浙江大学国际贸易实务课件.doc

Import and Export PracticesChapter TwoNegotiation and Conclusion of the Contract (3)II. Conclusion of the Contract1. Definition to the contractA promise or a set of promises, the performance of which the law recognizes as a duty, or for the breach（违背） of which the law in some way gives a remedy（补救）.Brief definition：A contract is an enforceable（可强制的） promise.2. Prerequisites（先决条件） of enforceability of the contract(1) A valid offer and a proper acceptance(2) Absence of force, fraud（欺诈）, or legal loopholes（法律漏洞）If either party uses force, fraud or deception to make the other party to accept an unfair contract, the contract in question is legally invalid.(3) Legal capacityContracts are violable（易受侵犯的） if they are entered into by those are below the legal age, those who cannot understand the nature and consequences of their business transactions, those who have been adjudicated（被证实） to be insane（精神病的）, or the representatives（代理人） who do not have full authority to represent their respective enterprises.(4) Sufficiency（充足） of ConsiderationConsideration: The exchange element of a contract. What one party must give to the other party to make it legally obligated（有责任） to perform its promise.3. Forms of Contracts(1) General forms of contracts in writingContract A contract includes all the detailed terms of the transaction, thus the obligations（合约） and liabilities（义务） of the relevant parties are clearer. a. Sales Contract / Export Contractb. Purchase Contract /Import contractConfirmation（认可）A confirmation includes much simplified（简化的） terms. a. Sales Confirmationb. Purchase ConfirmationAgreementMemorandum（函，记录）(2) General terms and conditions of S/CPrice Terms Quality and QuantityTerms of Shipment（装运）Terms of PaymentInsuranceDocuments to be submitted（提交、服从） for NegotiationForce Majeure（不可抗拒因素）Arbitration（仲裁）Chapter ThreePrice Terms (Trade Terms)I. Interpretation（解释说明） of Trade Terms1. DefinitionWith a group of English abbreviations of letters, Trade Terms indicate the different liabilities（义务）, costs and risks of sellers and buyers, including the unit price.2. Aspects Involved(1) Place of delivery(2) Ways of transportation(3) Responsibilities(4) Charges（收费）(5) Risk transfer（风险交割）II. Thirteen Major Trade Terms (Provided by the Incoterms（国际贸易术语解释通则）)1. Group E: DepartureEXW - Ex Works：买方只需制作、打包后等待卖方取货2. Group F: Main carriage unpaid 卖方承担出口报关手续费，买方承担进口报关手续费及运费The seller delivers the goods at the place of the named carrier of the buyer. （指卖方需将货物交至买方指定的承运人）(1) FCA: Free Carrier (named Point) 货交承运人，指定地点(2) FAS: Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment) 船边交货，指定货运港(3) FOB: Free On Board 船上交货，指定货运港FOB Variations: Concern problems relating to different kinds of charges and make clear which party is to pay the extra fees.FOBS - FOB Stowed（理舱）卖方负担将货物装入船舱并支付包括理舱费在内的装货费用FOBT - FOB Trimmed（平舱）指卖方负担将货物装入船舱，并支付包括平舱费在内的装货费用; FOB Liner Terms（轮班条件）指装船费用就象班轮装运那样，由支付运费的一方负担FOB Under Tackle（吊钩下交货）指卖方将货物放置于轮船吊钩下可及之处，从货物起吊开始发生的装船费用由买方负担3. Group C: Main carriage paid（由卖方付运费并订立运输合同，属于装运合同，后随地点均为指定目的港/地，风险划分点在装运港，费用划分点在目的港）The seller performs transport procedures and bears transport charges. (1) CFR: Cost and Freight（成本+运费） (named port of destination) 卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内,在装运港将货物交至运往指定目的港的船上,负担货物越过船舷为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险,并负责租船或订舱(2) CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight（成本+保险+运费）货价的构成因素中包括从装运港至约定目的地港的通常运费和约定的保险费，风险划分以船舷为界CIF Variations: To solve the problem of who is to pay the unloading（卸货） charges after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination.CIF Liner Terms（卖方负担卸货费用）; CIF Landed（卖方负责包括驳船费和码头捐在内的卸货费用）; CIF Ex Ships Hold（目的港船上交货价，即买方负担卸货费用）(3) CPT: Carriage Paid To (named place of destination)卖方负责交货并付运费，买方承担交货之后一切风险和其他费用(4) CIP: Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination)CIF适用于水运，而CIP适用于各种运输Most Important Trade Terms 1. FOB, CFR and CIF Used for sea or inland waterway transportation. The same in terms of the dividing line of risks. The differences: The responsibilities and charges as to transportation and insurance. 2. FCA, CPT and CIPApplicable to all modes of transport. II. Thirteen Major Trade Terms (Provided by the Incoterms)4. Group D: ArrivalThe seller must deliver the goods at the border（边界） or port or inland place in the import country instead of export country. (1) DAF: Delivered At Frontier（陆地边境（包括出口国边境）交货） (named place) 卖方在边境的指定的地点和具体交货点，在毗邻国家海关边界前，将仍处于交货的运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置，办妥货物出口清关手续但尚未办理进口清关手续时，即完成交货，完成交货后风险转移，买方承担到达边境前的运费(2) DES: Delivered Ex Ship（目的港上交货） (named port of destination) 指定的目的港，货物在船上交给买方处置，但不办理货物进口清关手续，卖方即完成交货。卖方必须承担货物运至指定的目的港卸货前的一切风险和费用，用于海运或河运 (3) DEQ: Delivered Ex Quay 目的港码头交货(named port of destination) 不办理进口清关手续，即完成交货。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的港并卸至码头的一切风险和费用。(4) DDU: Delivered Duty Unpaid（未完税交货）(named port of destination) 它指卖方将备好的货物，在进口国指定的地点交付， 而且须承担货物运至指定地点