lonelinessandpainfulshyness optimism n beliefthatintheendgoodwilltriumphoverevil tendencytolookuponthebrightsideofthings confidenceinsuccess乐观 乐观主义pessimism n tendencytobelievethattheworstthingismostlikelytohappen thateverythingisessentiallyevil悲观 悲观主义depression n beingsad lowspirit沮丧 抑郁 Menu Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively sayspsychologist CraigA AndersonofRiceUniversity inHouston itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills psychologistn 心理学家 研究心理学者 Menu Translation 3 Yourabilitiescount explainspsychologistMichaelF Scheier ofCarnegieMellonUniversity inPittsburgh butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill Inpart that sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways inpart tosomeextent在某种程度上 Menu Translation 4 Take forexample yourjob Inamajorstudy psychologistMartinE P SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvania andcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitan LifeInsuranceCo Theyfoundthatthepositive thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37 percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative thinkers Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives optimistssold20 percentmore metropolitan adj oforinacapitalcity大城市的 大都会的 首府的 Menu Translation 5 Impressed thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism Thesepeople whomightneverhavebeenhired sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative Menu Translation 6 Howdidtheydoit Thesecrettoanoptimist ssuccess accordingtoSeligman isinhis explanatorystyle Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself I mnogoodatthis hesays Ialwaysfail Theoptimistlooksforloopholes Heblamestheweather thephoneconnection eventheotherperson loopholen wayofescapefromcontrol esp oneprovidedbycarelessandinexactwordingofarule 因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的 漏洞connection n joiningorbeingjoined pointwheretwothings连接 连接点 连接物 Menu Thatcustomerwasinabadmood hethinks Whenthingsgoright theoptimisttakescredit whilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke credit n honour approval goodnameorreputation荣誉 赞许 好名声fluken somethingresultingfromafortunateaccident luckystroke侥幸的结果 侥幸 Menu Translation 7 CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonate bloodtotheRedCross Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo pessimistssaid Ican tdothis Optimiststoldthemselves Ineedtotryadifferentapproach 8 Negativeorpositive itwasaself fulfillingprophecy Ifpeoplefeelhopeless saysAnderson theydon tbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed donatev give egmoney toacharity etc contribute捐赠 赠送prophecy n poweroftellingwhatwillhappeninthefuture statementthattellswhatwillhappen预言能力 预言 Menu Translation 9 Asenseofcontrol accordingtoAnderson isthelitmus testforsuccess Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife Ifthingsaregoingbadly heactsquickly lookingforsolutions forminganewplanofaction andreachingoutforadvice Thepessimistfeelslikefate splaything andmovesslowly Hedoesn tseekadvice sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone litmusn bluecolouring matterthatisturnedredbyacidandthenrestoredbyalkali materialstainedwithlitmususedasatestforacidsandalkalis石蕊 试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸playthingn toy fig somebodytreatedasameretoy玩具 喻 被玩弄取乐的人 玩物 Menu Translation 10 Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustify andsometimesthat swhatkeepsthemalive Dr SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreast cancer Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic therewasalongerdisease freeinterval thebestpredictorofsurvival Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer Dr Levyfoundthediseaserecurred sooneramongthepessimists breast n eitherofthemilk producingpartsofawoman chest upperfrontpartofthehumanbody乳房 胸膛 胸部eorhappenagain berepeated再来 再发生 重复 Menu Translation 11 Optimismwon tcuretheincurable butitmaypreventillness Inalongtermstudy researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition Yetsomewerepositivethinkers andsomenegative Twentyyearslater thereweremoremiddle agediseases hypertension diabetes heartailments amongthepessimiststhantheoptimists hypertensionn highbloodpressure高血压diabetesn