1999~2010英语专业八级考试题【英译汉】答案汇总.doc

1999原文In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places. In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce. Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself. To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family they need children to enrich the circle, to validate its family character, to gather the redemptive influence of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution uniquely available, at least in principle, for security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile, world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension. 翻译在某些社会中，人们希望拥有孩子是出于所谓的家庭原因：传宗接代，光宗耀祖，讨好祖辈，使那些涉及到家庭的宗教仪式得以正常进行。此类原因在现代世俗化的社会中似显苍白，但它们在其他地方曾一度构成并确实仍在构成强有力的理由。此外，有一类家庭原因与下列类别不无共通之处，这便是：生儿育女是为了维系或改善婚姻：能拴住丈夫或者使妻子不致于无所事事；修复或重振婚姻；多子多孙，以为家庭幸福惟有此法。这一点更可以由其反 面得到昭示：在某些社会中，无法生儿育女（或无法生育男孩）对婚姻而言是一种威胁，还可作为离婚的现成借口。后代对于家庭这一体制本身所具有的深远意义远非如此。对许多人来说，夫妻两人尚不足以构成一个真正意义上的家庭夫妻需要孩子来丰富其两人小天地，赋予该小天地以真正意义上的家庭性质，并从子孙后代身上获取某种回报。孩子需要家庭，但家庭似乎也需要孩子。家庭作为一种社会机构，以其特有的方式，至少从原则上说，可在一个变幻莫测、常常是充满敌意的世界中让人从中获取某种安全、慰藉、保障，以及价值取向。2000If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death”, they m us t believe that some deaths nm on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimelya long life is thought to be a full one. But with th e passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the m easure of that life was still to be taken. History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of MariLarry Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and co mplete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only h alf playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The id ea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measure d by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue. 提起英年“早逝”，人们或有所指。人们定会相信有些人死亡的时刻更为适宜。寿终正寝极少称为“早逝”。长寿即意味着生命之完整。但英年早逝常令人感到逝者美好时光尚未到来，一生之评说尚未做出。然而，历史却否认这点,提起杰出的早逝者，人们定会亿起玛丽莲梦露和詹姆士迪恩。两人生命短暂，却完美无缺。诗人约翰济慈26岁与世长辞，作家们对此难以接受。而他们自己过了26岁时却只能半开玩笑地认为今生今世无所作为。生命短暂即未成果这观念荒谬无理。生命的价值取决于它留给世界的印象、它的贡献及它的美德。来2001 Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighbo rhood would have been Thoreaus idea of the low levels. The active discipline o f heightening ones perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more impor tant efforts. Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life- engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfactio n we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleas u re of taking pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless. We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without diffi culty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the roles. It is e asier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly ar bitrary roles, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.梭罗所理解的“低层次”，即为了拥有而去拥有，或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的“高层次”，则是这样一种积极的人生戒律，即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于他从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力，他可将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿，但他在膳食方面所投入的精力仅果腹而已，只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务，他便别无所求。付出努力才是其本质所在，除非我们终生与困难为伴，否则就无幸福可谈。正如济慈所 言，除去不可能做的事，我们一生获得的满足有多大，取决于我们选择的困难有多强。罗伯 特福剂罗斯特谈到“苦中求乐”时，也有异曲同工之理。就通常宣传的幸福而言，其致命弱 点在于声称不用付出努力即可获得幸福。我们甚至在竞赛中寻求困难。我们需要困难，因为没有困难也就无所谓竞赛，竞赛是制 造困难以求得乐趣之道。竞赛规则就是任意强加的困难。违犯竞赛规则就是破坏乐趣。下棋 时，随心所欲，肆意更改强制之规更易获胜。然而乐趣源于获胜而又遵守规则。没有困难就没有乐趣。【2002年8级测试英译汉】The word “winner” and “loser” have many meanings1. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society2.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence, and manipulating others3. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable4. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge5. They can separate facts from opinions and dont pretend to have all the answers6. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them7.Winners do not play“helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game8. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.【参考译文】“成功者”和“失败者”这两个词含义很多。当我们将某人称作成功者时，我们并非指他是一个让别人失败的人。对我们来说，成功者乃是这样一个人，无论作为一个个人抑或作为社会的一分子，他的一切反应均由衷而发，富有诚信，值得信赖，反应敏捷，从不虚伪。成功者不会穷其毕生之精力，执着于自我之臆想。相反，他们会保持自己的本色。正因如此，他们不装腔作势，不自命不凡，不对别人指手画脚。他们知道，真爱不同于装爱，真傻有异于装傻、博学有别于卖弄。成功者无需面具来伪装。成功者无畏于独立思考，无畏于独立判断、独当一面。他们能够在事实与传闻之间明辨是非，不会假称自己无所不晓。他们倾听别人意见，择善从之，最终得出自己的结论。成功者敬仰尊重别人，但他不会受制于人、不会被他们所摧垮、不被他们所束缚、不会被他们所吓倒。成功者不故意“示弱”，也从不怨天尤人。他们会毅然肩负起人生的责任。2003In his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?” she asks. Hes astonished she cant see them. “Where! Why everywhere,” he replies. For thought they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being.”在其经典小说开拓者中，詹姆士菲尼摩尔库珀让主人公，一个土地开发商，带他的表妹参观正在由他承建的一座城市。他描述了宽阔的街道，林立的房屋，热闹的都市。他的表妹环顾四周，大惑不解。她所看见的只是一片树林。“你想让我看的那些美景和改造了的地方在哪儿啊?”她问道。他见表妹看不到那些东西，感到很惊讶。“哪儿?到处都是啊!”他答道。虽然那些东西还未建成在大地上，但他已在心中将它们建好了。对他来说，它们都是实实在在的，宛如已建成竣工一样。库珀这里阐明的是一种典型的美国人特性：着眼于未来，即能够从未来的角度看待现在；可以自由地不为过去所羁绊，而在情感上更多地依附于未来的事物。正如阿尔伯特爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样：“对美国人来说，生活总是在发展变化中，从来不会静止不变。”2004For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness. Im lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a brea k, when fro the time being I feel empty ad need filling up. And I am lonely somet imes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of peopl e and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sor ted out. Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my se lf is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person. It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment co mes when the worlds falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconsc ious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly un derstood.只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要填补的时候，我才寂寞。而有时在我巡回演讲后回家时，在我见了许多人，讲了许多话，且经历多得需要清理时，我才寂寞。于是有那么一小会儿感觉房子又大又空，我都不知道我的自我藏在哪儿了。于是我会给植物浇浇水，或者将它们再挨个儿瞅瞅，好像它们是人一样。这样我才慢慢地重新找回自我。好大一会儿，我看着水浪从喷泉中喷涌而出，但只有当世界在我身边逐渐消逝时，那一时刻才会到来，自我又从内心深处的无意识中冒出来，带来我最近的种种经历，让我探究，慢慢领会。【2005年8级测试英译汉】 It is simple enough to say that since books have classes fiction, biography, poetry we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us1. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices2. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author: try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice3. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read4. But if you open your mind as widely as possible5, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this6, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.【参考译文】既然书有小说、传记、诗歌之分，我们就应把它们分类，从各类书中汲取其应该给予我们的营养。这话说来很简单。然而很少有人要求从书籍中得到它们所能提供的养分。我们总是三心二意地带着模糊的观念去看书，要求小说必须真实，要求诗歌必须虚构，要求传记阿谀逢迎，要求史书能加强自己的偏见。读书时如能抛开这些先入之见，便是极好的开端。不要对作者指手划脚，而要尽力与作者融为一体，共同构思，共同创作。如果你不参与，不投入，而且一开始就百般挑剔，那你就无缘从书中获得最大益处。你若敞开心扉，虚怀若谷，那么书中精细入微的寓意和暗示便会把你从开头那些山回水转般的句子中带出来，走到一个独特的人物面前。钻进去熟悉它，你很快就会发现，作者展示给你的或想要展示给你的是一些比原先要明确得多的东西。【2006年8级测试英译汉】I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering. / You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. /War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. /You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word, It is victory. Victory at all costs-victory in spite of all terrors-victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival. / Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal.【参考译文】我所能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水, 我们所面临的将是一场极其严酷的考验，将是旷日持久的斗争和苦难。/若问我们的政策是什么？我的回答是：在陆上、海上、空中作战。尽我们的全力，尽上帝赋予我们的全部力量去作战，对人类黑暗、可悲的罪恶史上空前凶残的暴政作战。/若问我们的目标是什么？我可以用一个词来回答，那就是胜利。不惜一切代价，去夺取胜利不惧一切恐怖，去夺取胜利不论前路如何漫长、如何艰苦，去夺取胜利。因为没有胜利就不能生存。/我们务必认识到，没有胜利就不复有大英帝国，没有胜利就不复有大英帝国所象征的一切，没有胜利就不复有多少世纪以来的强烈要求和冲动：人类应当向自己的目标迈进。2007Good bye and good luck Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life.At the same time, today, the actions, and inaction, of human beings imperil not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet.Globalization is making the world smaller, faster and richer. Still, 9/11, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller, fatster world is not necessarily a safer world.Our world is bursting with knowledge - but desperately in need of wisdom. Now, when sound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world needs.For all these reasons I believed - and I believe even more strongly today - in the unique and irreplaceable mission of universities. 科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲、物质最基本的成分及生命的奇迹.与此同时，今天，人类所做的及没能做到的事情，不仅危害到这个星球上的生命，也危害到该星球的寿命。 全球化正在使地球变得愈来愈小、愈来愈快和愈来愈富有。尽管如此，9/11、禽流感及伊朗提醒我们，更小更快的世界决不意味着其更安全。 我们正处于一个知识爆炸的世界之中，不过，迫切需要智慧。现在，在（新闻采访的）原声摘要播出变得愈来愈短，即时信息淘汰了杂记文，个人生活变得如痴如狂之际，这个世界还是需要能够深思的大学生。考虑到这些理由，我过去信仰，而今天甚至更加强烈地信仰大学独特的、无可取代的使命。2008But, as has been true in many other cases, when they were at last married, the most ideal of situations was found to have been changed to the most practical. Instead of having shared their original duties, and as school-boys would say, going halves, they discovered that the cares of life had been doubled. This led to some distressing moments for both our friends; they understood suddenly that instead of dwelling in heaven they were still upon earth, and had made themselves slaves to new laws and limitations. Instead of being freer and happier than ever before, they had assumed new responsibilities; they had established a new household, and must fulfill in some way or another the obligations of it. They looked back with affection to their engagement; they had been longing to have each other to themselves, apart from the world, but it seemed they never felt so keenly that they were still units in modern society.但是正如其他许多已经发生过的事情一样，当他们最终结婚后，发现最憧憬的生活变得再实际不过了。他们非但没有分担各自原先的责任-正如那些学生们所说“一半一半”，相反却发现生活的重担加倍了。这使得我们那两个结婚的朋友时常觉得沮丧；他们突然发现自己并没有过着天堂般的生活而是仍实实在在地生活在地球上，而且成为了新规则和新约束的奴隶。他们不但没有比以前更加自由和幸福反而承担了新的责任；他们建立了新的家庭所以必须用某种方式履行义务。他们深情地回想起订婚的那段时光，曾经如此地渴望拥有彼此而忘掉这个世界，然而现在最深切的感受却是自己仍是这个世界的一份子。2009We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency - a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst - though not all - of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.However, despite a growing number of honorable exceptions, too many of the worlds leaders are still best described in the words Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitlers threat: They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all powerful to be impotent.So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the t