文献翻译——ARM处理器

第1页外文文献资料TheARMprocessorPrefaceMicrocontrollerprogrammersare,bytheirnature,trulyresourcefulbeings.Theytakeafixeddesignandcreatefantasticnewproductsbyimplementingthemicrocontrollerinaveryuniqueway.Constantly,Thedemandhighlyefficientcomputingfromthemostfrugalofsystemdesigns.Theprimaryingredientusedtoperformthisalchemyisthetoolchainenvironment,anditisforthisreasonthatengineersfromARMsowntoolchaindivisionjoinedforceswithCPUdesignerstoformateamthatwouldrationalize,simplify,andimproveupontheARM7TDDMIprocessordesign.Theresultofthiscombination,theARMCortex-M3,representsanexcitingdevelopmenttotheoriginalARMarchitecture.Thedeviceblendsthebestfeaturesfromthe32-bitARMarchitecturewiththehighlysuccessfulThumb-2instructionsetdesignwhilstaddingseveralnewcapabilities.Despitethesechanges,theCortex-M3retainsasimplifiedprogrammersmodelthatwillbeeasilyrecognizabletobeallexistingARMaficionados.ARMareformedin1990asAdvancedRISCMachinesLtd,ajointventureofApplecomputer,AcorncomputerGroup,andVLSTbecametheinitiallicensee,Subsequently,additionalcompanies,includingTexasInstruments,andSTMicroelectronics,licensedtheARMprocessordesigns,extendingtheapplicationsofARMprocessorintomobilephones,computerharddisks,personaldigitalassistants,homeentertainmentsystems,andmanyotherconsumerproducts.NowadaysARMpartnersshipinexcessof2billionARMprocessorseachyear,Unlikemanysemiconductorcompanies,ARMdoesnotmanufactureprocessorsorsellthechipsdirectly.Instead,ARMlicensestheprocessordesignstobusinesspartners,includingamajorityoftheworldsleadingsemiconductorcompanies.BasedontheARMlow-costandpower-efficientprocessordesigns,thesepartnerscreatetheirprocessors,microcontrollers,andsystem-on-chipsolutions.第2页1.ARMAdvancedRISCMachinesARM-AdvancedRISCMachinesisthoughttobeacompanyname,canbeconsideredtobeatypeknownasthemicroprocessor,canbeconsideredatechnicalname.ARMcompanywasestablishedinCambridgein1991,Itmainlysalesmandateofchipdesigntechnology.Atpresent,thetechnologyusedARMIntellectualProperty(IP)Coremicroprocessors,thatis,weusuallyrefertoastheARMmicroprocessor,whichcovertheindustrialcontrol,andconsumerelectronicproducts,communicationssystems,networksystems,wirelesssystemsandotherproductsmarket,BasedontheARMmicroprocessortechnologyapplicationwasabouta32-bitRISCmicroprocessor75%abovetheshareofthemarket,ARMtechnologyisgraduallyinfiltratedintoourlivesinvariousareas.ARMcompanyspecializingintechnology-basedRISCchipdesignanddevelopmentcompany,asasupplierofintellectualpropertyrights,itshouldnotbedirectlyinvolvedintheproductionofsiliconchipsDesignpermitsthroughtheassignmentofcooperationfromtheproductioncompanyofspecialchips,theworldsmajorsemiconductormanufacturersfromthecompanytobuyitsARMmicroprocessordesignnuclear,Accordingtodifferentapplicationareas,toaddappropriateexternalcircuit,therebyformingitsownARMmicroprocessorchipmarket.Currently,therearedozensoftheworldslargestsemiconductorcompaniesareusingmandateofARM,SonotonlymakesARMtechnologytogetmorethird-partytools,manufacture,thesupportofthesoftware,sothatthewholesystemcanreducecosts,makeourproductsmoreeasilyenterthemarkettobeacceptablebyconsumersandmorecompetitive.2.ARMmicroprocessorapplicationareasandfeatures2.1.ARMmicroprocessorapplicationareasSofar,theARMmicroprocessortechnologyandtheapplicationalmostwenttovariousareas:1Industrialcontrolareas:asa32bitRISCstructure,ARM-basedmicrocontrollerchipswilloccupythehigh-endmicro-controllermarketmostofthemarketshare.alsograduallytothelow-endmicro-controllerapplicationsexpansion,ARMmicrocontrollerwithlowpowerconsumption,highperformance-costratio.Andgiveachallengetotraditional8/16Microcontrollers.2Thewirelesscommunicationsfield:Atpresent,morethan85%ofwireless第3页communicationsequipmentusedARMtechnology,ARMwithhighperformanceandlowcostintheareaoftheincreasingconsolidation.3Networkapplications:Asthetechnologypromotion,ARMtechnologyusingADSLchipisgraduallygainingcompetitiveadvantage.Inaddition,theARMinvoiceandvideoprocessinguplinkoptimization,andiswidelysupported,DSPisalsotherightapplicationareasposedachallenge.4.Consumerelectronicsproducts:ARMtechnologyinthepopulardigitalaudioplayer,DigitalSet-Top-Boxandgameswereusedextensively.5.Imagingandsecurityproducts:thenowpopulardigitalcamerasandprintersusedmostoftheARMtechnology.ThemobilephoneSIM32smartcardsareusingARMtechnology.Inaddition,theARMmicroprocessorandtechnologyhasbeenappliedtomanydifferentfields,andinthefuturewillbemorewidelyused.3.FeaturesoftheARMmicroprocessorARMmicroprocessorusingARMRISCmicroprocessorarchitecturegenerallyasUndercharacteristics:1.Smallsize,lowpower,lowcost,highperformance;2.SupportThumb(16)/ARM(32)-instructionset,Compatibilitycanbeaverygood8/16devices;3,Theextensiveuseofregisters,thedirectiveisfaster;4.MostdataoperationsarecompletedbythemiddleoftheRegister;5.Addressableflexiblesimple,highefficiency;6.Fixedlengthinstructions;4.ARMmicroprocessorARMmicroprocessorseriescurrentlyincludesthefollowingseveralseries,andothermanufacturersbasedontheARMarchitectureprocessors,inadditiontoARMarchitectureacommonfeature,EveryoneofaseriesofARMmicroprocessorshavetheirowncharacteristicsandapplicationareas.-SeriesARM7-SeriesARM9-SeriesARM9E第4页-ARM10ESeries-SecurCoreseries-TheXscaleInter-StrongARMofInterARM7,ARM9,ARM9E,andARM10offourgenericprocessorseries,eachseriesprovidesauniquesetofcomparativeperformancetomeettheneedsofdifferentareasofapplicationneeds.SecurCoreseriesofspecializedsecurityrequirementsfortheapplicationofhighdesign.Wecanfindoutindetailthecharacteristicsofvariousprocessorsandapplicationareas.4.1.TheseriesofARM7microprocessorARM7isagenerationofARMprocessordesigns.ThisgenerationintroducedtheThumb16-bitinstructionsetwhichprovidesimprovedcodedensitycomparedtopreviousdesigns.ThemostwidelyusedARM7designsimplementtheARMv4Tarchitecture,butsomeimplementARMv3orARMv5TEJ.AllthesedesignsuseaVonNeumannarchitecture,sothefewversionswhichincludeacachedonotseparatedataandinstructioncaches.SomeARM7coresareobsolete.Onehistoricallysignificantmodel,theARM7DI1isnotableashavingintroducedJTAGbasedon-chipdebugging;theprecedingARM6coresdidnotsupportit.TheDrepresentedaJTAGTAPfordebugging;theIdenotedanICEBreakerdebugmodulesupportinghardwarebreakpointsandwatchpoints,andlettingthesystembestalledfordebugging.Subsequentcoresincludedandenhancedthissupport.ARM7seriesoflow-powermicroprocessorsforthe32RISCprocessor,themostsuitablefortherightpriceandpowerconsumptiondemandhigherconsumerapplications.ARM7microprocessorserieshasthefollowingcharacteristics:-EmbeddedICE-RTlogic,developedtofacilitatedebugging.-Verylowpowerconsumption,suitableforhigherpowerapplications,suchasportableproducts.-Abletoprovidethethreepipelinestructureby0.9MIPS/MHz;-Codecompatibilityandhighdensityof16Thumbinstructionset.-Righttosupportabroadrangeofoperatingsystems,includingWindowsCE,Linux,PalmOS,andsoon.-InstructionSystemandARM9series,ARM9EandARM10Eseriescompatibleseries,user-friendlytotheupgradingofproducts.-Thefrequencyofupto130MIPS,high-speedcomputationalprocessingcapacitywillrise第5页tothemajorityofthecomplexapplication.ARM7microprocessorseriesofthemainapplicationareas:industrial,control,Internetequipment,networkandmodemequipment,mobilephonesandothermultimediaandembeddedapplications.ARM7microprocessorseriesincludeseveraltypesofnuclear:ARM7TDMI,ARM7TDMI-S,ARM720T,ARM7EJ.Amongthem,ARM7TMDIiscurrentlythemostwidelyused32-bitembeddedRISCprocessor,ARMisalow-endprocessorcore.TDMIthebasicmeaning:T:Supportfor16compressionThumbinstructionset;D:Supporton-chipDebug;M:Embeddedhardwaremultiplier(Multiplier);I:EmbeddedICEsupporton-chipbreakpointsanddebug;Itisaversatileprocessordesignedformobiledevicesandotherlowpowerelectronics.Thisprocessorarchitectureiscapableofupto130MIPSonatypical0.13mprocess.TheARM7TDMIprocessorcoreimplementsARMArchitecturev4T.Theprocessorsupportsboth32-bitand16-bitinstructionsviatheARMandThumbinstructionsets.ARMlicensestheprocessortovarioussemiconductorcompanies,whichdesignsfullchipsusingtheprocessordesign.themostcommonpiecesofelectronicequipmentcurrentlyusingthisprocessorare:AudioprocessingintheSEGADreamcast,D-LinkDSL-604+WirelessADSLRouter2,iPodfromApple,iriverportabledigitalaudioplayers,Nokiasmobilephonerange,Roomba500seriesfromiRobot,SiriusSatelliteRadioreceiversandThemainCPUinSternPinballS.A.MSystemgames.ManyautomobilesembedARM7cores.4.2.SecurCoremicroprocessorsSecurCoremicroprocessorsESeriesForsafetyneeds,andprovideaperfect32-bitRISCtechnologysecuritysolutions,therefore,SecurCoreadditiontoaseriesofARMmicroprocessorarchitectureandlowpowerconsumption,highperformancefeatures,alsohasitsuniqueadvantage,namelytoprovidetherightsecuritysolutionfortheirsupport.SecurCoreadditiontoaseriesofARMmicroprocessorarchitecturemajorcharacteristics,Securityalsohasthefollowingcharacteristics:-Withaflexibleprotectiveunit,toensurethattheoperatingsystemandapplicationofdatasecurity.-Soft-coretechnology,topreventitsexternalscanningdetection.第6页-Userscanbetheirownintegratedsecurityfeaturesandothercoprocessor.SecurCoreseriesmicroprocessorswillbeusedinsomeofthehighersecurityrequirementsofproductsandapplicationssystems,suchase-commerce,e-government,e-bankingbusiness,networkandcertificationsystems,andotherfields.SecurCoreseriescontainsSecurCoreSC100microprocessor,SecurCoreSC110.SecurCoreSC200andSC210SecurCorefourtypes,appliedtodifferentapplications.4.3.StrongARMmicroprocessorInterStrongARMSA-1100ARMprocessorisusedArchitecturehighlyintegrated32-bitRISCmicroprocessor.ItcombinestheIntercompaniesinthedesignandprocessingtechnology,andARMArchitecturepowerefficiency,usethesoftwarecompatibilityARMv4architecture,usingInteltechnologywiththeadvantagesofArchitecture.IntelStrongARMprocessorisaportablecommunicationsproductsandconsumerelectronicsproductstheidealchoice,hasbeensuccessfullyappliedtoanumberofcompaniesinthehandheldcomputerseriesproducts.4.4.XscaleprocessorXScaleprocessorisbasedontheARMv5TEAggregatestructureofthesolutionisonethewholeperformance,highcostperformance,low-powerprocessor.Itsupports16oftheThumbinstructionsandDSPinstructionset,usedindigitalmobilephones,PersonalDigitalAssistantandnetworkingproducts,andotheroccasions.InterXscaleprocessoriscurrentlyoneofthemainpromotionalARMmicroprocessor.5.Structure5.1.ARMRISCmicroprocessorarchitectureCISC(ComplexInstructionSetComputer,complexinstructionsetcomputer)structurehaveinherentshortcomings,Withthecomputertechnologythatisthedevelopmentandintroductionofnewandcomplexinstructionsettosupportthesenewdirectives,Computerarchitecturewillbeincreasinglycomplex,buttheCISCinstructionsetofinstructions,theirfrequencyofuseisadifferenceofthepoor,about20%ofthedirectivewillbeusedrepeatedly,theentireprocedureforthe80%code.Andtheremaining80%ofthedirectiveisnotfrequentlyusedintheprocessisamere20%,itisclearthatThisstructureisnotveryreasonable.Basedontheaboveunreasonable,1979UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,aRISC(ReducedInstructionSetComputer,reducedinstructionsetcomputer)concept,RISCisnot第7页simplytoreduceordersbutputtingthefocusonhowtomakecomputermoresimplestructureraisedtoareasonablecomputationspeed.RISCstructurepreferredtousethehighestfrequencyofsimpleinstructionstoavoidcomplicatedinstructions;Fixedlengthinstructions.Directiveformatandfindwaystoreducethetypes;tothemaincontrollogic.Avoidusingmicro-codecontrolmeasurestoachievetheabovepurpose.Sofar,theRISCarchitectureisalsonostrictdefinition,itisgenerallybelievedthat,RISCarchitectureshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:-Theuseoffixed-lengthformatoftheinstructions,directivestothewhole,simple,Addressingabasicform23.-Theuseofsingle-cycleinstructionstofacilitatetheimplementationofpipelineoperation.-Extensiveuseofregisterdataprocessinginstructionsonlytoregisterforoperations,Onlyload/storeinstructionsaccessmemory,inordertoimprovetheefficiencyofenforcement.Inaddition,theARMarchitecturealsousesaspecialtechnology,ensurehighperformanceunderthepremiseofminimizingchiparea,andlowerpowerconsumption:-Allavailableunderthedirectivebeforedecidingwhethertoimplementtheresultswereexecuted,therebyimprovingtheefficiencyofinstruction.