文献翻译——火灾报警系统

第1页外文文献资料FireAlarmSystemsThechoiceoffirealarmsystemdependsonthebuildingstructure,thepurposeanduseofthebuildingandcurrentlegislation.Inneworalteredbuildingstheenforcementbodyisthelocalbuildingcontrol,andtherelevantguidanceisexplainedinsectionneworalteredbuildings.AllexistingbuildingsexceptdomesticpremisesaresubjecttoTheRegulatoryReform(FireSafety)Order2005andtheResponsiblePerson,asdefinedintheorder,hastoconductafireriskassessment.ThisFRAwilldecidedtheappropriateBritishstandardnecessarytoprovideasuitableandsufficientsolutionforthepremises.TheenforcementbodyistheFireandRescueServiceandtheDepartmentofCommunitiesandLocalGovernment(DCLC)havepublishedanumberofguidancedocumentsforpremisessubjecttotheRR(FS)O.ThisisparticularlyimportantsincenoneofthelegislationgivesanydetailedinformationonthetypeofsystemrequiredbuttheguidanceusuallyindicatesappropriateBritishstandards.ThemainstandardforfirealarmsystemsisBS5839pt1:2013.Thisguidancecontainsbriefdescriptionsofthemajorcomponentswhichgotomakeupafirealarmsystem.Thepointstobeconsideredareintendedtohighlightthevariableswhichcanexistandneedtobeconsideredwhilstdesigningandcompilingaspecificationforcomponentparts.Itisnottheobjectofthisnotetoconsiderthedetailsofdifferentcircuittypesortodiscusstheirrelativemerits.TypesofFireAlarmSystemsAllFireAlarmSystemsessentiallyoperateonthesameprinciple.Ifadetectordetectssmokeorheatorsomeoneoperatesabreakglassunit(manual第2页breakpoint),thenalarmsoundersoperatetowarnothersinthebuildingthattheremaybeafireandtoevacuate.Itmayalsoincorporateremotesignalingequipmentwhichwouldalertthefirebrigadeviaacentralstation.FireAlarmSystemscanbebrokendownintofourcategories:Conventional，AnalogueAddressableWirelesssystems.ConventionalFireAlarmSystemInaConventionalFireAlarmSystem,anumberofcallpointsanddetectorsarewiredtotheFireAlarmControlPanelinZones.AZoneisacircuitandtypicallyonewouldwireacircuitperfloororfirecompartment.TheFireAlarmControlPanelhasanumberofZoneLamps.ThereasonforhavingZonesistogivearoughideaastowhereafirehasoccurred.Thisisimportantforthefirebrigadeandofcourseforthebuildingmanagement.TheaccuracyofknowingwhereafirehasstartediscontrolledbythenumberofZonesaControlPanelhasandthenumberofcircuitsthathavebeenwiredwithinthebuilding.TheControlPaneliswiredtoaminimumoftwosoundercircuitswhichcouldcontainbells,electronicsoundersorotheraudibledevices.Eachcircuithasanendoflinedevicewhichisusedformonitoringpurposes.AddressableSystemsThedetectionprincipleofanAddressableSystemissimilartoaConventionalSystemexceptthattheControlPanelcandetermineexactlywhichdetectororcallpointhasinitiatedthealarm.Thedetectioncircuitiswiredasaloopandupto99devicesmaybeconnectedtoeachloop.ThedetectorsareessentiallyConventionalDetectors,withanaddressbuiltin.TheaddressineachdetectorissetbydillswitchesandtheControlPanelisprogrammedtodisplaytheinformationrequiredwhenthatparticulardetectorisoperated.AdditionalFieldDevicesareavailablewhichmaybewiredtotheloopfordetectiononlyi.e.itispossibletodetectanormallyopencontactclosingsuchassprinklerflowswitch,oranormallyclosedcontactopening.SoundersarewiredinaminimumoftwosoundercircuitsexactlyasaConventional第3页System.LoopIsolationModulesareavailableforfittingontothedetectionloop/loopssuchthattheloopissectionedinordertoensurethatashortcircuit,oronefaultwillonlycausethelossofaminimalpartofthesystem.AnalogueAddressableFireAlarmSystemsAnalogueAddressableFireAlarmSystemsareoftenknownasIntelligentFireAlarmSystems.ThereareseveraldifferenttypesofAnalogueSystemsavailablewhicharedeterminedbythetypeofprotocolwhichtheyuse.ThebulkofstandardAnalogueDetectorsavailablearefairlystupidastheDetectorscanonlygiveoutputsignalsrepresentingthevalueofdetectedphenomena.ItisleftuptotheControlUnittodecidewhetherthereisafire,fault,pre-alarmorother.WithatrueIntelligentAnalogueSystemeachdetectoreffectivelyincorporatesitsowncomputerwhichevaluatestheenvironmentaroundit,andcommunicatestotheControlPanelwhetherthereisafire,faultorthedetectorheadneedscleaning.EssentiallyAnalogueSystemsarefarmorecomplexandincorporatefarmorefacilitiesthanConventionalorAddressableSystems.Theirprimarypurposeistohelppreventtheoccurrenceoffalsealarms.WiththeAnalogueAddressableSystem,upto127inputdevicesi.e.:SmokeDetectors,CallPoints,HeatDetectors,ContactMonitorsandotherinterfacedevicesmaybewiredtoeachdetectionloop.Inadditiontothe127InputDevices,upto32OutputDevicessuchasLoopSounders,RelayModulesandSounderModulesmaybeconnected.AnalogueSystemsareavailablein2,4and8loopversionswhichmeanslargepremisescanbemonitoredfromonesinglepanel.IsolatorunitsshouldbeconnectedbetweensectionsofdetectorsasdescribedforAddressableSystems.WirelessFireAlarmSystemWirelessfirealarmsystemsareaneffectivealternativetotraditionalwiredfirealarmsystemsforallapplications.Theyutilisesecure,licence-freeradiocommunicationstointerconnectthesensorsanddevices(smokedetectors,call-points,etc.)withthecontrollers.Itisasimpleconcept,which第4页providesmanyuniquebenefitsandisafullanalogueaddressablefiredetectionsystemwithouttheneedforcable.PanelsarefullyspecifiedinBritishStandards.Thisrequiresthatcircuitsaremonitoredcontinuouslyandthatbothaudibleandvisualindicationisprovidedforfaultandfirealarmconditions.Furtherrequirementsincludethatalarmsoundersmayonlybesilencedmanually,afterwhichthecontrolpanelmustprovideaudibleandvisualsignalsuntilthesystemisreset.Silencingofalarmsoundersmustnotpreventthealarmbeingraisedinotherzones.Itshouldbenotedthatthestandardsrequireallfault/alarmindicatorlampstobeinduplicateorasinglelampwithaudiblesignaloflampfailure.Controlandindicatingpanelsmayincludefacilitiesforoperationofancillaryservicessuchasfixedfireextinguishing,doorclosingetc.TheequipmentshouldnormallybesitedinanareaoflowfireriskandonthegroundfloorbytheentranceusedbytheFireandRescueServiceandpreferablyviewablefromoutsideofthebuilding.Itshouldbelocatedinanareacommontoallbuildingusersandwhereautomaticdetectionisinuse,theControlPanelshouldbeinaprotectedarea.AnalarmsoundershouldbesitednexttotheControlUnit,butnottoonearthetelephoneposition.AsuitablezonechartofthebuildingshouldnormallybeinstalledadjacenttotheControlPanel.DetectorHeadsThesecanbedividedintofourmaintypesHeatdetectors,Smokedetectors,CarbonMonoxidedetectorsandMultisensorsdetectors.HeatdetectorsHeatsensitivepointdetectorsPointdetectorscanagainbesubdividedtoafurthertwotypes.Bothtypesaresuitableforinclusioninopen,closedorlinemonitoredsystems.Lineardetectors第5页Thesecantaketheformofaheatsensitivecablewhichwilloperate,atapredeterminedtemperature,asanopencircuitdevice.Meltingofthecableinsulationprovidesashort-circuitbetweenconductors.Afteroperationthedestroyedlengthofcablemustbereplaced.Lineardetectorsmaybeusedinlargeareassuchaswarehouses.Alternativetypesoflineardetectorexistincludingtheheatpneumaticoperatingontherateofriseprinciple.SmokeDetectorsTherearethreebasictypesoperatingbyionization,lightscatteringandlightobscuring.IonisationThesegenerallycontaintwochambers.Oneisusedasareferencetocompensateforchangesinambienttemperature,humidityorpressure.Thesecondcontainsaradioactivesource,usuallyalphaparticle,whichionizestheairpassingthroughthechamberwhereacurrentflowsbetweentwoelectrodes.Whenanyoftheproductsofcombustionentersthechamberthecurrentflowdecreases.Thisdropisusedtoinitiateanalarm.LightobscuringIntheobscuringtypethesmokeinterfereswithalightbeambetweenalightsourceandphotocell,thevariationinphotocelloutputbeingusedtoinitiateanalarm.Thistypeofdetectioncanbeusedtoprotectlargeareaswiththesourceandphotocellpositionedsomedistanceapart.LightscatteringThelightscatteringdetectoroperatesontheTyndalleffect,aphotocellandlightsourceareseparatedfromeachotherbyadarkenedchambersuchthatthelightsourcedoesnotfallonthephotocell.Thepassageofsmokeintothechambercausesthelightfromthesourcetobescatteredandfallonthephotocell,thecelloutputbeingusedtoinitiateanalarm.第6页Thelightscatteringandlightobscuringdetectorsboth,detectvisiblesmoke.TheionizationdetectorandlightscatteringdetectorarenormallyeachasingleunitsuitableforBESAconduitboxmounting.Insomemodelsthesmokedetectorheadisattachedtothemainbodybyabayonetfixingforeasyremovalformaintenanceorreplacement.Itshouldbenotedthatsomedetectorsaresuitablefortwo-wirecircuitswhereasothersrequirethreeorfourwireconnections.Smokedetectorsrequireacontinuouspowersupply.Underquiescentconditionstheydrawacurrentofsome100microamps,andunderalarmconditions,some45milliamps.Thisneedstobeborneinmindwhensizingthepowersupply.Smokedetectorsgenerallyoperateon24d.c.RefertoBritishStandardCodesofPracticeandmanufacturersliteratureforinformationregardingthepositioningofsmokedetectors.Detectorsarenotsuitableforpositioninginkitchens,nearfireplacesorareaswithexcessiveexhaustfumes,orwithin2mofairsupplyductsordiffusers.CarbonMonoxidedetectorCOfiredetectorsareelectronicdetectorsusedtoindicatetheoutbreakoffirebysensingthelevelofcarbonmonoxideintheair.Carbonmonoxide,usuallyknownbyitschemicalformulaCO,isapoisonousgasproducedbycombustion.TheyarenotthesameasCOdetectorsusedforhomesafetywhichareusedtoprotectresidentsagainstcarbonmonoxideproducedbyincompletecombustioninappliancessuchasgasfiresorboilers.COfiredetectorsusethesametypeofsensorbutaremoresensitiveandrespondmorequickly.COdetectorshaveanelectrochemicalcell,whichsensescarbonmonoxide,butnotsmokeoranyothercombustionproducts.Thecellsdonotrequiremuchpower,sothedetectorscanbemadeelectricallycompatiblewithordinarysmokeandheatdetectors.Asfiredetectorstheyareeffectivebutonlyforcertaintypesoffire.Deep-seated,smoulderingfiresproducecarbonmonoxide,whichcanbedetectedsomedistancefromtheseatofthefire.ForthistypeoffireaCOfiredetectorwillprobablyoperatebeforeasmokedetector.Smokedetectors,however,willalmostalwaysgiveabetterresponsetoafirethathasproducedarisingplumeofsmoke.COfire第7页detectorswillgiveapoorresponsetoflamingfires.BecauseCOfiredetectorsworkondifferentprinciplesfromsmokedetectors,theirfalsealarmbehaviourwillbedifferent.Forexample,theywillnotbeaffectedbysteam,dust,orbymostcookingfumes.However,becauseoftheirhighsensitivity,theymayfalsealarmfromharmlesstransientlevelsofCOproducedbygasheatersstartingup,orfromvehicleexhaustfumesenteringthroughawindow.Theseeventswouldnotaffectanopticalsmokedetector.Asalways,thedetectormustbeselectedfortheapplication,toachievethebestbalancebetweenfiredetectioncapabilityandfalsealarms.TherearesomeknowndisadvantagesofCOfiredetectors.Oneisthattheelectrochemicalcellsattheheartofthedetectorshavealimitedlifetypicallysevenyearsandthattheyarenotfailsafe.Thedetectormightbe“dead”withoutthisfactbeingapparent.ForthisreasonameansofcheckingtheCOcellhasbeenincorporated.Anothercleardisadvantageisthepoorresponsetomanytypesoffire,especiallylifethreateningflamingfires.MultisensordetectorThisdetectorcombinesinputsfromopticalandheatsensorsandprocessesthemusingasophisticatedalgorithm.Whenpolledbythecontrolpanelitreturnsananaloguecountwhichisdeterminedbycombinedresponsesfrombothopticalandheatsensors.Theyaredesignedtobesensitivetoawiderangeoffiresandmaybeusedinplaceofanionisationdetectorinmanyinstances.OperatingprinciplesSignalsfromtheopticalsmokechamberandtemperaturesensorareindependent,andrepresentthesmokelevelandairtemperaturerespectivelyinthevicinityofthedetector;thedetectorsmicrocontrollerprocessesbothsignals.Thetemperaturesignalprocessingextractsonlyrateofriseinformationforcombinationwiththesmokesignal.Thedetectorwillnotrespondtoslowincreasesintemperaturebutalargesuddenchangecancause第8页analarmwithoutpresenceofsmoke,ifsustainedfor20seconds.Theprocessingalgorithmsinthemulti-sensorincorporatedriftcompensation.ManualCallPointsABreakGlassCallPointisadevicewhichenablespersonneltoraisethealarmbybreakingthefrangibleelementonthefascia.Theyshouldbemounted1.4mfromthefloorandsitedwheretheycanbeeasilyseen.ManualCallPointsshouldbesitedonthefloorlandingsofstairwaysandatexitstoopenair.ItshouldbenotedthatCallPointsshouldbefittedonthefloorsideofanaccessdoortoastaircasesotheflooroforiginisindicatedattheControlPanel.Extrapointsshouldbesited,wherenecessary,sothatthegreatesttraveldistancefromanypointinthebuildingtothenearestcallpointdoesnotexceed30m.AgreaternumberofCallPointsmaybeneededinhighriskareasoriftheoccupantsarelikelytobeslowinmovement.Flameproofcallpointsareavailable,alsohandleoperatedpointsforuseinareaswherebrokenglassmaycauseahazard.AlarmSoundersManytypesofalarmsoundersareavailableandincludeThefollowingfiguresgivesabroadindicationofthesoundlevelsofthevariousalarmsounders.Alsoindicatedaretypicalsoundlevelsforvariousindustrialandcommercialsituations.Analarmnoiselevelofnotlessthan5decibelsaboveambientshouldbeprovidedingeneralareasforadequateaudibilitybutinsleepingareasaminimumlevelintheorderof65decibelsand75decibelsatabedheadtowakesleepingoccupants.Itshouldbenotedthatmostdomehellsareintendedforusewithflushconduitorwiringsystems.Forsurfacewiringorconduitinstallationssurfacemountingadaptorboxesarenormallyrequired.Generallybells,electronicsoundersandsmallsirensareavailableforusewith6,12,24and48Vd.c.Sirensarenormallyoperatedatmainsvoltage,singleorthree-phasedependingonthemotorrating.Outdoorsirensshouldbefittedwithheatersandthermostatstoprotectagainstlowtemperatureconditions.Publicaddresssystemsmaybeusedforalarms,andvisualsignals第9页maybeusedinspecialcircumstances.PowerUnitsTwopowersuppliesarerequiredi.e.mainsandbatteryandthesearenormallybuiltintotheFireAlarmControlPanel.Standbybatteriesmustallowthesystemtooperatewithoutmainsfor24hourslongerthanthebuildingislikelytobeunoccupiedandthensupportthesoundersforanadditionalhalfhour.Ifthemainssupplyissupportedbyanemergencygeneratorthensixhoursstandbyplushalfanhouralarmloadissufficient.AllmodernFireAlarmSystemsare24volts.OnthemediumandlargersizedFireAlarmSystems,thestandbybatterieswilloftennotfitwithintheControlPanel.Wherestandbybatteriesarecontainedwithinaseparatehousing,thenthishousingmustbeascloseaspossibletothemainFireAlarmControlPanel.Ifthepowersupplyorbatteryhousingislocatedmorethan10metresfromthemainFireAlarmControlPanelthenseriousvoltdropproblemscanarise.Standbybatteriesareinvariablyofthesealedleadacidvariety.UseofNickelCadmiumBatteriesisnotcosteffectiveandautomotivebatteriesmustnotbefitted.DiversionRelaysandSupervisoryBuzzersNoBritishStandardexistsspecificallyforthisitemandindicatingpanels.Adiversionrelaypermitstheaudiblesignaluntilthesystemisreset.SelfContainedFireAlarmUnitsTheseunitsnormallyincorporatebreakglasscontact,firealarmsounder,batteryandcharger.Theunitsaresuitableforsmallhotels,shops,guesthousesetc.Asinglesoundercanbeexpectedtogivea3houralarm.Thisreducestoonehourwhenthreeadditional6bellsareinstalled.Selfcontainedunitsincorporatingsmokedetectorsarealsoavailable,TheynormallyincludevisualandaudibleindicatorsofthecircuitandpowersupplyfaultsinaccordancewiththeBritishStandard.第10页WiringandInstallationRecommendationsastosuitabletypesofwiringandcablesareincludedintheBritishStandardtogetherwithminimumconductorsizes,Italsoindicatessuitablecabletypesformonitoredornonmonitoredcircuitsaccordingtothetypeofinstallation.TheInstitutionofElectricalEngineersRegulationsfortheElectricalEquipmentofBuildingsRegulationsreferstothenecessarysegregationoffirealarmcircuitwiring.Provisionshouldbemadeforendlinedevicestobefitted,wherenecessary,forlinefaultmonitoring.InspectionandServicingThisinformationisprovidedforthegeneralguidanceoffiredetectionandfirealarmsystemusers.Asitisasummary,itomitsmuchoftheinformationincludedinBS5839part1.ItisthereforenotintendedtobeareplacementforthedetailedrecommendationsincludedwithinBritishStandard.RoutinetestingbytheuserItisvitalforaregulartesttobeundertakentoensurethattherehasnotbeenamajorfailureoftheentirefiredetectionandfirealarmsystemthatmayotherwisegounnoticed.InspectionandServicingbyacompetentpersonTheinspectionandservicingshouldbeundertakenbyorganisationswiththeappropriatecompetence.Thiscanbeassuredbytheuseoforganisationsthatarethirdpartycertificated,byaUKASaccreditedcertificationbody,specificallytocarryoutinspectionandservicingoffiredetectionandfirealarmsystems.Non-routineattentionThearrangementsintheabovesection,inspectionandservicingareintendedtomaintainthesysteminoperationundernormalcircumstances.However,fromtimetotime,thefirealarmsystemislikelytorequirenon-routine第11页attention,includingspecialmaintenance.Non-routinemaintenanceincludesAnyfalsealarminvestigationandsubsequentmodificationstothesystemtakesintoaccounttheguidanceprovidedinBS5839.Anyorganisationundertakingfalsealarminvestigationsandrelatedremedialworkshouldbeabletodemonstratetheircompetencetoundertakesuchwork.Thissectioncontainscomprehensiveinformationonallaspectsoflimitationoffalsealarms.ApolicyhasbeendevisedbytheDepartmentofCommunitiesandLocalGovernmentforFireandRescueServiceswhichisPoliciesforDealingwithUnwantedFireSignalsfromAutomaticFireAlarmsStatutoryRegulationsInadditiontogovernmentlegislation,byelawsandlocalpolicydocumentsexist,createdbylocalauthoritiesatbothdistrictandcountylevel,demandingtheinstallationoffirealarmsystems.Thesevaryfromareatoareaandadvicemustbesoughtfromtheappropriatelocalauthorityonanyregulationsinforce.第12页中文翻译稿火灾报警系统火灾自动报警系统的选择取决于建筑结构的建设和现有立法的目的和用途。在新的或改变建筑物的执法机构是当地的建筑控制，以及相关的指导意见，部分新的或改变建筑物解释。除住宅楼宇所有楼宇受监管改革（消防安全）令2005年和负责人，在该命令中定义，必须进行火灾风险评估。这FRA将决定所必需的适当英标，为处所的适当和足够的解决方案。执法机构是消防和救援服务与社区和地方政府部（DCLC）已经发表了一些指导性文件的场所受。这一点尤为重要，因为没有立法的给出了系统所需的任何类型的详细信息，但指导通常表明适当的英国标准。消防报警系统的主要标准是BS5839PT1：2013。本指南包含哪去弥补火灾报警系统的主要组成部分的简要说明。要考虑的点是为了突出它可以存在，并需要考虑，而对于部分设计和编制说明的是不是这个音符的对象来考虑不同的电路类型的详细信息或讨论其相对的变量优点。火灾报警系统的类型所有的火灾报警系统本质上相同的原理。如果探测器探测到烟雾或热或经营人休息玻璃单元，然后报警发声器操作，以警告他人在建筑，有可能会导致火灾和疏散。它也可能包括远程信号设备这将通过一个中央报警系统提醒消防队可以细分分为四大类：常规，模拟寻址,无线系统。传统的火灾报警系统在传统的火灾报警系统，一些呼叫点和检测器在区域连接到消防报警控制面板。A区是一个电路，通常人会连线每层或隔火间的电路。火灾报警控制面板拥有一批区灯具。究其原因，有区是给一个粗略的想法，以发生火灾的地方。这是很重要的消防队，当然对于楼宇管理。知道哪里发生火灾已开始的精度由区数的控制面板具有和已经在建筑物内的有线电路的数量进行控制。控制面板被连接到至少两个发声电路，其中可能包含的钟声，电子发声器或其他发声装置。每个电路具有一个用于监测目的线装置的一端。可寻址系统一个可寻址系统的检测原理类似于传统系统不同的是控制面板能够确定到底是哪探测器或致电点已启动报警。该检测电路被连接为一个循环，并多达99设备可以连接到每一个循环。该探测器基本上是常规型探测器，具有内置在每个探测器的地址，一个地址是由萝开关设置和控制面板进行编程时显示该特定检测运行所需的信息。附加的现场设备提第13页供可被连接到环路检测仅也就是说，它能够检测一个常开接点闭合，例如洒水流量开关，或一个常闭触点开口。探测器被连接在至少两个发声电路完全一样的常规系统。环路隔离模块可用于在该检测环路/线圈，使得环被分段，以确保短路，或一个故障将只导致系统的最小部分的损失拟合。模