diseaseofthepancreasinwhichsugarandstarchyfoodscannotbeproperlyabsorbed糖尿病ailmentn illness疾病 Menu Translation 12 Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimist sfeelingofhelplessnessundermines thebody snaturaldefenses theimmune system Dr ChristopherPeterson oftheUniversityofMichigan hasfoundthatthepessimistdoesn ttakegoodcareofhimself underminev weakenatthebase weakengradually使从基础损坏 逐渐削弱或损坏immune adj exemptfromorprotectedagainstsomethingdisagreeableorharmful notsusceptibletosomespecifieddiseasebecauseofthepresenceofthespecificantibodies免除的 安全的 免疫的 Menu Feelingpassiveandunabletododge life sblows heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes nomatterwhathedoes Hemunches onjunk food avoidsexercise ignoresthedoctor hasanotherdrink dodgev movequicklytooneside changepositionordirection inordertoescapeoravoidsomething avoid duties etc bycunningortrickery躲闪 躲避 逃避misfortune n badluck unfortunateaccidentorhappening不幸 灾祸 不幸事故munchv chewwithmuchmovementofthejaw用力咀嚼 大声咀嚼junkn old discardedthingsoflittleornovalue破烂物 Menu Translation 13 Mostpeopleareamixofoptimismandpessimism butareinclinedinonedirectionortheother Itisapatternofthinkinglearned atyourmother sknee saysSeligman Itgrowsoutofthousandsofcautions orencouragements negativestatementsorpositiveones Toomany don ts andwarningsofdangercanmakeachildfeelincompetent fearful andpessimistic caution n warningwords takingcare payingattention toavoiddangerormakingmistakes 警告 小心 谨慎 Menu Translation 14 Astheygrow childrenexperiencesmalltriumphs suchaslearningtotieshoelaces Parentscanhelpturnthesesuccessesintoasenseofcontrol andthatbreedsoptimism triumph n joyorsatisfactionata successorvictory成功 胜利 成功或胜利的喜悦shoelace n cordforfasteningtheedgesofashoe suppers鞋带 Menu Translation 15 Pessimismisahardhabittobreak butitcanbedone Inaseriesoflandmark studies Dr CarolDweck oftheUniversityofIllinois hasbeenworkingwith childrenintheearlygradesofschool landmarkn objectthatmarkstheboundaryofapieceofland fig event discovery change etc thatmarksastageorturning point界标 喻 划时代的大事 发现等 里程碑workwith someone spendtimeandefforttryingtohelp someone insomeway对 某人 做工作以帮助 Menu Asshehelpsfloundering studentstochangetheexplanationsfortheirfailures from Imustbedumb to Ididn tstudyhardenough theiracademicperformanceimproves flounderv makeviolentandusuallyvainefforts aswhenoneisindeepwaterandunabletoswim fig hesitate makemistakes whentryingtodosomething挣扎 喻 踌躇或胡乱地做事dumbadj unabletospeak UScolloquial stupid dull哑的 美口 笨的 愚蠢的 Menu Translation 16 Pittsburgh sDr Levywonderedifturningpatientsintooptimistswouldlengthentheirlives Inapilotstudy twogroupsofcolon cancerpatientsweregiventhesamemedicaltreatment butsomewerealsogivenpsychologicalhelptoencourageoptimism Resultsshowedthatthisworked Nowamajorstudyisplannedtodeterminewhetherthispsychological changecanalterthecourseofthedisease colonn lowerandgreaterpartofthelargeintestine结肠psychological adj ofthemind mental心理的 Menu Translation 17 So ifyou reapessimist there sreasonforoptimism Youcanchange Here show saysSteveHollon apsychologistatVanderbiltUniversity 18 1 Paycarefulattentiontoyourthoughtswhenbadthingshappen Writedownthefirstthingthatcomestomind uneditedanduncensored censor v examinebooks periodicals films etc tocutoutanythingregardedasimmoralorinotherwaysundesirable检查并删剪 书刊 电影等 被认为不当的部分 Menu Translation 19 2 Nowtryanexperiment Dosomethingthat scontrarytoanynegativereactions Let ssaysomethinghasgonewrongatwork Doyouthink Ihatemyjob butIcouldnevergetabetterone Actasifthatweren tso Sendoutresum s Gotointerviews Lookintotrainingandcheckjobleads Menu Translation 20 3 Keeptrackofwhathappens Wereyourfirstthoughtsrightorwrong Ifyourthoughtsareholdingyouback changethem saysHollon It strialanderror noguarantees butgiveyourselfachance Menu Translation 21 Positivethinkingleadstopositiveaction andreaction Whatyouexpectfromtheworld theevidencesuggests iswhatyou relikelytoget Menu Translation Exercises Comprehension Vocabulary Cloze Translation EnglishtoChinese Translation ChinesetoEnglish Writing Menu Comprehension AnswerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestalternativeA B CorDundereach Youareallowed2minutes30secondsforthispart 1 Thosepeoplewho keeptheireyeuponthedoughnutratherthanonthehole areconsideredpositive