高考英语阅读技巧推理判断.doc

阅读技巧 推理判断题推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的线索和事实进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性，将间接论据连贯起来，得出一个合理的结论。合理，是指准确地从原文中推理，而不是读者主观认为的合理或文章已提供的明显的事实。推理判断题常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，most likely等。推理判断题常见的问题形式有：1. It can be inferred / concluded from the passage that 2. The passage suggests / implies that 3. The author may probably agree with / support 4. By the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author means 5. The author seems to be in favour of / be against 6. The authors purpose of writing this passage is推理判断题的解题技巧：所谓推断就是从已知的事情中推测未知的事情。这里所说的未知是指文章或作者没有直接说明但暗示出来，或者根据作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性结论。所以推断类型的题尽管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我们可以在文章中找到可供推论的依据。还有一个重要的技巧就是排除法的适当运用。很多错误选项的排除要靠我们对于文章事实和细节的准确把握。因此我们也要相应加强对于文章事实细节的训练。推理判断题主要题型：针对细节的逻辑推断针对主题思想、作者意图的推断针对作者态度、观点等的推断（一）细节推理题：抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，结合上下文或上下句，推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。在推断中，我们要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。例：When she looked ahead. Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast. On that fourth of July morning 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense. She could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on, hour after hour, while millions watched on national television. Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and here trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasnt much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. What does “she never had”in the third paragraph mean?A. She had never been so desperate.B. She had never thought of giving it up. C. She had never seen such thick fog. D. She had never swum across the strait before. 解析：根据上下文they urged her not to quit,以及with only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. 可以推断出，她当时并没有想放弃，只不过是后来情况变化了。 答案：B 例2：Decision-thinking is not unlike poker- it often matters not only what you think , but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think . The mental process（过程） is similar . Naturally , this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are , by any standards , good thinkers .The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory . In particular , he showed that all games fall into two classes ; there are what he called games of perfect information, games like chess where the players cant hide anything or play tricks ; they dont win by chance , but by means of logic and skills . Then there are games of imperfect information, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素）, which would ever puzzle best poker players . But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance , and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess , not poker.An important factor in a game of imperfect information is _. A. rules B. luck C. time D. ideas解析：短文第二段有这样一段说明：游戏可分为两类，一种是被称为 “perfect information”的游戏，双方无法隐瞒或进行欺骗，他们不是靠碰巧获胜 （ they dont win by chance）。另一种则是 “imperfect information”的游戏，如打牌，游戏者不可能预先知道他出的这一道牌是否比另一道好。从作者的这种表达可以推断出，“imperfect information”游戏获胜的一个因素就是运气。因此选B。（二）推测文章的观点或结论推测文章的观点或结论的设题形式有： 1） It can be inferred from the passage that _. 2） What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? 3） From the passage we can conclude that _. 这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。例1：Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them. “To reduce pain, take two tablets（药片） with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief （缓解疼痛） take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount （量）. For children under six years old, ask your doctors advice. Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.” It can be inferred from the directions that this medicine_. A. helps you to fall asleep quickly B. may be dangerous to small children C. cannot be taken if one feels sleepy D. shouldnt be taken by children under six 解析：所有的选项都是针对文章的，所以要通读全文后进行判断。从文章第三段第二句得知，六岁以下儿童是否可用此药需要向医生咨询，但并未加以禁止。因此可判断B 为正确选项。 例2. “In general,”writes Rubin in her new book, “womens friendship with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but mens relationships are marked by shared activities.”For the most part, Rubin says interactions（交往）between men are emotionally controlled a good fit with the social requirements of many behavior. “Even when a man is said to be a best friend,”Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings. Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until be appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.” 1. According to the text, which type of behavior is NOT expected of a man by society? A. Ending his marriage without good reasons. B. Spending too much time with his friends. C. Complaining about his marriage trouble. D. Going out to ballgames too often. 2. Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph? A. Men keep their innermost feelings to themselves. B. Women are more serious than men about marriage. C. Men often take sudden action to end their marriage. D. Women depend on others in making decisions. 答案：1. C 2. A（三）推测作者写作目的和态度推测作者写作目的的设题形式有： 1. The purpose in writing this text is to _. 2. The author writes this passage to _.3.The author in this passage intends to _. 4. What does the author mainly want to say? 5. Whats the authors attitude towards_.作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。 我们要从作者的字里行间中找有用的提示，主要是判断作者本人的态度和观点，而且一定要与文章中所论述的内容区分开，因为同样的事实和内容，不同的作者会有不同的看法和态度。切勿用自己的主观想法去理解试题。 T-shirts out; uniforms inSchool uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the U.S.A. Thats no surprise, because they offer many benefits. They immediately end the powerful social sorting and labeling （标记） that come from clothing. If all students are dressed in the same way, they will not pay too much attention to their clothing, and some of them will not be laughed at for wearing the “wrong” clothes.Some people are against the strict rule of school uniforms, but they do not realize that students already accept a kind of rule wanting to look just like their friends. The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barriers; school uniforms tear those barriers down.As in other places, uniforms remind the wearers of their purposes and duties. For example, when a man or woman puts on a police uniform, he or she becomes, for a time, the symbol （象征） of law and order. The uniform means to the wearer his or her special duties and sends the same message to everyone the wearer meets. People with different jobs wear uniforms of one kind or another. For students, the school uniform reminds them that their task for the six or seven hours they are in school is to get an education.Some parents are unhappy about uniforms, saying that school uniforms will affect their childrens “creativity.” First, as noted above, the clothes students choose to wear do not necessarily express their individuality （个性）. They just copy their classmates. Second, students have the rest of the day to be as creative as they like. While theyre in school, their job is to master reading, writing, and maths; this should take up all the creativity they have. Mastery of those skills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.The author would probably agree that .A. it makes no difference whether to wear school uniforms or notB. students individuality may not come from school educationC. students creativity is related to the clothes they chooseD. school uniforms help to create equality among students解析：作者在最后总结时说，Mastery of those skills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.答案：D【模拟试题】ASleep Struggle DR. MARJORIE SEIDENFELD ANSWERS YOUR HEALTH QUESTIONS? I have such a terrible time falling asleep every night that Im always tired and its affecting my schoolwork. What should I do? Mindy in Nevada One in every five young people has a sleep problem, so youre not alone. Getting enough sleep has become as important as eating vegetables and exercising regularly. Its very important for your body. Most young people only get seven hours of sleep each night, when they actually need nine hours. And making up for lost sleep during the week by sleeping in an weekends doesnt really work. In fact, sleeping late on weekends may actually do you more harm than good, if you have sleep problems. What happens if you dont get enough sleep? If your sleep problem continues for a few nights, you could suffer serious problems. Lack of sleep can affect learning and memory. Worse, if your sleep difficulties last a long time, that could lead to anxiety or depression（抑郁）. Therefore, youve got to have some healthy sleep habits. Below are some suggestions. GO TO BED AT THE SAME TIMEincluding weekends, if possible. WAKE UP AROUND THE SAME TIME EVERY MORNING. When you sleep late just one morning during the week, it may disturb your body clock. This will make it hard for you to sleep that night. DO SOMETHING RELAXING before going to bed. EXERCISE DURING THE DAY. Dont exercise right before going to bed. AVOID DRINKING ALCOHOL. Alcohol makes you excited. This prevents you from falling asleep or wakes you up during the night. DONT SMOKE. Smoking is always bad for the body. Smoking before bedtime keeps you awake. If trying these tips over a couple of weeks does not help you, speak to your doctor. Do not take any sleeping pills without first asking your doctor. Many have strong side effects. 1. According to the passage, if you have sleep problems for a few nights, you could be _. A. lonelyB. seriousC. forgetfulD. depressed 2. The passage suggests that people with sleep problems should _. A. eat vegetables and exercise regularly B. make up for lost sleep on weekends C. follow a fixed timetable for sleep D. sleep seven hours every day 3. We can learn from the suggestions that _. A. getting up earlier one morning makes it easier to fall asleep that night B. listening to soft music before going to bed may help you fall asleep C. smokers and those who drink alcohol usually have sleep problems D. exercising in the evening will help you get to sleep 4. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. Sleep problems are serious among young people B. Sleeping late on weekends can make up for lost sleep C. Your eating habits will be broken due to lack of sleep D. Youll no longer have your sleep problem if you try the tipsBBlameless I was a freshman in college when I met the Whites. They were completely different from my own family, yet I felt at home with them immediately. Jane White and I became friends at school, and her family welcomed me like a long-lost cousin. In my family, it was always important to place blame when anything bad happened. “Who did this? ”my mother would scream about a dirty kitchen. “This is all your fault, Katharine, ”my father would insist when the cat got out or the dishwasher broke. From the time we were little, my sister, brothers and I told on each other. We set a place for blame at the dinner table. But the Whites didnt worry about who had done what. They picked up the pieces and moved on with their lives. The beauty of this was driven home to me the summer Jane died. In July, the White sisters and I decided to take a car trip from their home in Florida to New York. The two older sisters, Sarah and Jane, were college students, and the youngest, Amy, had recently turned sixteen. Proud of having a new drivers license（驾照），Amy was excited about practicing her driving on the trip. She showed off her license to everyone she met. The big sisters shared the driving of Sarahs new car during the first part of the trip, but when they reached less crowded areas, they let Amy take over. Somewhere in South Carolina, we pulled off the highway to eat. After lunch, Amy got behind the wheel. She came to a crossroads with a stop sign. Whether she was nervous or just didnt see the sign no one would ever know, but Amy continued into the crossroads without stopping. The driver of a large truck, unable to stop in time, ran into our car. Jane was killed immediately. I was slightly injured. The most difficult thing that Ive ever done was to call the Whites to tell them about the accident and that Jane had died. Painful as it was for me to lose a good friend, I knew that it was far worse for them to lose a child. When Mr. and Mrs. White arrived at the hospital, they found their two daughters sharing a room. Sarah had a few cuts on the head; Amys leg was broken. They hugged（拥抱）us all and cried tears of sadness and of joy at seeing their daughters. They wiped away the girls tears and made a few jokes at Amy as she learned to use her crutches（拐杖）. To both of their daughters, and especially to Amy, over and over they simply said, “Were so glad that youre alive. ” I was astonished. No blame. No accusations. Later, I asked the Whites why they never talked about the fact that Amy was driving and had run a stop sign. Mrs. White said, “Janes gone, and we miss her terribly. Nothing we say or do will ever bring her back. But Amy has her whole life ahead of her. How can she lead a full and happy life if she feels we blame her for her sisters death? ” They were right. Amy graduated from the University of California and got married several years ago. She works as a teacher of learning-disabled students. Shes also a mother of two little girls of her own, the oldest named Jane. 1. The author of the passage is _. A. Mrs. Whites niece B. Janes school friend C. The Whites cousin D. Sarahs friend from college 2. How did the authors parents differ from the Whites? A. The authors pare