涉海英语读写教程课后题答案第五单元.doc

涉海英语读写教程课后题（第五单元）Unit 5 Marine DisastersText APart IUnderstanding and LearningText ABackground information1. Notable occurrences of Harmful Algal Bloomsl In 1972 a red tide was caused in New England by a toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium (Gonyaulax) tamarense.l In 2005 the Canadian HAB was discovered to have come further south than it has in years prior by a ship called “The Oceanus”, closing shellfish beds in Maine and Massachusetts and alerting authorities as far south as Montauk (Long Island, NY) to check their beds. Experts who discovered the reproductive cysts in the seabed warn of a possible spread to Long Island in the future, halting the areas fishing and shellfish industry and threatening the tourist trade, which constitutes a significant portion of the islands economy.l Brittany, in France, in 2009 was experiencing recurring algal blooms caused by the high amount of fertilizer discharging in the sea due to intensive pig farming, causing lethal gas emissions that have led to one case of human unconsciousness and three animal deaths. 2. The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven U.S. uniformed services. The Coast Guard is a maritime, military, multi-mission service unique among the U.S. military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission (with jurisdiction in both domestic and international waters) and a federal regulatory agency mission as part of its mission set. It operates under the Department of Homeland Security during peacetime, and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy by the President at any time, or by Congress during time of war. The Coast Guard motto is Semper Paratus (Latin for Always Ready or Always Prepared).Detailed Study of the Text1.Harmful algal blooms may cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can affect co-occurring organisms and alter food-web dynamics. (Para.1)Meaning: There are two ways that HAB may cause harm: one is through producing toxins and the other is through getting together and forming a huge size of algae. The latter one has an effect on organisms which exist with the algae and subsequently change the relationship and motion of food-web.co-occurring: a. appearing together in sequence or simultaneouslyfood-web: n. (Ecology) a series of organisms related by predator-prey and consumer-resource interactions; the entirety of interrelated food chains in an ecological communitydynamics: n. (plural form) those forces that produce change in any field or system2. The term red tide erroneously includes many blooms that discolor the water but cause no harm, and also excludes blooms of highly toxic cells that cause problems at low (and essentially invisible) cell concentrations. (Para.2)Meaning: The term red tide is different from HABs in the sense that it includes many blooms that make the water colorful but cause no harm and it does not include some blooms that have hardly coloured the water but caused harm.erroneously: adv. wronglye.g. It had been widely and erroneously reported that Armstrong had refused to give evidence. 阿姆斯特朗拒绝提供证据，这曾经被错误地大肆报道过。erroneous: a. based on or containing error; mistaken; incorrecte.g. Some people have the erroneous notion that one can contract AIDS by giving blood. 有些人有这样一种错误的观念：认为献血会染上艾滋病。3.These effects can include light attenuation, clogging of fish gills, or depletion of dissolved oxygen upon decay of the algal cells. (Para.3)Meaning：The effects are as follows: light penetration becomes weak, fish gills stick in a mass, and oxygen of decaying the algal cells is exhausted .attenuation: n. the act of attenuating or the state of being attenuatedattenuate: v. weaken or become weak; reduce in size, strength, density, or valuee.g. Women, I believe, will attenuate the economic gender gap that now exists and move into positions of leadership.我相信妇女在经济上将缩小现存的性别差距，然后取得主导地位。clog: v. adhere or stick in a masse.g. Oil soon clogs in cold weather.天气冷时油很快就凝成一块。e.g. The expressway was clogged with automobiles.这条高速公路被汽车堵塞了。4.Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses. (Para.4)Meaning: Shellfish which are sold on the market are thought to have no harm to humans health. But people have still got some known diseases despite some measures taken ahead of diseases occurrences.precaution: n. an action taken in advance to protect against possible danger, failure, or injurye.g. Couldt he, just as a precaution, move to a place of safety? 难道他不能就当是一种防范搬到一个安全的地方去吗？take precautions against (phrase) 采取措施预防 5. As techniques for detecting algal toxins in animal tissues have advanced, so has our appreciation of the number of marine mammal deaths linked to HABs. (Para.7)Meaning: The technique to assess the number of marine mammal deaths caused by HABs has made the same progress as to detect algal toxins in animal tissues.appreciation: n. recognition and assessment of the quality, value, significance, or magnitude of people and thingse.g. They have a stronger appreciation of the importance of economic incentives. 他们对经济激励的重要性有了更深的了解。6. Impacts include loss of shellfish, loss of habitat, sea grass die-backs, and altered food web interactions that decrease preferred higher trophic level species. (Para.8)Meaning: Impacts include loss of shellfish, loss of living place of organisms, sea grass die-back, a kind of sea grass disease, and decrease of organisms in higher position of a food chain and consequently the change of the food web interactions.trophic level species: a group of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chainpreferred higher trophic level species refers to organisms that occupying the higher position in a food chain.7. The demand for seafood as part of a healthy diet, combined with globalization of trade and tourism, expands the geographic boundaries for human exposure and subsequent illness as well as those of economic losses beyond historically affected coastal communities. (Para.10)Meaning: Seafood is part of humans diet, so people need it. People need more sea food due to globalization of trade and tourism. And then the economic losses caused by sea food affect more people across the world. The chances of being exposed to seafood-linked illnesses are increasing for people not living in coastal communities.Part IIPre-reading QuestionsBefore you read the text, take a few minutes to think about the following questions:1.What marine disasters do you know? Name some of them.tsunamis, some earthquake, some volcanic eruption, shipwreck, oil spill.2.What can human beings do to prevent and mitigate these natural disasters?l create awareness of the importance of preventing and mitigating disasters;l gain and store up the knowledge on disaster preventing and mitigating;l raise money for scientific research on disaster warning systems and know more about nature and about the law of nature; l make evacuation plans for governments and local authorities;l acquire surviving and first-aid skills for individuals;l prevent from flooding and build dykes (堤坝), dams and reservoirs;l the dams and reservoirs can also be used to fight a drought by allowing the irrigation of dry fields;l protect our enviroment3. What do you know about algae? Is it harmful or not？ open ExercisesI. Reading ComprehensionA.1. Are HABs and red tide the same thing? Why or why not?They are not the same. Because the term red tide erroneously includes many blooms that discolor the water but cause no harm, and also excludes blooms of highly toxic cells that cause problems at low (and essentially invisible) cell concentrations.2. In what way do HABs cause harm?There are two ways that HABs cause harm. One is the production of toxins; the other is high biomass accumulation.3. How do HABs impact ecosystems?It is recognized that harmful algae and their toxins can influence ecosystems from both the top-down (i.e., affecting predators and influencing grazing) and from the bottom-up (i.e., affecting plankton and benthic communities).4. What are the reasons for expansion of socioeconomic impacts of HABs?Globalization of trade and tourism.5. On what fields are many millions of dollars spent every year?Many millions of dollars are spent annually addressing the known HAB-related impacts on public health, commercial fisheries, recreation, tourism, environmental monitoring, and bloom management.I. Structure AnalysisPart 1: General information about “HABs” (Paras.1-3)Some of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria create potent while some of them are harmless.Difference between HABs and red tide: Red tide includes blooms discoloring the water but causing no harm; excludes blooms of highly toxic cells but often almost invisible.Two mechanisms to cause harm:1. the production of toxins2. high biomass accumulationPart 2: Impacts of HABs (Paras.4-11) Impacts on human healthExample : in 1990, six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip.Impacts on wildlifeHABs-related animal mortality includes:fish kill, bird kill, or stranding of manatees and whales.Impacts on ecosystemImpacts include:loss of shellfish, loss of habitat, sea grass die-back, and altered food web interactions that decease preferred higher tropic level species.Example: some species cause brown tides.Two ways that HABs impact ecosystem: the top-down & bottom-upImpacts on socio-economyReasons for expansion of HABs impacts: 1. the demand for seafood2. globalization of trade and tourism.The fields that money is spent to address problems :public health, commercial fisheries, recreation, tourism, environmental monitoring, and bloom management.III Vocabulary StudyA. 1. ultimately2. inadvertently3. decay4. mechanism5. precaution6. sustain7. recurrent8. teem9. penetration10.contaminateB. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. B6. C 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. CC. 1.maintain 2. reserve 3. excluded 4. incur 5. resume. Cloze 1in2transfer3one-month4tourism5reducing6where7portion8rank9potent10safety11component12Moreover13unknown14estimating15disrupted16alternate17reservation18about19ruined20adverselyV. TranslationA. 海洋和淡水中聚集着生命，许多很微小，许多没有危害；实际上，所有水中生命最后都以这种微小生命为生。尽管大多数浮游生物和蓝细菌是无害的，但仍然有一些在特定的情况下会产生毒素。有害藻类通过自身产生毒素或通过聚集大量生物来危害一方，进而影响共生的有机物，从而改变食物网循环。