thinkersbytheauthorarelikelytoseetheirglassashalfemptyviewtheirsuccessesandfailuresmoreobjectivelyhavesuddenlybecometheobjectofscientificresearchonclich s Menu Answers Comprehension 2 Anoptimist isalwaysincontrolofhisownlifeoftenoverestimateshisabilitiesmightlivelongerthanapessimistwhensufferingfromcertainillnesssuchascancerencountersdifferentchallengesanddisappointmentsfromapessimist3 Thepessimist A seldomsucceedsinwhathedoesB attributeshissuccesstoluckC triesdifferentapproacheswhenhisfirstattemptfailsD knowshowtotakegoodcareofhimself Answers Menu 4 TheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCompanyhired100newemployeesbecause theyfailedthestandardindustrytesttheirhighscoresonoptimismimpressedthecompanytheywerenotlikelytobehiredbyothercompaniesthecompanywasimpressedbytheresultofastudydonebysomepsychologists Comprehension Menu Answers 5 The100newemployees sold37 moreinsurancethantheaveragerepresentativessold20 moreinsurancethanthenegativethinkerssold10 moreinsurancethanlongtimerepresentativesprovedthattheycoulddobetteratsellinginsurancethanthecompany saveragesalesrepresentative Comprehension Answers Menu 6 AccordingtoSeligman thesecrettoanoptimist ssuccesscanbefoundin hisexplanatorystyle bywhichhemeansthattheoptimist isabletoexplainmoreclearlytothecustomerssoundsmorepleasantinhisexplanationtriestofindfaultswithotherfactorsotherthaninhimselfforhisfailurehasmoreconfidenceinhimselfthaninothers Comprehension Menu Answers 7 Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethattheauthorthinksthat peoplewillbeabletopreventdepressionandpainfulshynessiftheylearntothinkmorepositivelybusinesscompaniesmightmakebetterjudgmentiftheytesttheattitudesoftheapplicantsinsteadofgivingthemthestandardindustrytestbeforehiringthemoneismorelikelytosucceedthenexttimeifoneisabletolayblamesonotherswhenonehasfailedone sbeliefthatonecansucceedwillguaranteehissuccess Comprehension Answers Menu 8 Whetherpositiveornegative aperson sattitudetowardslifeisathinkinghabit inheritedfromeitherofhisparentsformedwhenheisveryyoungacquiredafterhehasgainedconsiderableexperiencenevertobegotridof Comprehension Menu Answers 9 Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage Mostpeoplecannotbeconvenientlyputunderthecategoryofoptimistorpessimist Therearemorepositivethinkersamongoptimiststhanamongpessimists Itisnotsureyetwhetherpsychologicaltreatmentwillhelpcancerpatients Bylookingintotrainingopportunitiesandcheckingjobleads apessimistwillbecomeanoptimist Comprehension Answers Menu 10 Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthestepsmentionedbytheauthorinformingamorepositiveattitudetowardslife A Documentyourgloomythoughts B Dosomethingagainstyournegativeinclination C Recordwhathappens D Findthecausesforyourfailuremoreobjectively Comprehension Menu Answers Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 1 Thosewhobelievedtheirreligiousleader sprophecythattheendoftheworldwouldcomesoonwentintoapanic announcementB forecastC predictionD declaration2 Itbecameobviouswhentheboyflounderedthroughtherecitationinclasstodaythathehadnottakenthetroubletodohishomework meditatedB falteredC contemplatedD staggered Answers Menu Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 3 Theteachertoldthestudentsthattheyshouldavoidusingclich sintheircomposition A popularproverbsB well knownstoriesC famousquotationsD triteexpressions4 Afterlisteningtothesameoldmorallessonalltheseyears thevillagersbecamealmostimmunetoit A insensitivetoB fedupwithC familiarwithD accustomedto Menu Answers Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 5 Ican tclaimcreditforherEnglishproficiency afterall sheonlycametomyclassthissemester askformoneyB expectpaymentC saythatIdeservepraiseD declarethatIamgrateful Answers Menu Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 6 Believeitornot thispopularnovelnowyouseeoneveryshelfwascensoredonlyafewyearsago officiallyexaminedandbannedB despisedbythegeneralpublicC soldoutsoonafteritspublicationD condemnedbythecritics Menu Answers Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 7 Thepartyleaderregardstheresultoftheelectionasapersonaltriumph victoryB celebrationC satisfactionD propaganda8 Theimmigrationofficerscrutinizedhispassportbeforehewasallowedtoleave StampedB examinedC returnedD issued Answers Menu Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 9 