How-to-paraphrase.ppt

Paraphrase WriteitinYourOwnWords Whatis paraphrase paraphrasev Tn expressthemeaningof apieceofwriting statement etc indifferentwords espinordertomakeiteasiertounderstandIfyouparaphrasesomeoneorparaphrasesomethingthattheyhavesaidorwritten youexpresswhattheyhavesaidorwritteninadifferentway toexpresswhatsomeoneelsehassaidorwrittenusingdifferentwords especiallyinordertomakeitshorterorclearer Aparaphraseis yourownrenditionofessentialinformationandideasexpressedbysomeoneelse presentedinanewform onelegitimateway whenaccompaniedbyaccuratedocumentation toborrowfromasource amoredetailedrestatementthanasummary whichfocusesconciselyonasinglemainidea Paraphrasingisavaluableskillbecause itisbetterthanquotinginformationfromanundistinguishedpassage ithelpsyoucontrolthetemptationtoquotetoomuch thementalprocessrequiredforsuccessfulparaphrasinghelpsyoutograspthefullmeaningoftheoriginal 6StepstoEffectiveParaphrasing 1 Rereadtheoriginalpassageuntilyouunderstanditsfullmeaning 2 Settheoriginalaside andwriteyourparaphraseonanotecard 3 Jotdownafewwordsbelowyourparaphrasetoremindyoulaterhowyouenvisionusingthismaterial Atthetopofthenotecard writeakeywordorphrasetoindicatethesubjectofyourparaphrase 6StepstoEffectiveParaphrasing 4 Checkyourrenditionwiththeoriginaltomakesurethatyourversionaccuratelyexpressesalltheessentialinformationinanewform 5 Usequotationmarkstoidentifyanyuniquetermorphraseologyyouhaveborrowedexactlyfromthesource 6 Recordthesource includingthepage onyournotecardsothatyoucancredititeasilyifyoudecidetoincorporatethematerialintoyourpaper Someexamplestocompare Theoriginalpassage Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal research paper Probablyonlyabout10 ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter Therefore youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes Lester JamesD WritingResearchPapers 2nded 1976 46 47 Alegitimateparaphrase Inresearchpapersstudentsoftenquoteexcessively failingtokeepquotedmaterialdowntoadesirablelevel Sincetheproblemusuallyoriginatesduringnotetaking itisessentialtominimizethematerialrecordedverbatim Lester46 47 Ifyourepeatsomethingverbatim youuseexactlythesamewordsaswereusedoriginally Anacceptablesummary Studentsshouldtakejustafewnotesindirectquotationfromsourcestohelpminimizetheamountofquotedmaterialinaresearchpaper Lester46 47 Aplagiarizedversion Studentsoftenusetoomanydirectquotationswhentheytakenotes resultingintoomanyoftheminthefinalresearchpaper Infact probablyonlyabout10 ofthefinalcopyshouldconsistofdirectlyquotedmaterial Soitisimportanttolimittheamountofsourcematerialcopiedwhiletakingnotes ParaphrasingExercise Directions Onaseparatepieceofpaper writeaparaphraseofeachofthefollowingpassages Trynottolookbackattheoriginalpassage 1 TheAntarcticisthevastsourceofcoldonourplanet justasthesunisthesourceofourheat anditexertstremendouscontrolonourclimate Jacques Cousteautoldthecamera ThecoldoceanwateraroundAntarcticaflowsnorthtomixwithwarmerwaterfromthetropics anditsupwellingshelptocoolboththesurfacewaterandouratmosphere Yetthefragilityofthisregulatingsystemisnowthreatenedbyhumanactivity From CaptainCousteau Audubon May1990 17 Sampleanswer 1 AccordingtoJacquesCousteau theactivityofpeopleinAntarcticaisjeopardizingadelicatenaturalmechanismthatcontrolstheearth sclimate Hefearsthathumanactivitycouldinterferewiththebalancebetweenthesun thesourceoftheearth sheat andtheimportantsourceofcoldfromAntarcticwatersthatflownorthandcooltheoceansandatmosphere CaptainCousteau 17 Trytoparaphrase 2 Thetwentiesweretheyearswhendrinkingwasagainstthelaw andthelawwasabadjokebecauseeveryoneknewofalocalbarwhereliquorcouldbehad Theyweretheyearswhenorganizedcrimeruledthecities andthepoliceseemedpowerlesstodoanythingagainstit