这些影响包括食用海产品或间接暴露于赤潮毒素中而导致的人类疾病和死亡，沿岸居民和渔业的经济损失，由赤潮导致的鱼类、鸟类和哺乳动物的死亡。从人类肉眼来看，有害藻类经常呈现绿色、棕色，甚至红黄色。不同颜色是由于海藻的种类，水中的生态系统，和有机体的聚集度来决定的。 藻类泛滥既发生在海水中也发生在淡水中。它主要通过以下两种方式产生危害。第一种危害是由产生的毒素造成的。毒素直接杀死鱼类或贝类,或者人类通过吃受污染的海产品致病。第二种是通过大量生物群聚集，从而造成环境恶化。这些影响具体包括光线变弱，鱼鳃结块，或者是藻类细胞腐烂消耗了过多的氧气。还有一些有害藻类是因为其物理形状，它们寄生在鱼鳃的组织中，引起鱼的生理反应，导致鱼的死亡。BMarine waters teem with microscopic life. Some of them create potent toxins and some of them do harm by accumulating. The algae causing harm is called Harmful Algal Blooms. It not only has impact on health of human beings (such as some known and even unknown diseases), but on wild life as well. In fact, more than 50% of the unusual marine mortality events are now associated with HABs. It is another societal concern that HABs have profound influence on ecosystem. Sometimes, the impact works from bottom up (such as affecting predators and grazing), and sometimes from bottom-up (such as affecting plankton). In spite of the precautions, the socioeconomic impact is substantial. Many millions of dollars are spent annually addressing the HAB-related problems. The money on public health accounts for the largest part, followed by commercial fisheries and tourism.Extended Exercises1.feel in the pink2.feeling blue 3. sing the blues 4. tickled pink 5. raises a red flag 6. yellow journalism7. brown as a berry8. black sheep Appreciation and Recitation1.我们大家都说谎小谎、大谎、善意的谎都是为确保社会安宁、心理舒适而说的谎。2.我们懂得善，我们理解善，但是我们无法实现善。人的勇气就是坚信自己的希望能够实现，并为之进行不屈不挠的努力。3.真正的勇敢，都包含谦虚。4.人都会犯错误，在许多情况下，大多数仍是由于欲望或兴趣的引诱而犯错误的。5.暗处最能反映一个人的真正品格。6.勇气是一架梯子，其他美德全靠它爬上去。7.不管一切危险，由于一个普通人的无私行动，有人得救了，英雄就应运而生。8.行善总是具体的、特定的；抽象的、笼统的行善是恶棍、伪君子和献媚者的托辞。Part III参考译文有害藻类1海洋和淡水中聚集着生命，许多很微小，许多没有危害；实际上，所有水中生命最后都以这种微小生命为生。尽管大多数浮游生物和蓝细菌是无害的，但仍然有一些在特定的情况下会产生毒素。有害藻类通过自身产生毒素或通过聚集大量生物来危害一方，进而影响共生的有机物，从而改变食物网循环。这些影响包括食用海产品或间接暴露于赤潮毒素中而导致的人类疾病和死亡，沿岸居民和渔业的经济损失，由赤潮导致的鱼类、鸟类和哺乳动物的死亡。从人类肉眼来看，有害藻类经常呈现绿色、棕色，甚至红黄色。不同颜色是由于海藻的种类，水中的生态系统，和有机体的聚集度来决定的。2有害藻类爆发时，人们常常称其为赤潮。但科学家更倾向于称之为“有害藻类”。赤潮还包括了那些使海水变色但不会产生危害的藻类。而且，它还把那些含高毒性细胞的藻花排除在外，而这些藻花在低（本质上是看不见的）菌体浓度下会有问题。所以有害藻类（HABs）是更合适的称呼。3藻类泛滥既发生在海水中也发生在淡水中。它主要通过以下两种方式产生危害。第一种危害是由产生的毒素造成的。毒素直接杀死鱼类或贝类,或者人类通过吃受污染的海产品致病。第二种是通过大量生物群聚集，从而造成环境恶化。这些影响具体包括光线变弱，鱼鳃结块，或者是藻类细胞腐烂消耗了过多的氧气。还有一些有害藻类是因为其物理形状，它们寄生在鱼鳃的组织中，引起鱼的生理反应，导致鱼的死亡。对人体健康的影响4食用贝类（如贻贝，蛤）是藻类毒素影响人类健康最常见的方式。在美国，各州管理机构负责监控贝类中毒素的聚集程度，如果毒素量达到警戒线，这些机构还要负责关闭贝类生长基地，不让其收成。市场上买卖的贝类一般是安全的。但尽管有这些预防措施，还是出现了一些大家都知道的疾病。51990年，发生了一次戏剧性事件。6个渔民在乔治海岸捕鱼期间，由于食用贻贝而差点送命。乔治海岸是一处富产长须鲸和贝类的近海海域，位于马萨诸塞州科德角东100英里处。辛苦一天的渔民收网后，在船上的厨房中用瓦罐蒸贻贝吃，这些贻贝都是当天无意中捕捞的。船长吃饭的时候迟到，因而目睹了船员因为毒素而麻痹，最后一动也不能动的场景。船长本人也感到不适，但他还是给美国海岸护卫队发送了紧急无线电求救信号。护卫队把渔民空运到最近的医院，也就是位于马萨诸塞州楠塔基特岛上的医院。在那里，医生用呼吸疗法来维持渔民的呼吸，让他们不会由于肺部麻痹而导致死亡。幸运的是，所有人在几个星期内恢复了健康，重新回到海上捕鱼。这次事件可能是由从东北海岸海域流动到亚历山大地区的大量藻类造成的。这使得乔治海岸的蛤蜊养殖业关闭。乔治海岸面积很大，监管起来非常困难，同时也在州管辖范围之外，因此美国联邦政府开始行使管辖权。多年以来人们就知道这些蛤蜊含有毒素。目前已经禁止在这里养殖蛤蜊。对野生动物的影响6尽管有害藻类对人类的影响首当其冲，它所导致的野生动物大规模死亡是另外一个人们关注的话题。动物死亡事件，如鱼类鸟类的大量死亡或者海牛和鲸类的搁浅，这些都已经极大地影响了当地居民的生活。7随着藻类毒素在食物网中的聚集，海龟、海豚、海牛和其他海洋哺乳动物都会受其影响。随着动物组织毒素技术的进步，我们也越来越多意识到海洋哺乳动物的死亡和有害藻类密切相关。实际上，50%以上海洋生物的非正常死亡和有害藻类有关。加利福尼亚海岸附近几乎每年都会发生海狮死亡事件，其中大多数死亡几乎都和渗透整个食物网的ASP毒素有关。最近缅因湾乔治海岸附近，19头坐头鲸的死亡也和软骨藻酸中毒有关。在淡水系统水域，这种影响还扩大至短吻鳄和其他动物。对生态系统的影响8对生态系统的影响有很多不同的类型，有的和有毒有害藻花有关，有的和无毒有害藻花无关。这些影响包括贝类死亡，（动物）栖息地丧失，海草枯梢病，和被改变的食物网互动。这种互动使得食物网高处首选动物数量减少。一个例子就是微藻类金藻，它是大西洋中部褐潮的原凶。另一个例子是它的相关物种，Aureoumbra lagunensis，它则导致了德克萨斯州沿岸的褐潮。这些物种对生态系统影响极大，包括光线穿透力减弱，海草范围缩小，文蛤生长速度降低。褐潮还导致了罗得岛和长岛水域贻贝的大量死亡。海藻的周期性蔓延同时对海湾干贝生产造成严重影响，纽约80%以上的产量都受到影响，所造成的商业损失巨大。9人们意识到有害藻类及其毒素既能自上而下影响生态系统（比如，影响食肉动物和放牧）也可以自下而上影响生态系统（比如影响浮游生物和深海环境）。