城市规划英语复习题(附参考答案).doc

1. Explain the difference between “place-based policies” and “people-based policies”, what the former could contribute to the society? 2. List the main points of community participation in urban regeneration and make your own explanation.it is hoped that some unemployed residents will be able to gain direct employment in schemes which are part of the projects .training schemes will equip others to find employment in regenerationg projects or elsewhere in the city.By providing services such as welfare advice centers,many people will be better equipped to take up benefits to which they are entitled but have not previously claimedLocal authorities will,either voluntarily or through pressure from residents,provide better services to the area.The very act of participation it self will reduce the alienation many excluded people feel from the political system.And,finally,the process of participation may bring the community together,as they attempt to identify and articulate their interests,andtherefore enhance social cohesion in the area.3. Talk about the major differences in U.S and Europe in terms of transport means, and explain their advantages and disadvantages by referring to their urban background. The inhabitants travel virtually in automobiles in US.so the fluidity of the traffic permits average speeds is high.but average people in US spend much time in his/her cars.while in Europe,20%-30%is assomplished inpublic transport.in Europe the number of daily motorized journeys is substantially lower,and the time spent in motorized journeys is thus significantly lower but the average duration of a journey is one-third greater than that observed in the US.4. What is good transport in cities with different backgrounds, such as low-density, density cities and problems related to investment in public transport and maintenance cost, etc.? In low-density cities where the automobile dominates,one travels quickly and agreed deal ,but daily travel times are high. A high and moderate density and agood balance between transport modes,private and public,make it possible to reconcile the repuire ments of limiting travel periods and accessibility for everyone to urban activites.5. What are the key priorities in London Mayers urban transport strategy? Are they also helpful for the situation in China?1reducing traffic congestion,particularly in central London town centers;2overcoming the backlog of investment on the Underground so as to safely increase capacity,reduce overcrowding,and increase both reliability and frequency of services;3making radical improvements to bus services in London,including overcoming unreliability and slow journey times4 better integration of the National Rail system with Londons other transport systems to facilitate commuting, reduce overcrowding and move towards a London-wide,high frequency “turn-up-and-go” metro service5facilitate car travel in outer London, whilst developing and promoting alternatives of public transport, walking and cycling so that the proportion of trips made by the car is reduced.6supporting boroughs local transport initiatives, including improved access to local town centers and regeneration areas, walking and cycling schemes, safer routes to school, road safety improvements, better maintenance of roads and bridges, and improved co-ordination of street-works;7making distribution of goods and services in London more reliable and efficient,whilst minimizing environmental impacts;8bringing forward new integration initiatives to improve key interchanges, enhance safety and security, and provide much better information and waiting environments;9improving the accessibility of Londons transport system so that everyone regardless of an disability,can enjoy the benefits of living, working and visiting the Capital, thus improving social inclusion10 increasing the capacity of Londons transport systems by major new cross-London rail links, improved orbital rail links in inner London, new Thames river crossings in east London, and new guided bus or tram projects in central, inner and outer London.6. There are four major types of agricultural landscape in Phoenix, what are their characters that will influence urban planning?1traditional farm community 2 agricultural infrastructure 3 industrial scale farms and ranches,and4specialty crop farms.Local planners and designers are left to address the effects of this process on the diminishing landscape character of suburban and rural environments in the region.7. How to carry on the agricultural land planning in China, what are the key items in this area? 8. In the early 20th century, what are the main concerns within the developed area that caused the zoning development in New York? People demand for zoning.In fact it was filtered through housing developers,and they found that they sell homes for more profit if the community and zoning.9. Why zoning quickly spread to the suburbs and small towns in metropolitan areas? How is the concept of zoning adopted in China? The attraction of city-wide zoning was the security it gave to early 20th century home-builders and home-owners.10. The essential differences between qualitative and quantitative data in social research are , analyze each of them. The distinction between qualitative and quantitative data in social research is essentially the distinction between numerical and non-numerical data.Quantitative data have the advantages that numbers have over words as measures of some quality.On the other hand,they also have the disadvantages that numbers have, including a potential loss in richness of mianing.Qualitative data can be richer in meaning than quantified data.On the other hand,qualitative data can have the disadvantages of purely verbal descriptions.11. While facing a “grey area” in social research, what method shall you use, why and how?We can use qualitative method because the qualitative approach seems more aligned with idiographic explanations,while nomothetic explanations are more easily achieved through quantification.However, at the same time,both qualitative and quantitative methods are useful and legitimate in social research.A complete understanding of a topic often requires both techniques.12. Take a Chinese city to explain in detail the way of renewing the clusters in old industrial areas,. 13. What is the meaning of “Clusters in old industrial regions are often characterized by either fragmentation or by networks oriented towards the old trajectory”?14. Why was the public housing policies opposed for such a long time in America? Are there any similar policies in China and how are they implemented?Because arguments about the sanctity of property rights and the limits to which government should interfere in market forces;fear of undermining individual self-reliance;concern that the private market will be jeopardized by “unfair competition”; mistrust of the competence of government in such an area; the huge cost which a significant program would involve; and the belief that the needs which could not be met by private enterprise are best left to charity and voluntary effort.15. Many problems are triggered off by the concept of linking redevelopment to the provision of public housing, why and what is the result in U.S? Urban renewal became subject to increasing criticism because it failed to help the poor: indeed, it made their position worse. However it eventually passed as the 1949 Housing Act.16. Explain the sentence of “let us not mistake non-geometric city form for the inevitable end result of the slow proliferous change of a simpler settlement form”. There are many cases where the coming together of a number of prior settlements, speaking morphogenetically, produced towns of arbitrary irregularities.Secondly,there were from the start plenty of towns that did not in the least look natural or organic. So the city was a marvelous inspired creation17. What are the main characters of old Chinese cities which influenced the whole East Asian region? 18. It is difficult to translate controls into practice, what are the reasons, list some of them. One of the difficulties is that there is typically more than one objective. The vagueness of many objectives is noteworthy, and is common in this field. Secondly, a particularly frequent objective is the preservation of community character. This can, in practice, mian anything from the perpetuation of an architectural style to the exclusion of different social groups. Thirdly, Architectural design controls involve particular difficulties in the large cities affected by successive property booms. Last but not least, if an owner cannot understand what is or is not permitted under an ordinance, there is a basic unfairness. The municipality has too broad a discretion, and there is a likelihood of arbitrary action. On the other hand, aesthetic matters cannot be set out in the detail possible in, for instance, a building code.19. Explain the difference between “No excessive difference” and “No excessive similarity” with real examples.20. Why do we say “New towns did not bring much threat to inner citys economic development” in England? Because first, lone-parent households were particularly numerous in the large cities, but th