英国文学期末考试-诗歌赏析原资料总汇.doc

ShakespeareSonnet 18 (Book1 P118)Shall I compare thee to a summers day? 我能否将你比作夏天, Thou art more lovely and more temperate. 你比夏天更美丽温婉。 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残， And summers lease hath all too short a date. 夏日的勾留何其短暂。Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 休恋那丽日当空， And often is his gold complexion dimmed; 转眼会云雾迷蒙。 And every fair from fair sometime declines, 休叹那百花飘零， By chance or natures changing course untrimmed; 催折于无常的天命。 But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 唯有你永恒的夏日常新，Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst 你的美貌亦毫发无损。 Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade 死神也无缘将你幽禁，When in eternal lines to time thou growst, 你在我永恒的诗中长存。So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, 只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇， So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。Notestemperate (2): i.e., evenly-tempered; not overcome by passion. the eye of heaven (5): i.e., the sun. every fair from fair sometime declines (7): i.e., the beauty (fair) of everything beautiful (fair) will fade (declines). natures changing course (8): i.e., the natural changes age brings. that fair thou owst (10): i.e., that beauty you possess. in eternal lines.growst (12): The poet is using a grafting metaphor in this line. Grafting is a technique used to join parts from two plants with cords so that they grow as one. Thus the beloved becomes immortal, grafted to time with the poets cords (his eternal lines). For commentary on whether this sonnet is really one long exercise in self-glorification, please see below. 1. Shall I compare thee to a summers day?This is taken usually to mean What if I were to compare thee etc? The stock comparisons of the loved one to all the beauteous things in nature hover in the background throughout.This question is comparing her to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally thought of as an enjoyable time during the year.2. Thou art more lovely and more temperate:The youths beauty is more perfect than the beauty of a summer day. more temperate - more gentle, more restrained, whereas the summers day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described.3. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,May was a summer month in Shakespeares time, because the calendar in use lagged behind the true sidereal calendar by at least a fortnight. darling buds of May - the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer; favourite flowers.4. And summers lease hath all too short a date:Legal terminology. The summer holds a lease on part of the year, but the lease is too short, and has an early termination (date).5. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,Sometime = on occasion, sometimes; the eye of heaven = the sun.6. And often is his gold complexion dimmed,his gold complexion = his (the suns) golden face. It would be dimmed by clouds and on overcast days generally.7. And every fair from fair sometime declines,All beautiful things (every fair) occasionally become inferior in comparison with their essential previous state of beauty (from fair). They all decline from perfection.8. By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed:By chance accidents, or by the fluctuating tides of nature, which are not subject to control,natures changing course untrimmed. untrimmed - this can refer to the ballast (trimming) on a ship which keeps it stable; or to a lack of ornament and decoration. The greater difficulty however is to decide which noun this adjectival participle should modify. Does it refer to nature, or chance, or every fair in the line above, or to the effect of natures changing course? KDJ adds a comma aftercourse, which probably has the effect of directing the word towards all possible antecedents. She points out that natures changing course could refer to womens monthly courses, or menstruation, in which case every fair in the previous line would refer to every fair woman, with the implication that the youth is free of this cyclical curse, and is therefore more perfect.9. But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Referring forwards to the eternity promised by the ever living poet in the next few lines, through his verse.10. Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor shall it (your eternal summer) lose its hold on that beauty which you so richly possess.owst = ownest, possess. By metonymy we understand nor shall you lose any of your beauty.11. Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,Several half echoes here. The biblical ones are probably Oh death where is thy sting? Or grave thy victory? implying that death normally boasts of his conquests over life. And Psalms 23.3.: Yea though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death I will fear no evil In classical literature the shades flitted helplessly in the underworld like gibbering ghosts.12. When in eternal lines to time thou growst,in eternal lines = in the undying lines of my verse. Perhaps with a reference to progeny, and lines of descent, but it seems that the procreation theme has already been abandoned. to time thou growst - you keep pace with time, you grow as time grows.13. So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,For as long as humans live and breathe upon the earth, for as long as there are seeing eyes on the earth.14. So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.That is how long these verses will live, celebrating you, and continually renewing your life. But one is left with a slight residual feeling that perhaps the youths beauty will last no longer than a summers day, despite the poets proud boast. Figure of SpeechRhetorical questioning:The 1st line, to used to create a tone of respect, and to engage the audienceMetaphor:Shakespeare opens the poem with a metaphor, comparing the woman he loves to all of the best characteristics of a summers day. When we think about summer, many attributes come to mind, such as warmth, sunshine, fun, and relaxation. It is the opposite of winter and its freezing temperatures, consistent bad weather and bleak skies. Summer represents optimism.Shakespeare goes on to point out that summer has its down side, as well. For instance, sometimes the sun is far too hot. Summer heat can be unbearable. Also, summer days can be fickle, in that they are cloudy when we think they should be warm. Finally, summer days are just too transient. His love may have been confused at this point. Is it beneficial to be compared to a summers day? Shakespeare sets her mind at rest, however, in explaining that she is far more beautiful and even tempered than the most desirable summer weather. Personification:It is worth mentioning Shakespeares use of personification here. He gives the sun an eye, a human attribute, and in the next line, a complexion.Parallelism:The final couplet, used to emphasize the message: the beauty of the subject will be immortalized by the power of his artThemeA profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. A nice summers day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poetry. Literature will keep transient beauty ever lasting. The message is that in this world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art; and your beauty can only last if I write it down in my poetry. On the surface, the poem is a statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman. The beloveds eternal summer shall not fade precisely because it is embodied in the sonnet. He doesnt want her beauty to be compared to a transitory period like summer. Transiency(短暂，稍纵即逝) of time is also the themes of Sonnet 18.The poet does not want the beauty to fade with time. To him, her beauty must be like the eternal summer. Beauty should be appreciated. The best way to preserve her beauty is to keep it in this poem. Actually, the writer wanted to express his view that art can keep the beauty forever. Art not only can make people enjoy the beauty by reading it, but also be a beauty itself. Natural beauty would be knocked out with the passing of the time. Only can the art bring the eternity. For the speaker, love transcends nature. The poets love is so powerful that even death is unable to curtail(减少) it. The speakers love lives on for future generations to admire through the power of the written word-through the sonnet itself. The final couplet explains that the beloveds “eternal summer” will continue as long as there are people alive to read this sonnet. Sonnet 29 (Book1 P119)When, in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes , 面对命运的抛弃，世人的冷眼，I all alone beweep my outcast state, 我唯有独自把飘零的身世悲叹。And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries, 我曾徒然地呼唤聋耳的苍天，And look upon myself, and curse my fate, 诅咒自己的时运，顾影自怜 。 Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, 我但愿，愿胸怀千般心愿， Featured like him, like him with friends possessed, 愿有三朋六友和美貌之颜； Desiring this mans arts and that mans scope, 愿有才华盖世，有文采斐然， With what I most enjoy contented least; 唯对自己的长处，偏偏看轻看淡。Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, 我正耽于这种妄自菲薄的思想，Haply I think on thee, and then my state, 猛然间想到了你，顿时景换情迁，Like to the lark at break of day arising 我忽如破晓的云雀凌空振羽，From sullen earth, sings hymns at heavens gate; 讴歌直上天门，把苍茫大地俯瞰。For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings 但记住你柔情招来财无限，That then I scorn to change my state with kings. 纵帝王屈尊就我，不与换江山。 1. When in disgrace with fortune and mens eyesTo be in disgrace with fortune is presumably to be not favoured by her. 2. I all alone beweep my outcast state,beweep = weep for, bewail; Like bewail and beseem, the word has an archaic and biblical flavour. my outcast state = my condition of being a social outcast. The condition is probably exaggerated for the sake of effect, and to emphasize that the speaker sees everything in a gloomy light. Fortune has turned against him and he feels that he does not belong any more to society.3. And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,deaf heaven - Heaven (God) turns a deaf ear to his complaints and laments. bootless = to no avail, achieving nothing.4. And look upon myself, and curse my fate,And look upon myself - as the outcast contemplates his own fallen state. curse my fate - another echo from the Book of Job in the Bible: 5. Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,Wishing myself to be like one who is more richly endowed with all manner of blessings, including wealth.6. Featured like him, like him with friends possessed,Featured like him, like him = with features like this person, like this second person having friends, like this third, desiring his skills (line 7) etc.7. Desiring this mans art, and that mans scope,this mans art = the skill that one particular person has; that mans scope = the capability, range, mental ability that another particular person has.8. With what I most enjoy contented least;It is unspecified what he most enjoys, but evidently, in his despondency, things which ought to give him enjoyment do not do so. The implication is that he no longer enjoys the love of his beloved, although that idea is countermanded by the final couplet.9. Yet in these thoughts my self almost despising,in these thoughts = while I am engaged in these thoughts myself almost despising - and almost considering myself to be despicable for being so cast down.10. Haply I think on thee, and then my state,Haply = by chance, by a happy stroke of luck; my