企业所得税纳税筹划外文翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译题 目: Tax Planning 院系名称： 国际学院 专业班级： 会计0701 学生姓名： 李春雨 学 号： 指导教师： 苗贵涛 教师职称： 讲师 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 签名： 2011年1月10日附件1：外文资料翻译译文税收筹划税收筹划涉及的设想和实施各种策略的目的是尽量减少对一定时期内支付的税款。对于一个企业，尽量减少税务负担可以提供更多的钱费用于支付费用和用于投资。通过这种方式，税收筹划工作可以筹集更多资金来源。根据小企业的企业家杂志顾问，两个基本规则适用于税务规划。首先，小企业不应该承担的额外开支只获得税收减免。在纳税年度结束时购买必要的设备可以成为有价值纳税筹划方法，使不必要的采购不建议。第二，小企业要始终企图尽可能推迟纳税。推迟纳税使该公司能够利用这些钱免息，有时甚至是赚取利息税，直到下一次到期。专家建议企业家和小企业主在每一个纳税年度的年中进行正式的税收筹划会议。这会给他们制定纳税计划提供足够的时间。这种意识对于小企业家说来很重要，因为这可以节约税收支出。即使企业中有专业会计人员，中小企业主也应该细心关注税务筹划工作，不错过能够节税的每一个机会。“不论是你否任用一个企业外部人员来帮助你进行节税工作，你都应该了解税法的基本规定” 艾伯特说，“就像你不会将自己的钱交给别人管理一样，你也不应盲目让别人去完成管理你的纳税的责任”。弗雷德里克在他的书中写到：“税收知识拥有强大的盈利的可能性。知道税法规定可以在竞争中给你提供更好的底线。”一般领域的纳税筹划有几个一般税收筹划方法,适用于各种小型企业。包括选择会计方法和存货计价方法，采购设备的支付时间，选择有利有纳税的投资方案。这些一般领域税务规划策略如下所述会计处理方法。有两个会计方法用于记录：收付实现制和权责发生制。选择不同的记录方法会对企业的纳税筹划有不同的影响。使用收付实现制记录会计事项时，收入被记录是在收到现金时而不是在业务发生时。费用的记录也是在支付时而不是在发生时。在这种会计方法,就可能延缓其应纳税所得额的付款方式,一般是用拖延当年没有收到的收入和支付以后返销的费用的方法。收付实现制的记录比权责发生制简单，它可以提供一个精确的现金流，而且收入不会在现金收到以前被记录。相反，以权责发生制为基础的记录会非常明确的区分收入和费用发生的期间，不管现金有没有收到或支付。在这种记录方式下，收入在业务发生时会被记录，而不是在现金收到时记录。同样费用也会在发生时被记录而不是在支付时记录。这种方法的优点是能提供比收付实现制更为精确的长期现金流。缺点是它比收付实现制复杂，而且会比收付实现制提前支付收入的应交所得税。然而，权责发生制条件下，拥有少量应收账款和大量流动负债的企业会支付较少的企业所得税。公认的会计准则认为，所有库存商品的处理都应该使用权责发生制。除了农业企业和类似医生、律师这样的人才服务，销售量500万美元以上的企业也要求使用权责发生制。其它情况企业可以决定使用哪些会计记录方法以实现合理减税的目的。存货计价方法。选择存货计价方法对纳税筹划也很重要。例如一项业务购买了10000美元存货，年底有6000美元的库存，到年底可以只算4000美元为存货开支，即使实际支付10000美元比4000美元多。重视库存的扣除额能够降低所欠的税额。税法提供两种存货计价方法：先进先出法和后进先出法。顾名思议，先进先出法是最早购买的一批货被第一批移出仓库，而后进先出法是最晚购买的一批货被第一批移出仓库。先进先出法的存货成本是最近购买的存货的成本，后进先出法的存货成本是最先购买的存货的成本。物价上涨的时候采用后进先出法是比较好的存货计价方法。它分配给库存商品较低的价值，分配给已发出存货较高的价值。这样可以减少利润以降低税收。通货紧缩的情况下采用先进先出法比较有利于避税。企业可以选择存货计价方法以实现合理避税的目的。设备采购。税法第179条规定，企业可以扣除18000症状元在当年购买的设备的价款。这些钱需要在以后的年度进行摊销。这个规定有利于中小企业利用税收扣除来减少他们的税务负担和应纳所得税额。家庭成员的工资。雇佣自己的家庭成员当员工也可以通过支付给他们工资的方式减少纳税额。18岁以下儿童不受社会保障制度和医疗保障，可以免去部分税收。福利计划和投资。税收筹划也适用于各种类型的员工福利,可以提供了一定的商业减税,如贡献与人寿保险、医疗保险、或退休计划。作为额外的奖励,许多这样的福利不考虑员工应纳税所得额。最后,税收筹划适用于各种类型的投资,税务责任可以转移未来期间,如国库券、银行证书,储蓄债券,以及递延养老金。公司可以避免纳税把纳税义务推迟到以后的纳税期间。不同商务形式的纳税筹划。“第一个纳税筹划的步骤是选择合适的公司组织形式，” 艾伯特认为，“选择不同的组织形式会交纳不同的所得税。” 税收筹划的许多方面针对某些行业形式、讨论其中的一些如下:独资和合伙企业。独资和合伙企业的税收筹划在很多方面都类似于个人的税收筹划。这是因为业主企业投资人和组织的合作伙伴关系,他们缴纳的是个人所得税而不是企业所得税。没有特别的税收是除了对自谋职业税收,也就是要求所有的自雇人员支付雇主和雇员都FICA的部分税收,总共15.3%。因为中小企业主收到的工资不是普通的工资水平，业主的独资和合伙企业不需要保留所得税。他们被要求估计自己的应纳税额并用季度分期付款的方式汇给税务局。否则,国内税务局可能会收取较高利息的,并处惩罚失业估计税。美国国税局计算欠税方法，第四季度的一个大额一次性付税不能使纳税人逃脱惩罚。另一个可行的税务筹划策略是建立组织伙伴关系，估计预期损失。这样，就可以通过所有的合作早期的损失的确定最大限度的提高自己的合作伙伴的税收。C类公司。C类公司的税收筹划和合伙是有很大不同的。因为C类公司获得利润交纳的是企业所得税而不是个人所得税。公司纳税多少取决于净利润的多少。1997年，收入不超过5万美元要交15%的所得税，5万美元到7.5万美元之间交25%的所得税，7.5万美元到10万美元之间交34%的所得税，10万美元到33.5元美元之间交39%的所得税，33.5万美元到1000万美元之间交34%的所得税。个人服务公司,如医疗的律师事务所,缴纳费率的35%。除了基本企业税收、公司会受到一些特殊的税。公司必须准备交纳所得税，大多数其他的公司可以自由选择的基础上为他们提供最优惠的税收政策。大部分S类公司和C类公司便用公历年法计算所得税。其它公司可以使用财务年度的基础上计算公司纳税年度。这能供几方面的优势。例如,许多公司选择结束他们的财政年度在1月31日和给他们的股东/雇员奖金。奖金仍申请扣减税项,为公司股东享有,个人使用的税钱没有由于直到4月15日的来年。C类公司的老板和员工都要接受薪水为其工作，所有的薪金都能给减税做贡献。许多较小的公司可以安排付款的所有企业所得税工资和福利,没有留下收入受企业所得税。当然,个人股东/雇员必须缴纳个人所得税。然而,公司可以运用税收规划策略推迟的或增加公司和个人贫富之间为了付税在可能的最低税支架。一个主要的缺点是,企业的税后收入公给股东,股东分红的部分也要缴所得纳。这种情况被称为“双重课税。”公司制。S类公司通过把收益直接分配给股东,不需支付股息，避免双重征税的问题。专家们指也，通常S类公司比C类公司更容易避税.另一个适用于S公司的避税方案是减少发给雇员的工资，因为FICA税是针对工资的，把盈利通过股息的方式分给员工就可以减少FICA税。不过需要注意的是不合理的低工资会遇到美国税务局的责难。更多的了解：附件2：外文原文 Tax PlanningTax planning involves conceiving of and implementing various strategies in order to minimize the amount of taxes paid for a given period. For a small business, minimizing the tax liability can provide more money for expenses, investment, or growth. In this way, tax planning can be a source of working capital. According to The Entrepreneur Magazine Small Business Advisor, two basic rules apply to tax planning. First, a small business should never incur additional expenses only to gain a tax deduction. While purchasing necessary equipment prior to the end of the tax year can be a valuable tax planning strategy, making unnecessary purchases is not recommended. Second, a small business should always attempt to defer taxes when possible. Deferring taxes enables the business to use that money interest-free, and sometimes even earn interest on it, until the next time taxes are due.Experts recommend that entrepreneurs and small business owners conduct formal tax planning sessions in the middle of each tax year. This approach will give them time to apply their strategies to the current year as well as allow them to get a jump on the following year. It is important for small business owners to