一词多义polysemy

ChapterVI PolysemyandHomonymy1 Polysemy2 Homonymy3 TheStylisticValueofPolysemyandHomonymy Polysemy 1 Definition2 ThecausesofpolysemyinEnglish3 Polysemicwords4 Twoapproachestopolysemy5 Twoprocessesleadingtopolysemy Definition Atermusedinsemanticanalysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings ThecausesofpolysemyinEnglish 1 MostEnglishwordsareconventional arbitrarysymbols itmaysometimeshappenthatmorethanonemeaningisattachedtoaword 2 Inordertoexpressnewideas newprocesses newproducts andsoforth 3 Toachievelanguage seconomyandefficiency 4 Tohaveaffectiveandstylisticmeaningforeachindividualsense 1 Shiftinapplication使用范围的转移e g sharp 刀具 尖利的 言语 苛刻的 行动 直接了当的 感觉 剧烈的 智力 敏捷的2 Mutualtransformationbetweencommonwordsandspecializedwords 专业词汇和单词之间呢的总体改造 e g window 窗户 在计算机英语中指 视窗 视频显示器的荧屏 3 Polysemyresultingfromthefigurativeuseofwords 由于修辞用法而产生多义 e g My15studentsreadEmersonandThoreau 这是典型的转喻 以人名借代作品 4 Foreigninfluence 外来词的影响 Polysemicwords ManywordsinEnglish especiallythesimplewords havenotonlyseveral butattimesalargenumberofmeanings e g hand1 thepartofthebodyattheendofthearm2 usingthehandornumberofhandsmentioned3 helpindoingsth 4 thepartorrolethatsb sthplaysinaparticularsituation5 apartofaclockorwatchthatpointstothenumber6 apersonwhodoesphysicalworkonafarmorafactory7 asailoronaship8 byapersonratherthanamachine9 aparticularstyleofwriting10 aunitformeasuringtheheightofahorse equalto4inchesor10 16centimetres oxygenachemicalelement Oxygenisagasthatispresentinairandwaterandisnecessaryforpeople animalandplantstolive 氧 氧气 Twoapproachestopolysemy A DiachronicB Synchronic Diachronic VerticalapproachHowthesemanticstructureofawordhasdevelopedfromaprimary original meaningtothepresent derived polysemicstate Diachronicmainlyfocusesonthegrowthorchangeinthesemanticstructureofaword Synchronic HorizontalapproachComparativevalueofindividualmeaningsandtheinterrelationbetweenthecentralmeaningandsecondarymeanings Face 1 Thefrontpartofthehead脸 面部2 Anexpressiononsomeone sface面部表情 脸色3 Steep highsideofamountain cliff陡面 直立面4 Oneoftheoutsidesurfacesofanobject表面5 Thepartofabatorracketthatyouusetohittheball 棒球或球拍的 击打面 Thefrontpartofthehead isthecentralmeaningandtherestaresecondarymeaning Howcanwedistinguishthecentralmeaningfromthesecondarymeanings Thefrequencyofthemeaningoccurinspeech Doyouthinktheprimarymeaningisthecentralmeaning Prevent Centralmeaning tokee