state = my mental state, with a suggestion also that his fortune, or the state of affairs in which he finds himself, improves.12. From sullen earth, sings hymns at heavens gate;sullen = gloomy, dark, miserable; From sullen earth - the phrase may be taken both with this and with the preceding line. The lark rises from sullen earth, and it also sings hymns which rise up from the earth to the gate of heaven, or, as it sings, it rises from earth towards heaven. sings - the subject is the lark, but also the poets soul, which has been liberated by his thinking of his beloved.13. For thy sweet love remembered such wealth bringsthy sweet love remembered = when I have called to mind your love, when your sweet love springs up again in my memory.14. That then I scorn to change my state with kings.Although the primary meaning is that I am happier than a king could be, and therefore have no wish to swap places with him there is a hint of the political meaning of state, i.e. nation state.Figures of SpeechShakespeare uses literary devices to connect the readers to the poem and possibly his life. Metaphors were used in lines 10-12. In these lines, he compares his love to the lark who sings songs to the heavens. Shakespeare uses this metaphor because he wants to show the reader how happy the thought of his true love makes him feel. Even in the toughest times, the speaker is brightened by the thought of his love and Shakespeare wants to display this to his readers. Shakespeare uses symbolism many times through out the poem, especially in 1-3, 7, 11, and 13. In the first three lines, Shakespeare symbolizes that he is jealous of everything in society. He uses symbolism here because he wants the reader to know that the speaker feels like an outcast compared to the rest of society. In line 7, Shakespeare uses symbolism to describe the skills of other men and their freedom. He uses symbolism in this line because he is describing his wanting of better skills and more freedom. In the eleventh line, the symbolism is that the speaker is describing his lover as a lark. He uses this symbolism because he is portraying that his lover is as lovely as a songbird singing to the heavens. In line 13, the wealth that is brought to the speaker every time he thinks of his lover shows how happy she makes him feel. Shakespeare uses this as symbolism because he is displaying that love his strong enough to pull someone out of their darkest hours. Lastly, personification can be found in line 3. Shakespeare is giving Heaven human like characteristics, such as the ability to hear. He includes this in his sonnet because this adds to the lonesomeness the speaker is feeling, since even God will not answer his wishes.Repetition: “like him” and “mans” in lines 6 and 7, This emphasizes that he wants to me like the other men other than remaining like himselfAlliteration: “think, thee, then” in line 11Rhyme: follows pattern: abab cdcd ebeb ff, ex. “state, fate, gate” and “brings, kings” The use of rhyme is very common in sonnets. Tone: The tone of this sonnet is melancholy and upset. This melancholy, upset tone shows how bad the speaker feels. Towards then end of the poem the speakers mood changes and so does the tone. The town shifts from melancholy and upset to happy and gracious.ThemeThe theme of Sonnet 29 is to show the importance of love. Money, society, and possessions are displayed as inferior components of humanity. The speaker changes to embrace the value of love which makes him superior to a king and those of higher social classes. The theme of this sonnet is the feeling of love can overpower the feelings of self-hate. The poem conveys this theme well because it starts with the speaker talking about how much he dislikes his life. The speaker sites many examples of why this is how he feels. Then the speaker talks about how he by change thinks about his love and it lifts his spirits. This is one of Shakespeares more ambiguous sonnets :one does not know who the speaker is referring to or if the word lovein this sonnet refers to a romantic love or a platonic love. The whole poem expresses the changes of the authors inner feelings,which are from disappoint to hopeful,from negative to positive ,from desperate to affectionate ,from self-abased to confident. discloses the desire of appetite ,lust and power and proposes that appetite is the basic desire, lust has its own duality ,the desire for power is a danger and finally the paper gives a way to deal with the desires. It is a poem which helps us sense the greatness of love,which is the center of his life,the sunshine on a cloudy day.Milton On His Blindness (Book 1 P148) When I consider how, my light is spent 我思量，我怎么还未到生命的中途， Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, 就已耗尽光明，走上这黑暗的茫茫的世路， And that one talent which is death to hide 我这完全埋没了的庸才，对我毫无用处，Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent 虽然我的心思是要多多服务，To serve therewith my Maker, and present 想要鞠躬尽瘁地服务于我的创造主， My true account, lest He returning chide, 算清我的帐，免得他要向我发怒； Doth God exact day-labour, light denied ? “难道上帝不给光明却要计算日工吗？”I fondly ask: - But Patience, to prevent 我愚蠢地一问，“忍耐”就把我的话止住，That murmur, soon replies; God doth not need 立刻回答道：“上帝不需要人的服务， Either mans work, or His own gifts: who best 也不要你还他什么礼物； Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best: His state 谁能忍受得起痛苦，就是最好的服务；Is kingly: thousands at His bidding speed 他的国度气派堂皇，听他差遣的不计其数, And post oer land and ocean without rest: 他们奔走忙碌于海洋和大陆； They also serve who only stand and wait. 那些站立得稳，坚定不移的也是服务。Lines 1-8:Milton gets rather impatient at the thought of his blindness. He is blind in the middle age. Blindness prevents him from using his poetic talent by writing something great to glorify God. He has a keen desir