Conceptual Metaphor概念隐喻ppt课件

Metaphor Whatismetaphor Comparisontheory Metaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichonethingiscomparedtoanotherbysayingthatoneistheother Kovecses 2002 vii Substitutiontheory Ametaphoricalexpressionisusedinplaceofanequivalentliteralexpressionandis therefore completelyreplaceablebyitsliteralcounterpart Way 1991 23 Conceptualmetaphortheory Metaphorisnotsimplyastylisticfeatureoflanguage butthatthoughtitselfisfundamentallymetaphoricalinnature Whatmakesitametaphoristheconventionalassociationofonedomainwithanother Whatmakesitconceptual ratherthanpurelylinguistic istheideathatthemotivationforthemetaphorresidesatthelevelofconceptualdomains Lakoff Johnson Metaphorsandcognitivemodel Cognitivemodelistheknowledgeexperiencedandstoredforacertainfieldbyindividuals IdealizedCognitiveModel orICM isthephenomenoninwhichknowledgerepresentedinasemanticframeisoftenaconceptualizationofexperiencethatisnotcongruentwithreality Fromacognitivepointofview thecrucialaspectsofametaphoraretheirroleinthestructureofanentirecognitivemodel Whatistransferredbymetaphoristhestructure theinternalrelationsorthelogicofacognitivemodel Inotherwords fromacognitiveperspectiveametaphorisamappingofthestructureofasourcemodelontoatargetmodel Mapping LOVEISAJOURNEY传统 tenor primaryterm vehicle secondaryterm 当代 targetdomain sourcedomain Amappingisthesystematicsetofcorrespondencesthatexistbetweenconstituentelementsofthesourceandthetargetdomain Theunidirectionalityofmetaphor Animportantobservationmadebyconceptualmetaphortheoristsisthatconceptualmetaphorsareunidirectional Thismeansthatmetaphorsmapstructurefromasourcedomaintoatargetdomainbutnotviceversa Forexample 1 PEOPLEAREMACHINESJohnissoefficient he sjustamachine 2 MACHINESAREPEOPLEIdon tthinkmycarwantstostartthismorning Althoughthesetwometaphorsappeartobethemirrorimageofoneanother closeinspectionrevealsthateachmetaphorinvolvesdistinctmappings inthefirstone themechanicalandfunctionalattributesassociatedwithcomputeraremappedontopeople suchastheirspeedandefficiency Inthesecondmetaphor itisthenotionofdesireandvolitionthatismappedontomachine Metaphoricalentailment Inadditiontotheindividualmappingsthatconceptualmetaphorsbringwiththem theyalsoprovideadditional sometimesdetailedknowledge Thisisbecauseaspectsofthesourcedomainthatarenotexplicitlystatedinthemappingscanbeinferred Inthisway metaphoricmappingscarryentailments Forexample ANARGUMENTISAJOURNEYWewillproceedinastep by stepfashion Wehavecoveredalotofground Inthismetaphor PARTICIPANTSintheargumentcorrespondtoTRAVELERS theARGUMENTitselfcorrespondstoaJOURNEYandthePROGRESSoftheargumentcorrespondstotheROUTEtaken However inthesourcedomainJOURNEY travelerscangetlost theycanstrayfromthepath theycanfailtoreachtheirdestination andsoon TheassociationbetweensourceandtargetgivesrisetotheentailmentthattheseeventscanalsooccurinthetargetdomainARGUMENT metaphoricalentailmentspalyanessentialroleinlinkingalloftheinstancesofasinglemetaphoricalstructuringofaconcept Metaphorsandimageschemas Subsequenttothedevelopmentofimageschematheory theideathatcertainconceptswereimage schematicinnaturewasexploitedbyConceptualMetaphorTheory LakoffandJohnsonbotharguedthatimageschemascouldserveassourcedomainsformetaphoricmapping Imageschemasappeartobeknowledgestructuresthatemergedirectlyfrompre conceptualembodiedexperience Thesestructuresaremeaningfulattheconceptuallevelpreciselybecausetheyderivefromthelevelofbodilyexperience whichisdirectlymeaningful Theimportanceofimageschemasisthattheycanprovidetheconcretebasisformetaphoricmappings Invariance LakoffandTurnerobservedthatthereappeartobecertainrestrictionsintermsofwhichsourcedomainscanserveparticulartargetdomains Inordertoaccountfortheserestrictions LakoffpositedtheInvariancePrinciple Metaphoricalmappingspreservethecognitivetopology thatis theimageschemastructure ofthesourcedomain inawayconsistentwiththeinherentstructureofthetargetdomain Lakoff 1993 215 Whattheinvarianceprincipledoesisguaranteethatimage schematicorganizationisinvariantacrossmetaphoricmappings Thismeansthatthestructureofthesourcedomainmustbepreservedbythemappinginawayconsistentwiththetargetdomain Hidingandhighlighting AnimportantideainConceptualMetaphorTheoryrelatestohidingandhighlighting whenatargetisstructuredintermsofaparticularsource thishighlightscertainaspectsofthetargetwhilesimultaneouslyhidingotheraspects Forexample ARGUMENTISWARhighlightstheadversarialnatureofargumentbuthidesthefactthatargumentofteninvolvesanorderedandorganizeddevelopmentofaparticulartopic Thisshowsthatthatthemetaphoricalstructuringinvolvedhereispartial nottotal Ifitweretotal oneconceptwouldactuallybetheother notmerelybeunderstoodintermsofit CategoriesofMetaphors 1 Orientationalmetaphorrelatestospatialorientation isnotarbitrarybutisbasedonourphysicalandculturalexperience Throughorientationalmetaphor wecanprojectspecificspatialorientationsontosomeabstractconcepts suchasemotion happyandsad body illnessanddeath andmorality virtueanddepravity Forexample HAPPYISUP SADIDDOWN I mfeelingup Myspiritsrose He sreallylowthesedays Ifellintoadepression 2 ontologicalmetaphormeanshumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsenableustoviewabstractconceptsandexperiencesasentitiesandsubstances Forexample INFLATIONISANENTITY Inflationisloweringourstandardofliving Weneedtocombatinflation Containermetaphorisanontologicalmetaphorinwhichsomeconceptisrepresentedashavinganinsideandoutside andcapableofholdingsomethingelse Personificationcanbeviewedasaformofontologicalmetapho