专业英语复习资料

专业英语复习资料1. 专业词语互译：（考其中20个）No.EnglishChinese1Client contract客户合同2Preliminary design初步设计3Building maintenance建筑物维护4Site inventory场地盘查5Multi-storey block多层建筑群6Bearing capacity承载能力7Reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土8Concrete strip foundation混凝土条形基础9Bent reinforcement bars弯起钢筋10Construction joint施工缝11Partition walling隔墙12Distribution reinforcement bars分布钢筋13Unset concrete未凝固混凝土14Fire-resisting quality防火质量15Horizontal supporting timber横向支撑木板16Waterproof membrane防水薄膜17Concrete cover混凝土保护层18Ceiling joist天花龙骨19Reinforcement stirrupU型箍筋20Hollow pot空心砌块21Gable roof双坡屋面22Sheet metal flashing金属挡水板23Welted joint咬口接缝24Insulation quilt保温毡25Tar felt油毡26Perimeter beam圈梁27Concrete cladding skin混凝土围护层28Prefabricated unit预制构件29Tolerance margin容许误差界限30Balcony floor unit阳台板构件31One and a half brick wall一砖半墙32Sub-pavement tunnel路下穿行隧道33Tube system管道施工隧道34Tramway system轻轨交通系统35Driven steel pile打入式钢桩36Diaphragm reinforced concrete walling钢筋混凝土地下连续墙37Brick shaft砖砌竖井38Outline cross section剖面轮廓线39Compressive strength抗压强度40Frostproof course防冻层41Subsoil stability地基稳定42Cable-stayed bridge斜拉桥43Prestressed concrete预应力混凝土44Cycle track自行车道45Steel caisson钢沉箱46Box section beam箱梁47Clear span净距48Standby lane备用车道49Backdrop manhole跌级沙井50Risk of pollution污染的危险性2. 英译中：（考其中5句）1. It is important for a novice designer to understand the fact that beautiful and practical design solutions dont appear out of thin air like magic.2. The design process is a framework of steps, incorporating both rational and intuitive phrases, that aid the designer to organize his/her work, thoughts, and feelings in an effort to produce the best design solution possible.3. The purpose of a foundation is to carry the load of a structure and spread it over a greater area, evenly and without undue settlement, to the ground beneath.4. A foundation normally consists of either plain or reinforced concrete, which should be laid sufficiently below the ground frost level to avoid the possible danger of frozen soil lifting it.5. Precast concrete blocks are made by pouring unset concrete into a mold and allowing it to harden.6. Solid walling is generally constructed of either bricks, precast concrete blocks or in-situ concrete.7. Solid ground floors are neatly always of concrete laid on hardcore beds and are reinforced with mesh reinforcement.8. The inclusion of reinforced beams in a reinforced concrete floor adds to its strength and loading capacity.9. The main advantages of flat roofs are that they are comparatively simple to construct and generally less costly than pitched roofs.10. In the design of pitched roofs, one of the most important factors is the degree of the pitch or slope, which depends mainly on the material used to cover the roofs.11. The disruption of road and real traffic, so often experienced when a flyover, an underpass or a service is being constructed, can be minimized in those constructions incorporating prefabrication.12. The main advantage of factory industrialized building is that the prefabricated units can be produced to a very high standard of precision and a consistently high quality.13. There remains very little in the world of building and civil engineering that cannot be constructed effectively and attractively by means of prefabricated units.14. The inability of existing road systems of large towns to cope with modern traffic requirements has made tunnel construction a proposition well worth serious consideration.15. Modern equipment and ingenuity have enabled the construction of tunnels to be far less laborious than hitherto.16. The ability of roads to enable traffic to flow freely and safely between the industrial and commercial centres contributes enormously towards a progressive economy.17. According to Leonhardt, the composite concrete deck is also economical for triple-span cable-stayed suspension bridge, but only for those with a center span of up to 700 meters.18. In planning the layout of drains (normally regarded as pipes serving one building) or sewers ( pipes serving more than one building), the pipes should, wherever possible, fall with the ground contours, so that the excavation is kept to a minimum.阅读理解（考其中三段，题型为判断题以及单选题）：Passage One: Structural DesignIn structural engineering, structural design is an iterative process of applying engineering mechanics and past experience to create a functional, economic, and, most importantly, safe structure for the public to inhabit or to use. Using structural analysis techniques and conforming to design specifications and the local design codes, the structural design engineer works to create a solution that is to everyones benefit. Structural design is an expression of an understanding of the flow of forces. The distribution of forces is initially understood diagramatically and mathematically. Based on this scientific understanding, sketches of members and connections are developed. Structural design which is highly expressive of the flow of forces is also associated with modern architectural design.Structural design includes accommodation for the practicalities of construction, including on site assembly, shop assembled components, accessibility, and maintenance.Passage Two: Deep FoundationA deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth they are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints (like property lines). There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, and piers. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete and pre-tensioned concrete. Deep foundations can be installed by either driving them into the ground or drilling a shaft and filling it with concrete, mass or reinforced.Passage Three: Load-bearing wallA load-bearing wall or bearing wall, is one in which a wall of a structure bears the weight and force resting upon it, conducting the vertical load from the upper structure to the foundation. A bearing wall is opposed to a curtain wall, which uses the strength of a sub-wall to bear the weight of the curtain such as the brick facade on a skyscraper, and superstructure, usually a steel frame, to carry the weight of the floors and walls inside the curtain walls protection. The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick.Passage Four: Floor numberingIn most of continental Europe, as well as the British Isles and much of the Commonwealth and Latin America, the floor at the ground level is the ground floor and the floor above is the first floor, which maintains the continental European use that dates from the days of the construction of palaces.In North American usage (with certain exceptions in Quebec),however, the floor at the ground level is usually, but not always, the first floor and the floor above is the second floor; this system is also used in Russia, parts of Scandinavia outside Denmark and some countries of the former Soviet Union or Eastern bloc.China, Taiwan, and Japan follow the American system, except that the numbers used are cardinals (1F, 2F) rather than ordinals (1st/2nd fl. or fl. 1/2).Passage Five: Pavement engineeringPavement engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to design and maintain flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavements. This includes streets and highways and involves knowledge of soils, hydraulics, and material properties. Pavement engineering involves new construction as well as rehabilitation and maintenance of existing pavements. Maintenance often involves using engineering judgment to make maintenance repairs with the highest long-term benefit and lowest cost. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is an example of an engineering approach applied to existing pavements. Another example is the use of a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to non-destructively test existing pavements. Calculation of pavement layer strengths can be performed from the resulting deflection data.Passage Six:. PrefabricationPrefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out.The term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than structures at a fixed site. It is frequently used when fabrication of a section of a machine or any movable structure is shifted from the main manufacturing site to another location, and the section is supplied assembled and ready to fit. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called sub-assemblies to distinguish them from the other components.Passage Seven: Types of bridgesThere are six main types of bridges: beam bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges and truss bridges: (1) Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by piers. Weight on top of the beam pushes straight down on the piers at either end of the bridge.(2) Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers horizontal beams that are supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use two cantilever arms extending from opposite sides of the obstacle to be crossed, meeting at the center. (3) Arch bridges are arch-shaped and have abutments at each end. The weight of the bridge is thrust into the abutments at either side. (4) Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the floor of a lake or river. (5) Like suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately shorter. (6) Truss bridges are composed of connected elements. They have a solid deck and a lattice of pin-jointed girders for the sides. Passage Eight: Civil EngineeringCivil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction an