外文翻译-变电站综合自动化系统的发展

英文原文DevelopmentinSubstationAutomationSystemsRobertKirkmanAbstract-Therapidpace1oftechnologicaldevelopmentshowsnosignofslowing.TechnologicaldevelopmenthashadandisstillhavingabigimpactonSubstationAutomationSystems.Nowadays,withthemovetowardselectricalutilityderegulationthroughouttheworld,itisimperativetoexploitthelatesttrends.Utilitiesandindustrymustbeabletoprovideanevenmoreefficientandcost-effectiveservice.Theymustultimatelyoptimisetheirassetsandstayaheadofthecompetition.Thispaperdescribes,byreflectingbackonSubstationAutomationhistory,todaysdevelopmentsandhowuserscouldutilisethemintheirSubstationAutomationSystems.Inadditionasummaryofthegainedbenefitsisgivenandsomereferencesareshown.KeynoteWords:SubstationAutomationSystems,electricutility.I.INTRODUCTIONSinceSiemensintroducedthefirstdigital/numericalanddecentralisedconceptforSubstationAutomationSystems(SINAUTLSA)20yearsago,somemajorachievementsandtrendshavehappened.ThefirstSubstationAutomationSystems(SASs)typicallyhadamaster-slavearchitectureinastartopologyandusedvendor-specificproprietaryprotocolswithintheSubstationandtoaNetworkControlCentre（NCC）/SCADASystem.Duetothenoninteroperabilityofcommunication&datamodelling,substationintegrationwasverycomplexandrisky.Thereforetheuserwasoftenboundtoonevendor.Theusageofprotocolconverterswasquiteoftenessential.Needlesstosay,inthosedaystheinteroperabilityofengineeringdatawasnotevenatopicofdiscussion.Themaster-slavearchitectureitselfcreatedsomeadditionalsystemimmanentlimitations:Station-wideautomationfunctionalityislocatedinthemasterMasterrepresentsabottleneckCommunicationbetweenmaster&slaveisinpollingmodeonly,i.e.noteventdrivenNodirectcommunicationbetweentwoslavesHardware,communicationequipmentandtheHumanMachineInterface(HMI)wereoftenfromonevendorandthusdevelopmentwasconstrained.Thisledtolimitationsinfunctionality,performanceandparticipationinnewdevelopments.Theswitchgearinterlockingwasmainlydonebyaseparateindependentsystem,whichwashardwiredinparalleltotheI/Ounits.TheconfigurationofaSASwasdoneofflineusingaPC/WorkstationandtheneitherprogrammedontoEPROMSorlaterdirectlyloadedontothemasterorI/0。Thesefirstsubstationautomationsolutionsfocusedongettingoperationaldata,e.g.voltage,currentandthestatusofswitchingdevicestoaNCC.Displayingthesedataprovidedasnapshotofthecurrentfunctionalandoperationalstatusofthesystem,thushelpingtoeasilyrunthesubstation,buttheydidntofferacompleteoverviewofthesystem.Inshort,thefirstimportantmilestonetowardssubstationautomationhadbeenachieved.Theuseofmicroprocessor-baseddecentralisedsystemsdid,however,leavelotsofroomforimprovement.TherapiddisseminationofITandcommunicationintodaysworldandtheusersdemandforasecureandsoundinvestmenthavedrivensubstationautomationtowardsmorestandardisation,interoperability,reliabilityandsuperiorperformance.Howdidwemeetthesenewrequirementsandaddresstheexistingandon-goingtrendsanddevelopments?II.TRENDS&DEVELOPMENTSINSASA.USEOFSTANDARDISEDCOMMUNICATIONBeforethenewIEC61850standardenteredtheSASworld,Ethernetwasalreadypresent.Forexample,EthernetwasusedasthecommunicationplatformbetweenHMIandthemasterunit.WhywasEthernettherightapproach?EthernetispartoftheInternetProtocolSuiteandisapacketswitchednetworkEthernetistodaysworldstandardforLANofficecommunicationEthernetsupportsmultiprotocols&servicesoveronephysicalmediumRedundancysuchasredundantfibreopticloopsisavailableIndustrialcommunicationisalsotrendingtowardsEthernetTheuseofEthernetinoursubstationautomationenvironmentprovidesstandardisedhighspeedcommunication.Awidevarietyofprovenequipmentandexperiencedengineersareavailable.Attheendoftheday,Ethernetenablesustomergeindustrial,powerandofficecommunicationtogether.Nobigsurprisethattherecentlyadoptedworld-widestandardIEC61850forsubstationcommunicationusesEthernetforlayersoneandtwo.ThemaindriversfordevelopingIEC61850weretoachieveinteroperabilityofprotectionandcontroldevices/systemsfromdifferentvendorsandtoenablemuchmorethanjustcommunication.Thesegoalsweremetbyconsideringthethreefundamentalparts1ofcommunicationwithinaSASnamely:DatamodelsoftheapplicationsServicesfortransferringthesedataRealcommunicationprotocols.Thedatamodelsandtheservicesrarelychangeinthecourseoftime.Therealprotocolsforimplementingthecommunicationcanintheorybeanythingandcanchange.IEC61850standardisesthedatamodels,thegenericservicesfortransferringthedataandspecifiesthefollowingrealprotocols:ManufacturingMessageSpecification(MMS)TCP/IPEthernetTheserealprotocolsmaybereplacedbynewonessothatthestandardkeepspacewithcommunicationtechnology.B.BENEFITINGFROMWEBTECHNOLOGYTherapiddisseminationandindisputableacceptanceoftheWorldWideWeb(WWW)madeusquestionthepossibilityofusingweb-basedservicesandsolutionsinourSASbusiness.Wecouldforinstanceusewebbrowserbasedconfigurationanddiagnosticstoolstoremotelyandcosteffectivelyaccessthesubstation.AnotheroptioncouldbetouseawebserverbasedHMItomonitorthesubstationandincorporateaddedvalue,e.g.byusingwebcams2.WesimplyusestandardcommunicationprotocolsfortheSAStogetherwiththestandardsfromtheIT-world,i.e.WWW-ServicesbasedontheHyperTextTransportProtocol(HTTP).Figure3showsanoverviewofaSASnetwork,whichcomprisestraditionaltelecontrolcommunicationbetweenaNCCandseveralsubstations,togetherwithclient/servertechnologyusingtheIntraandInternet.Eachsubstationcommunicatesusingtwoindependentprotocolsviathestationrouter.ThesetwoprotocolsarenamelythetraditionaltelecontrolprotocolDNPoverTCP/IPorIEC60870-5-104forcommunicationbetweenthesubstationandtheNCCandthemodernHTTP-basedcommunicationforcommunicationbetweenthesubstationandthewebclients.Itispossibletorunthesetwoprotocolsinparallelwithoutlossincommunicationperformance,duetothedesignofTCP/IPbasedcommunication,whichallowsdifferentapplicationsorservicestooperateoverthesamenetwork.Inlargesubstationsorestateswithmorethanonesubstationitmightbeofinteresttovisualiseasubstationusingweb-basedsolutions.Todothis,so-calledthinclientsandterminalservicescanbeusedwithinthesubstation.Forexample,Windows2003terminalservicescanbeinstalledonthesubstationswebserver,alongwiththerequiredapplicationsandsoftware.Eachthinclientopensitsownsessiononthewebserverandoperateslikeaterminal.Onlykeyboardsignals,mousesignalsanddisplaycontentsaretransmittedbetweenthethinclientandthewebserver,thereforereducingthesystemadministrationeffort.Variousoperatingplatforms,e.g.UNIX,Linux,Mac,canrunonthethinclients.Figure4showsanexampleofthinclienttechnologyusingterminalservices.PleasenotethatthemasterunitisreferredtoasthestationunitintodaysSASs.C.MAKINGCONFIGURATIONEASY&EFFICIENTAsdescribedinmyintroduction,thefirstandsocalledembeddedsystemsbasedonproprietaryhardwareneededanofflinetoolrunningnormallyonaPC/Windowsplatformtoconfigureanddownloaddataontothesystem.Theengineeringprocesscomprisedthesystemconfiguration(datamapping,automaticlogic,etc.),compilationintoabinarycodeanddownloadingontothemasterunit.Afterwhicharestartwasrequiredtochecktheresults.Thiswasverytimeconsumingandmainlydoneoffline.AnotherproblemaroseconcerningthelifecycletimeoftheSASandinnovationcycleoftheITworld.TheSASlifecycleisestimatedat15-20years,butavailabilityandsupportoftheassociatedhardandsoftwareismuchless.Inotherwords,after5-10yearsitisverydifficulttogetasuitablesetofcompatiblehardandsoftwaretoconfigureanexistingSAS.Substationretrofitsandextensionsareparticularlyaffected.Howdidwecombatthisproblem?Answer,westartedtousestandardisedcomponentssuchasspeciallydesignedindustrialcomponentswithalifetimeof15years(hardandsoftware).Sonowthestationunithasboththeruntimecomponentsandthenecessaryconfigurationtoolsalreadyonboard.Thismeansnocompilationandloadingontotheruntimesystemisnecessary.Changescanbemadeonlinewhichhelpstoacceleratetheengineeringprocessandaworkableplatformisavailabletomaintainandconfigurethesystemfortheentirelifecycle.D.MOVETODISTRIBUTEDINTELLIGENCEComparedtotheclassicalmaster/slavesystemsusedinthepast,theintelligencehasnowbeenmovedclosertotheprocessbyintroducingdistributedfunctionality.Todaysbayandprotectionunitshaveenhancedfunctionality,i.e.theSASisbasedondistributedintelligence.ThisapproachisfullysupportedbyIEC61850andtheso-calledGOOSE(GenericObjectOrientedSubstationEvent)mechanism.TheGOOSEmechanismreferstothebaytobayorpeertopeercommunicationbetweenIEDs.Thepeertopeercommunicationcannowbeusedfortimecriticalautomaticfunctionslikeloadshedding,fastnetworkrestoration,reverseinterlocking,etc.Needlesstosay,bayrelatedandstation-wideinterlockingcanbeeasilyimplementedusingGOOSE.Distributedintelligenceeliminatessystemlimitationsassociatedwithtypicalmaster/slavearchitectures,suchasbottlenecksinthemasterunit.Functionalredundancy,i.e.theHMIandstationunit(dataconcentrator)areindependentfromeachother,thusimprovingsystemavailability.AlthoughIEDsusingnewprotocolssuchasIEC61850andDNPoverTCP/IPcould,providedthatbandwidthisavailable,talkdirectlytoaSCADAsystem;astationunitactingasanintermediatedataconcentratorisstillusefulandnecessary,sincemostSCADAserversdonothaveenoughCPUcapacitytoprocessfrequentcommunicationexchangeswitheveryIED4.ThestationunitactsasaprotocoltranslatorandprovidestheSCADAwithasinglepointofentry.TheamountofdatacommunicatedtotheSCADAisreducedandthesystemandcontrolsarebettersecured.E.DEVELOPMENTOFENHANCED&COMPREHENSIVESECURITYOpen&standardTCP/IPbasedcommunicationrequiresenhancedsecurity,i.e.thetransportmustbesecuredusing,forexample,IPSec,VPN,WirelesswithWPA,inordertoensureprivacyofdata,voiceandvideostreams.Threatdefenceisimplementedtodefendtheedge,protecttheinteriorandguardtheendpoints.Detectionandpreventionagainstexternalattackscanbemanagedbyintegratednetworkfirewallsandintrusiondetectionsystems(IDS).Protectionagainstinternalattacksisatypicaltaskofintegratednetworksecuritysuchasnetworkbehaviouranalysis(NBA),policyimplementation,etc.hostprotectionagainstinfectionisnormallyimplementedbydesktopfirewallsandantivirussoftware.TrustandidentifybasednetworkingusingAAA(authentication,authorisationandaccounting)canbeimplementedtocontrolwhoorwhathasaccesstowhichresources.F.AIMTOMANAGENON-OPERATIONALDATAAfurtherchallengearisesfromtheuseofnewSASsandintelligenthigh-voltagesubstationswithintegratedmonitoring,whichisleadingtoanotherirreversibletrendtheincreaseintheamountofavailabledata,whichmustbeskilfullymanaged.ThesekindsofSASscontainaconsiderablenumberofIEDswhicharecapableoflocallystoringmeasuredvalues,faultrecordsandsignals,tobettersupportstatusmonitoringofthesubstationequipment.Wealsohavethenon-operationaldatalikegaspressure,gasdissolving,transformertemperature,lightning,weatherconditionsandprotectionrelaysettings.Thisdatamainlyremainsuntapped.AlsooldergenerationIEDsstillusinglegacyprotocolsdonothaveseparateindependentportsallowingdifferentuserstoretrievebothoperationalandnon-operationaldata.Thuseachtypeofuser,e.g.auserresponsibleformaintenance,hastoconnecttheIEDstoretrievetherequireddata.Aswediscussed(orlearnt)IEC61850usesEthernetandTCP/IPwhichprovidesonecommonhighspeeddatahighwaytotransmitallkindofdatasimultaneouslywithoutimpedingeachother.SoIEC61850solvestheproblemofdatatransmission,datamodelandinteroperability,butstillthereisagapbetweendatagenerationanddataunderstanding.Thefuturechallengewillbetodevelopandimprovedataanalysistechniquesandmethodologytoextractthemaximumbenefitfortheuser.Theseso-called“ExpertSystems”willbeabletogenerateandsupport,forexample,customisedreports,conditionbasedmaintenancefortransformer/circuitbreakerandprovidepredictablefuturehealthandperformanceofthepowersystem,i.e.optimiseassetmanagement.III.USERBENEFITSThemainfocusofallinnovationanddevelopmenthastobethegenerationofrealuserbenefits.Itistooeasytoassessuserbenefitbyonlyconsideringtheinvestmentcostandnotcomparingthelifecyclecosts.TheaddedvalueofamodernSASshouldbequantified.AccordingtoastudydonebyHelsinkiEnergyinNorway3thecomparisonoflifecyclecostsofconventionalandnumericalsecondarysystemsshowedthatafullynumericalsystemsaves25%comparedtoaconventionalone.ThefollowingbenefitsattempttoemphasisetheadvantagesofanewandfullynumericalSASusingIEC61850.TheIEC61850representsthefirstworld-widestandardforallinteroperableneedsinaSASenvironment.Thisstandardgivestheuserthefreedomofchoicewhenselectingequipmentfromdifferentvendorsandallowstheusertoeasilyintegratethechosenequipment.IEC61850runningonanEthernetbasedstationbusreducesthewiringandcommissioningtimebyprovidingonecommonplatformforallcommunicationwithinthesubstation.EngineeringexpensesplayanimportantroleintheSASlifecyclecosts.TheIEC61850withitsstandardisedsubstationconfigurationlanguagereducestheengineeringeffort.ThisisbecomingmoreandmorerelevantwhenimplementingcomplexfunctionsusingIEDsfromdifferentvendors,i.e.doingsubstationintegration.InourSASenvironmentweconsideralifetimeofapproximately15-20years,i.e.theinnovationcycleismuchlowerthanintheITworld.Inotherwordsweneedsystemsthatprovideasoundinvestment.ThereforetheIEC61850separatestheapplicationanddatamodelfromtherealcommunicationnetwork(today100Mbit/sEthernet).Thismeansfurtherandnewinnovationofcommunicationnetworkscanbeeasilyadapted.SASweb-basedsolutionsallowustobenefitfromtheavailableIntra-andInternetnetworksandprovideuswithaveryeconomicworld-wideplatform.Wecanofferuserfriendlyandconvenientremoteaccessfromanylocation,minimisecostlysubstationvisitandsitesupervision.Moreovervendorsareabletogivetheircustomersremotediagnosticandhotlinesupport.Thisresultsinamuchfasterandmoreeffectiveservice,especiallyifthecustomerandvendorspecialistsarelocatedindifferentcontinents.ThenewarchitectureusingdistributedintelligenceclearlyimprovesthereliabilityandperformanceoftheentireSAS.UsingtheGOOSEpeertopeercommunication,theparallelwiringandengineeringcostscanbereduced.Inaddition,troubleshootingandfurtherextensionoverthelifetimeismucheasier.IV.IEC61850REFERENCESAccordingtotheFrost&SullivanGlobalDevelopmentsinSubstationAutomation2006TechnicalInsightsPaper4SiemensholdsarecordforcommissioningtheworldsfirstSASbasedonIEC61850inWinznauschachenSwitzerlandearlyNovember2004,only6monthsaftertheIEC61850wasreleased.AnotherquiteimpressiveprojectusingIEC61850isGarzweilerSubstation,ownedbyRWEPower(Germanpowergenerationcompany).InJanuary2006SiemensannounceditshundredthprojectrunningonIEC61850NanqiaoSubstationownedbytheEastChinaPowerGridCompany.Ashortoverviewofeachapplicationisgivenbelow1,5.A.WINZNAUSCHACHENSWITZERLANDTheSwissdistributionnetworkoperatorAVAG,acompanyoftheAtelGroup,requesteda16kVsubstationtobefittedwithanIEC61850automationsystem.Figure9showsthecorrespondingautomationsystem.TheorderwasplacedinApril2004andtheautomationsystemhasbeeninservicesinceNovember2004.Itisanonredundantsystemfora16kVsubstation.ThenumberofIEC61850devicesis9andasmallRTUisusedtocollectandtransmitgeneralalarmsviatothestationunit.ThelinktotheSCADAsystemwasalsodoneusingIEC60870-5-101.B.GARZWEILERGERMANYTheGermanpowergeneratingcompanyRWEPowerhasequippedtheGarzweilersubstationwithequipmentcompliantwithIEC61850.Threesubstationswith110kV,25kVand6kVrespectively,supplyelectricitytoanopencastminewhichservesfourpowerstations.Figure10showsthecorrespondingautomationsystem.Theorderwasplacedinsummer2003andthesubstationautomationsystemhasbeeninservicesinceApril2005.ThesubstationhavealargenumberofIEC61850devices(134).ThelinktotheSCADAsystemissimilartoWinznauschachen,i.eusesIEC60870-5-101.AlinktotheofficewasinstalledtoallowconvenientremoteaccesstotheIEDs,HMI,andstationunitatanytime.C.NANQIAOCHINAEastChinaPowerGridCompanys500/220/35kVtransformersubstationNanqiaoplaysakeyroleinsupplyingthecityofShanghaiwithelectricity.Thisisduetoitspositionattheendofahigh-voltagedirectcurrenttransmission(HVDC)route,whereelectricityistransportedover1000km(600miles)fromGezhoubaincentralChinatoShanghai.ThisHVDCtransmissionsystemisthefirstoffourlargeHVDClong-distancelinksthatSiemenshasbuiltoriscurrentlyinstallinginChina.ForthemodernisationoftheNanqiaosubstation,SiemensisdeployingtheSicamPASstationautomationsystemtogetherwithSiprotec-4baycontrollersusingIEC61850.ThesystemhasbeenenergisedsinceJanuary2006.Figure11showsthesystemoverview.Datacommunicationbetweenthedevicesisviaseveralredundant100-Mbit/sEthernetfiberopticringsthatcomplywiththeIEC-61850standard.TheautomationsystemislinkedwithanHMIsystemfromaChinesemanufacturerviathetelecontrolprotocolIEC60870-5-104.Itisafullyredundantsystemwith80IEDsandtwolinkstotheSCADAsystem.OnelinkusesIEC60870-5-101theotheroneIEC60870-5-104.V.CONCLUSION-OUTLOOKIEC61850willdramaticallyreducethenumberofprotocolsintheSASandwillbefurtherdevelopedtotalkuptotheSCADA/NCCcreatingaso-calledseamlesstelecommunicationarchitecture.FurthermoreIEC61850willdefinetheprocessbuswithrealtimeEthernet,whichwillalsohaveanimpactontheSASarchitecture.TheabilitytointegratetodaysvastlyinstalledIEDsthatstilluselegacyprotocols,i.e.supportmultipleprotocolswhendoingsubstationintegration,remainsessentialforthefuture.Theincreasingavailabilityofnon-operationaldatausingintelligentIEDswillallowustodevelopbetterexpertsystemsforoptimisingassetmanagement.Theuseofnewweb-basedapplicationsandserviceswillfinditsplaceinthisfieldandprovideutilitiesandindustrywithnewbusinessopportunities.中文译文变电站综合自动化系统的发展RobertKirkman摘要-没有任何迹象表明科技的快速发展脚步会放缓。科技发展已经而且一直对变电站自动化系统产生一个大的冲击。如今，随着全世界对电气公共设施撤销管制规定的发展动向，我们必须采用最新技术。公共事业和工业必须提供更高效益的服务。他们最终必须能够优化资产和保持领先的竞争优势。.本文通过对变电站综合自动化历史的追溯介绍其现今发展情况以及在变电站综合自动化系统中用户如何利用先进自动化技术。此外，还总结了取得的好处，给出了一些参考意见。关键词：变电站综合自动化系统，电力事业。一、概述自从西门子公司20年前首次推出变电站自动化系统中的数码/数值和分散概念，一些主要的成就和趋势便应运而生。第一个变电站综合自动化系统（SASs）通常有一个星形拓扑结构的主从式构架，并且在变电站内部使用特定的网络协议，构成一个网络控制中心（NCC）/SCADA系统。由于非互用性的沟通和数据模型，变电站一体化是非常复杂的。因此，用户一般是必然的一个供应商。协议转换器的使用往往至关重要。不用说，那时工程数据的互通性甚至没有作为一个主要主题加以讨论。该主从式构架本身存在一些额外的系统固有的局限性：变电站的全自动化功能全部由主机控制主机功能存在瓶颈效应主机和分机的交流仅使用查询模式，而不是事件的驱动分机之间没有直接的联系硬件，通信设备和人机界面（HMI）往往是来自一个供应商，从而自动化发展受到限制，包括功能、性能和新技术的应用等各个方面。开关连锁主要是做成平行于I/O单元的独立系统。一个变电站自动化系统配置上做成离线状态时使用个人电脑/工作站，然后编程到EPROMS上或者稍后直接登录到主机或I/O端口上。第一批变电站综合自动化的解决方案重点放在获得业务数据，例如网络控制中心的电压，电流和开关器件的状态等。显示这些数据需要提供系统当前功能和运行状况的瞬时记录，从而使变电站容易运行，但这些数据并不能表示系统的整体概况。总之，变电站综合自动化第一阶段重要里程碑已经实现。以微处理器为基础的分散式系统的使用为以后的改进留下了很多余地。信息技术的快速传播和现代社会的通讯技术以及用户对安全良好投资环境的需求带动变电站自动化向更标准化，互通性，可靠性和优越性方向发展。我们怎样做才能满足这些新的要求并且解决现有的和持续发展的的趋势变化