-Canbeusedtoload/storeinstructionsbatchtransmissionofdata,toimprovedatatransmissionefficiency.-Inadataprocessinginstructionsinparallelprocessingandshiftlogicprocessing.-Cyclesintheuseoftheautomaticaddresschangestoimproveoperatingefficiency.Ofcourse,thestructureandCISC,comparedtoRISCstructuredespitetheseadvantages,ButneverRISCframeworkthatcanreplacetheCISCstructure,infact,RISCandCISCdifferentadvantages,butnotsoobviousboundaries.ModernCISCCPUoftenusetheexternalandinternaltotheRISCcharacteristics,AslongCPUinstructionsetistheintegrationofRISCandCISCadvantages,becomethefuturedevelopmentdirectionofoneoftheCPU.5.2.ARMmicroprocessorstructureARMprocessorregisteratotalof37registers,dividedintoanumberofgroups(BANK),whichregistersinclude:-31UniversalRegister,includingproceduresCounter(PCpointer),bothoftheregister32.-6stateregister,tomarktheworkoftheCPUstateandtheproceduresoftheoperations,both32.Currentlyusedonlyinpart.Meanwhile,ARMprocessorhassevendifferenttypesofprocessormodelIneachprocessormodelhasacorrespondinggroupwiththecorrespondingregister.Inanarbitraryprocessor第8页model,visittheRegister,including15generalregisters(R0-R14),1-2stateregisterandprocedurescounter.Registerinall,someoftheseventypesofprocessormodelwithasharedphysicalregister,Someoftheregisterisdifferentprocessorsunderdifferentmodelsofthephysicalregister.ARMprocessorontheRegister,thestructurebehindtherelevantsectionswillbedescribedindetail.InstructionsstructureofARMmicroprocessorARMmicroprocessorinthenewerarchitecturesupportTwoInstructionSet:ARMinstructionsetandThumbinstructionset.Amongthem,ARMinstructionstothe32lengthThumbinstructionsfor16length.ThumbinstructionsetfortheARMinstructionsetsubsetofthefunctions,butwiththeequivalentARMcodecomparison,save30%40%morestoragespace,while32havealltheadvantagesofcode.OntheARMprocessorinstructions,thestructurebehindtherelevantsectionswillbedescribedindetail.ARMmicroprocessor6.SelectionofARMmicroprocessorARMmicroprocessorlightofthemanyadvantagesFollowingthefieldofembeddedapplicationdevelopment,theARMmicroprocessorwillreceivewideattentionandapplication.However,theARMmicroprocessor,asmanyas10severalkernelstructure,dozensofchipmanufacturers.andavarietyofinternalfunctionalconfiguration,tothedevelopmentstaffintheselectionofprogramsbringsomedifficulties,soARMchipstodosomecomparativestudyisverynecessary.Flowingistheapplicationpointofview.TheARMmicroprocessoroptionstobeconsideredwhenthemainissuesofsomebrief.ARMmicroprocessorcorefromthechoiceearlieronthecontentsshowedthatARMmicroprocessorcontainsaseriesofcorestructurestosuitdifferentapplicationareas,IfuserswanttouseWinCEorstandardLinuxoperatingsystemtoreducesoftwaredevelopmenttime,ARM720TneedmorechoiceswithMMU(MemoryManagementUnit)functionalARMchips,ARM720T,ARM920T,ARM922T,ARM946T,Strong-ARMhastheMMUfunction.ARM7TDMIandMMUisnot,andwillnotsupportthestandardWindowsCEandLinux.ButtherearecurrentlynosuchuCLinuxMMUsupportoftheoperatingsystemcanrunonhardware-ARM7TDMITaiwanabove.