Hesufferedalongperiodofdepressionbeforehisfirstsuicideattempt InoculationB hypertensionC ailmentsD dejection10 Hewasneverabletoenjoythemetropolitandelightsofcinemasandtheatres artisticB modernC urbanD various Menu Answers Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 11 Hequickly behindthebuildingtoavoidbeinghurtbythestonesthrowninhisdirection eludedB evadedC escapedD dodged12 Hisdislikeofthecoursemayprovetobea barrierhecannotovercome BiologicalB ideologicalC spiritualD psychological Answers Menu Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 13 AstheCupFinalwasdrawingcloser theinjuryofthebestplayerwasa forthewholeteam misdemeanourB mistrustC misfortuneD mischief14 Thebestsolutiontotheproblemcanonlybefoundbyaprocessoftrialand errorB mistakeC successD experiment Menu Answers Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 15 Hethoughtthathemightbeabletoavoidpayingsomeofhistaxesbytakingadvantageofthe inthelaw A circlesB loopholesC exceptionsD misunderstanding16 Whenhelivedinthatremoteplace radiowastheonlymeanshehadtokeep ofcurrenteventsinthecountry accountB traceC recordD track Menu Answers Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 17 whatisgenerallybelieved theadjustmenttothiskindofworkisquiteeasy ContrarytoB ContrastwithC ControversialofD Contradictoryto18 Theflashingredlightservedasa ofdangerahead predictorB cautionC precautionD prevention Answers Menu Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 19 Theirconfidenceinhimwasgreatly byhisprolongedhesitationbeforetakinganyaction appreciatedB confirmedC underminedD cherished20 Yourheadacheislikelyto ifitsrealcauseisnotidentifiedandpropertreatmentadministeredaccordingly cureB recoverC recurD release Menu Answers Cloze ReadthepassagethroughandchooseonesuitablewordorphrasemarkedA B CorDforeachblankinthepassage Nooneisfreewhoisaslavetothebody wroteSemecasome1 900yearsago 1fromtheadvertisements products andbestsellersthatdelugeusdaily weareanationofslaves Weare2withbeingthin beautiful young andsexy andwewillgotoextraordinary3toapproachthoseideals A judgeB JudgingC JudgedD beingjudgedA obsessedB possessedC absorbedD occupiedA troublesB effortsC lengthsD extremes Answers Menu Close InarecentissueofPsychologyToday weofferedreaderstheopportunitytoexpresstheirthoughtsandfeelingsaboutthe4 Thetopicwastimelyandtheresponse5 morethan62 000readersreturnedthe109 item Body Image questionnaire Buttheyweredividedand6onthematterof7importantattractivenessandphysicallooksare orshouldbe 4 A idealB mindC bodyD opinionA overwhelmingB enthusiasticC controversialD contradictoryA ambientB AmbitiousC AmbiguousD AmbivalentA whatB whyC howD which Menu Answers A8numberofpeoplewroteletterstoprotesta wholesurvey onthebody Somesaidthatappearanceisasuperficialmatter not9unduediscussion Bycontrast otherrespondents10 somereluctantly theimportanceofone sappearance Inourstudies wefoundthatbodyimageisstrongly11self esteem thegeneralfeeling12oneiscompetentandconfident A goodB manyC lotD tremendousA worthyB unworthyC worthwhileD worthyofA testifiedB verifiedC confessedD acknowledgedA linkedbyB associatedwithC concernedaboutD relatedto12 A thatB whichC ofD since Answers Menu Peoplewhoarehappywiththeirbodiesmayactuallybemoreassertiveandlikeablethanthosewhohave13bodyimages Ortheythinktheyare Oneyoungmanexplainedthatinthelastyearhisbodyimagehaschangedverymuch14thebetter asaresultofhispersonaldevelopment I vegonefromconsideringmyselfsomesortofdumb headto15thatI mafascinatingindividualnearlyimpossibletodislike IhavemorefriendsthanIknowwhattodowith 13 A positiveB negativeC superficialD satisfactory14 A toB forC tobeD into15 A understandingB believingC regardingD remembering Menu Answers Translation EnglishtoChinese Istherea successpersonality somewinningcombinationoftraitsthatleadsalmostinevitablytoachievement Ifso exactlywhatisthatsecretsuccessformula andcananyonecultivateit AttheGallupOrganizationwerecentlyfocusedindepthonsuccess probingtheattitudesandtraitsof1500prominentpeopleselectedatrandomfromWho sWhoinAmerica Answers Menu Translation EnglishtoChinese ThemaincriterionforinclusioninWho sWhoisnotwealthorsocialposition butcurrentachievementinagivenfield Ourresearchpinpointsanumberoftraitsthatrecurregularlyamongtopachievers amongwhichfiveofthemostimportantare commonsense knowingone sfield self reliance general