Classicalmusicwasforgottenwhilejazzspreadthroughouttheland andmenlikeBixBeiderbecke LouisArmstrong andCountBasiebecametheheroesoftheyoung Theflapperwasborninthetwenties andwithherbobbedhairandshortskirts shesymbolized perhapsmorethananyoneoranythingelse America sbreakwiththepast FromKathleenYancey English102SupplementalGuide 1989 25 Flapper ayoungwomaninthe1920swhohadshorthair woreshortdresses andhadalotoffunatparties Sampleanswer 2 Duringthetwentieslawlessnessandsocialnonconformityprevailed Incitiesorganizedcrimeflourishedwithoutpoliceinterference andinspiteofnationwideprohibitionofliquorsales anyonewhowishedtobuyadrinkknewwheretogetone MusicianslikeLouisArmstrongbecomefavorites particularlyamongyoungpeople asmanyturnedawayfromhighlyrespectableclassicalmusictojazz Oneofthebestexamplesoftheanti traditionaltrendwastheproliferationofyoung flappers womenwhorebelledagainstcustombycuttingofftheirhairandshorteningtheirskirts Yancey25 Trytoparaphrase 3 Ofthemorethan1000bicyclingdeathseachyear three fourthsarecausedbyheadinjuries Halfofthosekilledareschool agechildren Onestudyconcludedthatwearingabikehelmetcanreducetheriskofheadinjuryby85percent Inanaccident abikehelmetabsorbstheshockandcushionsthehead From BikeHelmets UnusedLifesavers ConsumerReports May1990 348 Sampleanswer 3 Theuseofahelmetisthekeytoreducingbicyclingfatalities whichareduetoheadinjuries75 ofthetime Bycushioningtheheaduponimpact ahelmetcanreduceaccidentalinjurybyasmuchas85 savingthelivesofhundredsofvictimsannually halfofwhomareschoolchildren BikeHelmets 348 Trytoparaphrase 4 Matisseisthebestpaintereveratputtingthevieweratthescene He sthemostrealisticofallmodernartists ifyouadmitthefeelofthebreezeasnecessarytoalandscapeandthesmelloforangesasessentialtoastilllife TheCasbahGate depictsthewell knowngatewayBabelAassa whichpiercesthesouthernwallofthecitynearthesultan spalace Withscrubbycoatsofivory aqua blue androsedelicatelyfencedbytheliveliestgrayoutlineinarthistory MatissegetstheessenceofaTangierafternoon includingthesubtlepresenceofthebowaab thesentrywhositsandsurveysthosewhopassthroughthegate FromPeterPlagens BrightLights Newsweek 26March1990 50 HenriMatisse TheCasbahGate Sampleanswer 4 Matissepaintingsareremarkableingivingtheviewerthedistinctsensoryimpressionsofoneexperiencingthescenefirsthand Forinstance TheCasbahGate takesonetothewalledcityofTangierandtheBabelAassagatewayneartheSultan spalace whereonecanimaginestandingonanafternoon absorbingthesplashofcolorsandthefineoutlines Eventhesentry thebowaabvaguelyeyeingthosewhocomeandgothroughthegate blendsintothesceneasthoughreal Plagens50 Trytoparaphrase 5 WhiletheSearsTowerisarguablythegreatestachievementinskyscraperengineeringsofar it sunlikelythatarchitectsandengineershaveabandonedthequestfortheworld stallestbuilding Thequestionis Justhowhighcanabuildinggo StructuralengineerWilliamLeMessurierhasdesignedaskyscrapernearlyone halfmilehigh twiceastallastheSearsTower AndarchitectRobertSobelclaimsthatexistingtechnologycouldproducea500 storybuilding Howmuchhigherskyscrapersofthefuturewillrisethanthepresentworldmarvel theSearsTower isunknown However thedesignofonetwiceastallisalreadyontheboards andanarchitect RobertSobel thinkswecurrentlyhavesufficientknow howtobuildaskyscraperwithover500stories Trytoclarifythefollwingsentences 1 Sincetheyargued shehasbeengiventhecoldshoulderbyherfriend Sincetheyargued shehasbeenignoredbyherfriend 2 Heisahardnuttocrack Heisapersonthatisdifficulttoconvince 3 WhocaresifIranaredlight Stopbeingsuchabackseatdriver Anannoyingpersonwhoisfondofgivingadvicetothepersonperformingataskordoingsomething especiallywhentheadviceiseitherwrongorunwelcome 4 It spastfiveo clocksolet scallitaday Stopapart