maintain a personal awareness of tax planning issues in order to save money. Even if they employ a professional bookkeeper or accountant, small business owners should keep careful tabs on their own tax preparation in order to take advantage of all possible opportunities for deductions and tax savings. Whether or not you enlist the aid of an outsider, you should understand the basic provisions of the tax code, Albert B. Ellentuck wrote in the Laventhol and Horwath Small Business Tax Planning Guide. Just as you would not turn over the management of your money to another person, you should not blindly allow someone else to take complete charge of your tax paying responsibilities. In addition, as Frederick W. Dailey wrote in his book Tax Savvy for Small Business, Tax knowledge has powerful profit potential. Knowing what the tax law has to offer can give you a far better bottom line than your competitors who dont bother to learn.General Areas of Tax PlanningThere are several general areas of tax planning that apply to all sorts of small businesses. These areas include the choice of accounting and inventory-valuation methods, the timing of equipment purchases, the spreading of business income among family members, and the selection of tax-favored benefit plans and investments. There are also some areas of tax planning that are specific to certain business formsi.e., sole proprietorships, partnerships, C corporations, and S corporations. Some of the general tax planning strategies are described below:ACCOUNTING METHODS. Accounting methods refer to the basic rules and guidelines under which businesses keep their financial records and prepare their financial reports. There are two main accounting methods used for record-keeping: the cash basis and the accrual basis. Small business owners must decide which method to use depending on the legal form of the business, its sales volume, whether it extends credit to customers, and the tax requirements set forth by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The choice of accounting method is an issue in tax planning, as it can affect the amount of taxes owed by a small business in a given year.Accounting records prepared using the cash basis recognize income and expenses according to real-time cash flow. Income is recorded upon receipt of funds, rather than based upon when it is actually earned, and expenses are recorded as they are paid, rather than as they are actually incurred. Under this accounting method, therefore, it is possible to defer taxable income by delaying billing so that payment is not received in the current year. Likewise, it is possible to accelerate expenses by paying them as soon as the bills are received, in advance of the due date. The cash method is simpler than the accrual method, it provides a more accurate picture of cash flow, and income is not subject to taxation until the money is actually received.In contrast, the accrual basis makes a greater effort to recognize income and expenses in the period to which they apply, regardless of whether or not money has changed hands. Under this system, revenue is recorded when it is earned, rather than when payment is received, and expenses recorded when they are incurred, rather than when payment is made. The main advantage of the accrual method is that it provides a more accurate picture of how a business is performing over the long-term than the cash method. The main disadvantages are that it is more complex than the cash basis, and that income taxes may be owed on revenue before payment is actually received. However, the accrual basis may yield favorable tax results for companies that have few receivables and large current liabilities.Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the accrual basis of accounting is required for all businesses that handle inventory, from small retailers to large manufacturers. It is also required for corporations and partnerships that have gross sales over $5 million per year, though there are exceptions for farming businesses and qualified personal service corporationssuch as doctors, lawyers, accountants, and consultants. Other businesses generally can decide which accounting method to use based on the relative tax savings it provides.INVENTORY VALUATION METHODS. The method a small business chooses for inventory valuation can also lead to substantial tax savings. Inventory valuation is important because businesses are required to reduce the amount they deduct for inventory purchases over the course of a year by the amount remaining in inventory at the end of the year. For example, a business that purchased $10,000 in inventory during the year but had $6,000 remaining in inventory at the end of the year could only count $4,000 as an expense for inventory purchases, even though the actual cash outlay was much larger. Valuing the remaining inventory differently could increase the amount deducted from income and thus reduce the amount of tax owed by the business.The tax law provides two possible methods for inventory valuation: the first-in, first-out method (FIFO); and the last-in, first-out method (LIFO). As the names suggest, these inventory methods differ in the assumption they make about the way items are sold from inventory. FIFO assumes that the items purchased the earliest are the first to be removed from inventory, while LIFO assumes that the items purchased most recently are the first to be removed from inventory. In this way, FIFO values the remaining inventory at the most current cost, while LIFO values the remaining inventory at the earliest cost paid that year.LIFO is generally the preferred inventory valuation method during times of rising costs. It places a lower value on the remaining inventory and a higher value on the cost of goods sold, thus reducing income and taxes. On the other hand, FIFO is generally preferred during periods of deflation or in industries where inventory can tend to lose its value rapidly, such as high technology. Companies are allowed to file Form 970 and switch from FIFO to LIFO at any time to take advantage of tax savings. However, they must then either wait ten years or get permission from the IRS to switch back to FIFO.EQUIPMENT PURCHASES. Under Section 179 of the Internal Revenue Code, businesses are allowed to deduct a total of $18,000 in equipment purchases during the year in which the purchases are made. Any purchases above this amount must be depreciated over several future tax periods. It is often advantageous for small businesses to use this tax incentive to increase their deductions for business expenses, thus reducing their taxable income and their tax liability. Necessary equipment purchases up to the limit can be timed at year end and still be fully deductible for the year. This tax incentive also applies to personal property put into service for business use, with the exception of automobiles and real estate.WAGES PAID TO FAMILY MEMBERS. Self-employed persons can also reduce their tax burden by paying wages to a spouse or to dependent children. Wages paid to children under the age of 18 are not subject to FICA (Social Security and Medicare) taxes. Under normal circumstances, employers are required to withhold 7.65 percent of the first $62,700 of an employees income for FICA taxes. Employers are also required to match the 7.65 percent contributed by every employee, so that the total FICA contribution is 15.3 percent. Self-employed persons are required to pay both the employer and employee portions of the FICA tax.But the FICA taxes are waived when the employee is a dependent child of the small business owner, saving the child and the parent 7.65 percent each. In addition, the childs wages are still considered a tax deductible business expense for the parentthus reducing the parents taxable income. Although the child must pay normal income taxes on the wages he or she receives, it is likely to be at a lower tax rate than the parent pays. Some business owners are able to further reduce their tax burden by paying wages to their spouse. If these wages bring the business owners net income below $62,700the threshold for FICA taxesthen they may reduce the self-employment tax owed by business owner. It is important to note, however, that the child or spouse must actually work for the business and that the wages must be reasonable for the work performed.BENEFITS PLANS AND INVESTMENTS. Tax planning also applies to various types of employee benefits that can provide a business with tax deductions, such as contributions to life insurance, health insurance, or retirement plans. As an added bonus, many such benefit programs are not considered taxable income for employees. Finally, tax planning applies to various types of investments that can shift tax liability to future periods, such as treasury bills, bank certificates, savings bonds, and deferred annuities. Companies can avoid paying taxes during the current period for income that is reinvested in such tax-deferred instruments.Tax Planning for Different Business FormsThe first step in tax planningfor small business owners and professionals, at leastis to select the right form of organization for your enterprise, according to Albert B. Ellentuck in the Laventhol and Horwath Small Business TaxPlanning Guide. Youll end up paying radically different amounts of income tax depending on the form you select. And your odds of being audited by the IRS will change, too. Many aspects of tax planning are specific to certain business forms; some of these are discussed below:SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS AND PARTNERSHIPS. Tax planning for sole proprietorships and partnerships is in many ways similar to tax planning for individuals. This is because the owners of businesses organized as sole proprietors and partnerships pay personal income tax rather than business income tax. These small business owners file an informational return for their business with the IRS, and then report any income taken from the business for personal use on their own personal tax return. No special taxes are imposed except for the self-employment tax (SECA), which requires all self-employed persons to pay both the employer and employee portions of the FICA tax, for a total of 15.3 percent.Since they do not receive an ordinary salary, the owners of sole proprietorships and partnerships are not required to withhold income taxes for themselves. Instead, they are required to estimate their total tax liability and remit it to the IRS in quarterly installments, using Form 1040 ES. It is important that the amount of tax paid in quarterly installments equal either the total amount owed during the previous year or 90 percent of their total current tax liability. Otherwise, the IRS may charge interest and impose a stiff penalty for underpayment of estimated taxes.Since the IRS calculates the amount owed quarterly, a large lump-sum payment in the fourth quarter will not enable a taxpayer to escape penalties. On the other hand, a significant increase in withholding in the fourth quarter may help, because tax that is withheld by an employer is considered to be paid evenly throughout the year no matter when it was withheld. This leads to a possible tax planning strategy for a self-employed person who falls behind in his or her estimated tax payments. By having an employed spouse increase his or her withholding, the self-employed person can make up for the deficiency and avoid a penalty. The IRS has also been known to waive underpayment penalties for people in special circumstances. For example, they might waive the penalty for newly self-employed taxpayers who underpay their income taxes because they are making estimated tax payments for the first time.Another possible tax planning strategy applies to partnerships that anticipate a loss. At the end of each tax year, partnerships file the informational Form 1065 (Partnership Statement of Income) with the IRS, and then report the amount of income that accrued to each partner on Schedule K1. This income can be divided in any number of ways, depending on the nature of the partnership agreement. In this way, it is possible to pass all of a partnerships early losses to one partner in order to maximize his or her tax advantages.C CORPORATIONS. Tax planning for C corporations is very different than that for sole proprietorships and partnerships. This is because profits earned by C corporations accrue to the corporation rather than to the individual owners, or shareholders. A corporation is a separate, taxable entity under the law, and different corporate tax rates apply based on the amount of net income received. As of 1997, the corporate tax rates were 15 percent on income up to $50,000, 25 percent on income between $50,000 and $75,000, 34 percent on income between $75,000 and $100,000, 39 percent on income between $100,000 and $335,000, and 34 percent on income between $335,000 and $10 million. Personal service corporations, like medical and law practices, pay a flat rate of 35 percent. In addition to the basic corporate tax, corporations may be subject to several special taxes.Corporations must prepare an annual corporate tax return on either a calendar-year basis (the tax year ends December 31, and taxes must be filed by March 15) or a fiscal-year basis (the tax ye