第9页Infact,uCLinuxhasbeensuccessfullytransplantedtoavarietyofnon-MMUsmicroprocessorplatform.andthestabilityandotheraspectsofgoodperformance.ThebookunderdiscussionS3C4510Bsectionshallbenon-MMUARMmicroprocessor,intheirrunninguCLinuxoperatingsystem.ThefrequencyofthesystemfrequencyinalargeextentdeterminetheARMmicroprocessor-handlingcapacity.ARM7microprocessorseriesoftypicalprocessingspeedof0.9MIPS/MHmonARM7chipsystemmainclock20MHz-133MHz,ARM9microprocessorseriesoftypicalprocessingspeedfora.1MIPS/MHmonARM9mainsystemclockfrequencyof100MHz-233MHz.ARM10canreach700MHz.Differentclockchiptohandledifferent,andsomechipsneedonlyonemainclockfrequency,SomechipcontrollercanbeinternalclockforARMcoreandUSB,UART,DSP,Audiofunctionssuchasprovidingdifferentfrequencycomponentsoftheclock.ChipmemorycapacityofmostoftheARMmicroprocessorchipmemorycapacitynottoomuch,usersneedinthedesignofthesystemmemoryexpansionoutside,buttherewerealsosomechipwitharelativelylargechipstoragespace,IftheAT91F40162onATMELhasreached200MBofmemorychipproceduresspace,usersmayconsiderwhendesigningthistypechosentosimplifysystemdesign.ChipperipheralcircuitsinadditiontothechoiceofnuclearARMmicroprocessor,AlmostalltheARMchipisbasedondifferentapplicationareas,theexpansionoftherelatedfunctionalmodules,andintegratedintothechip,wecallonchipperipheralcircuits,suchasUSB,IISinterface,LCDcontroller,keyboardinterface,RTC,ADCandDAC,DSPcoprocessor,systemdesignersshouldanalyzethedemand,maximizetheuseofchipperipheralcircuitsnecessarytocompletethefunction,whichcouldsimplifythesystemdesign,improvethereliabilityofthesystem.第10页中文翻译稿ARM处理器前言就其本质而言单片机的程序员是真正的聪明人。他们把固定的设计和单片机创造出美妙的新产品是非常独特的方式。满足系统设计的最节俭且高需求和高计算。按方法进行主成分的工具链环境，正是因为这一原因，ARM的工具链工程师联手与CPU设计人员形成一个团队，对arm7tddmi处理器的设计合理、简化、并善后，。ARMCortex-M3这种结合的结果，代表原来的ARM体系结构得到了一个令人兴奋的发展。该装置的共混物是最佳特色的32位ARM架构与增加了几个新的能力的高度成功的thumb-2指令集的共同设计。尽管有这些变化，Cortex-M3依然保留简化程序的模型，ARM的忠实使用者还是能够很容易地识别它。ARM形成于1990先进的RISC机器有限公司和苹果电脑的合资企业，作为橡子计算机组和垂直分层空时码的初始许可。随后，更多的公司，包括德克萨斯的乐器和ST微电子，都许可ARM处理器的设计，ARM处理器的应用扩展到移动电话，电脑硬盘，个人数字助理，家庭娱乐系统，和许多其他的消费产品。如今，ARM的合作伙伴的企业在每年有20亿的ARM处理器过剩，不像许多半导体公司，ARM公司不直接制造处理器或销售芯片。相反，设计ARM处理器的商业合作伙伴，包括大多数的世界领先的半导体公司。因为ARM的低成本和低功耗的处理器设计的，这些合作伙伴们创造他们的处理器，微控制器，以及系统芯片的解决方案。第11页1.ARM先进的RISC机器ARM（AdvancedRISCMachines），既可以认为是一个公司的名字，也可以认为是对一类微处理器的通称，还可以认为是一种技术的名字。1991年ARM公司成立于英国剑桥，主要出售芯片设计技术的授权。目前，采用ARM技术知识产权（IP）核的微处理器，即我们通常所说的ARM微处理器，已遍及工业控制、消费类电子产品、通信系统、网络系统、无线系统等各类产品市场，基于ARM技术的微处理器应用约占据了32位RISC微处理器75以上的市场份额，ARM技术正在逐步渗入到我们生活的各个方面。ARM公司是专门从事基于RISC技术芯片设计开发的公司，作为知识产权供应商，本身不直接从事芯片生产，靠转让设计许可由合作公司生产各具特色的芯片，世界各大半导体生产商从ARM公司购买其设计的ARM微处理器核。根据各自不同的应用领域，加入适当的外围电路，从而形成自己的ARM微处理器芯片进入市场。目前，全世界有几十家大的半导体公司都使用ARM公司的授权，因此既使得ARM技术获得更多的第三方工具、制造、软件的支持，又使整个系统成本降低，使产品更容易进入市场被消费者所接受，更具有竞争力。2.ARM微处理器的应用领域及特点2.1ARM微处理器的应用领域到目前为止，ARM微处理器及技术的应用几乎已经深入到各个领域：工业控制领域：作为32的RISC架构，基于ARM核的微控制器芯片不但占据了高端微控制器市场的大部分市场份额，同时也逐渐向低端微控制器应用领域扩展，ARM微控制器的低功耗、高性价比，向传统的8位/16位微控制器提出了挑战。无线通讯领域：目前已有超过85%的无线通讯设备采用了ARM技术，ARM以其高性能和低成本，在该领域的地位日益巩固。网络应用：随着宽带技术的推广，采用ARM技术的ADSL芯片正逐步获得竞争优势。此外，ARM在语音及视频处理上行了优化，并获得广泛支持，也对DSP的应用领域提出了挑战。消费类电子产品：ARM技术在目