过度或长期暴露于有害藻类及其毒素之下，会直接或通过食物网把这些生物统统置于危险境地。对社会经济的影响10作为人类饮食的一部分，我们需要海产品。这种需求和贸易全球化及旅游交织在一起，人类暴露于有害藻类的机会和伴随而来的疾病都会超越地理的限制，向世界各地传播。经济损失就会超越原来所影响的近海居民。因而，有害藻类对经济和公共健康的影响极其深远。11每年，人们要用巨额资金来处理有害藻类有关的影响。这包括公共卫生、 商业捕鱼、休闲、旅游、环境监控及藻类管理等领域。花在公共健康上的钱最多，然后是商业捕鱼和旅游业。出现一次有害藻类，花费就已不菲。第二产业(比如食品加工，水产养殖业的供给)的隐性花费，还有人们的疾病（比如治疗未诊断出的疾病或慢性病），还有消费者的信心下降（比如不去餐馆买海鲜，延期包车钓鱼旅行），以上这些影响都还未知。Text BPart IUnderstanding and LearningBackground information1. October 25 of 2010 earthquake and tsunami in western Indonesia The earthquake was a magnitude 7.7 Mw earthquake that occurred on 25 October 2010 off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia at 21:42 local time (14:42 UTC). Many villages on the islands were affected by the tsunami, which reached a height of 3m (9ft) and swept as far as 600m (1800ft) inland. The tsunami caused widespread destruction that displaced more than 20,000 people and affected about 4,000 households. 435 people were reported to have been killed, with over 100 more still missing. The subsequent relief effort was hampered by bad weather and the remoteness of the islands, which led to delays in the reporting of casualties. Early warning system problems Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) issued a tsunami warning based on seismographic data. An alert was broadcast from radios and mosque loudspeakers on the mainland, prompting thousands to flee to higher ground. It was later canceled, but officials said that a tsunami warning system installed following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami had failed to function properly. According to Indonesian officials, two of the systems buoys out at sea had been vandalized and were inoperative. The claim of a breakdown was disputed by German officials who were working with the Indonesians to maintain and develop the system. Jrn Lauterjung, the head of the German-Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning Project, said that it had worked very well, only one sensor had not been working and its failure had not harmed the systems operation. However, the epicentre of the earthquake was so close to the islands that a warning would probably have been too late in any case, as the tsunami only took about five to ten minutes to reach Pagai.2. Tsunami warning systems A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists, oceanographers, and seismologists, who analyse each earthquake based on many factors, may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom pressure sensors, attached to buoys, which constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column. Regions with a high tsunami risk typically use tsunami warning systems to warn the population before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to Pacific Ocean tsunami, warning signs indicate evacuation routes. In Japan, the community is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along the Japanese shorelines the tsunami warning signs are reminders of the natural hazards together with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliff of surroundings hills. The Pacific Tsunami Warning System is based in Honolulu, Hawaii. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information triggers a tsunami warning. While the subduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami. Computers assist in analysing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoini