航空喷气燃料英文培训课件

JETFUEL AirlineTransitionCourse JETFUELS CIVILJETFUELSAviationturbinefuelsareusedforpoweringjetandturbo propenginedaircraftandarenottobeconfusedwithAvgas Outsideformercommunistareas therearecurrentlytwomaingradesofturbinefuelinuseincivilcommercialaviation JetA 1andJetA botharekerosinetypefuels Thereisanothergradeofjetfuel JetBwhichisawidecutkerosine ablendofgasolineandkerosine butitisrarelyusedexceptinverycoldclimates JETA 1JetA 1isakerosinegradeoffuelsuitableformostturbineenginedaircraft Itisproducedtoastringentinternationallyagreedstandard hasaflashpointabove38 C 100 F andafreezepointmaximumof 47 C ItiswidelyavailableoutsidetheU S A JetA 1meetstherequirementsofBritishspecificationDEFSTAN91 91 JetA 1 formerlyDERD2494 AVTUR ASTMspecificationD1655 JetA 1 andIATAGuidanceMaterial KerosineType NATOCodeF 35 JETAJetAisasimilarkerosinetypeoffuel producedtoanASTMspecificationandnormallyonlyavailableintheU S A IthasthesameflashpointasJetA 1butahigherfreezepointmaximum 40 C ItissuppliedagainsttheASTMD1655 JetA specification JETBJetBisadistillatecoveringthenaphthaandkerosenefractions ItcanbeusedasanalternativetoJetA 1butbecauseitismoredifficulttohandle higherflammability thereisonlysignificantdemandinverycoldclimateswhereitsbettercoldweatherperformanceisimportant InCanadaitissuppliedagainsttheCanadianSpecificationCAN CGSB3 23 MILITARYJP 4JP 4isthemilitaryequivalentofJetBwiththeadditionofcorrosioninhibitorandanti icingadditives itmeetstherequirementsoftheU S MilitarySpecificationMIL PRF 5624SGradeJP 4 JP 4alsomeetstherequirementsoftheBritishSpecificationDEFSTAN91 88AVTAG FSII formerlyDERD2454 whereFSIIstandsforFuelSystemsIcingInhibitor NATOCodeF 40 JP 5JP 5isahighflashpointkerosinemeetingtherequirementsoftheU S MilitarySpecificationMIL PRF 5624SGradeJP 5 JP 5alsomeetstherequirementsoftheBritishSpecificationDEFSTAN91 86AVCAT FSII formerlyDERD2452 NATOCodeF 44 JP 8JP 8isthemilitaryequivalentofJetA 1withtheadditionofcorrosioninhibitorandanti icingadditives itmeetstherequirementsoftheU S MilitarySpecificationMIL T 83188D JP 8alsomeetstherequirementsoftheBritishSpecificationDEFSTAN91 87AVTUR FSII formerlyDERD2453 NATOCodeF 34 JETFUEL CellTypes FuelTanks FuelsystemsondifferentaircraftmayuseseveraltypesoffueltanksThethreebasictypesoffueltanksusedonaircraftare IntegralRigidRemovableBladder IntegralFuelTanks IntegralFuelTanksarecommonlylocatedintheaircraft swingsorfuselageThesetanksareonesthatarebuiltintothestructureoftheaircraftandgenerallycannotberemovedIntegralFuelTanksareformedbytheactualstructureoftheaircraftTheseamsaresealed usuallywithsyntheticrubber toproduceanareainsidetheaircraftstructurewhichwillcontainthefuelThistypeoftankisusedinsomelighthigh performanceaircraftandturbine poweredtransports RigidRemovableFuelTanks RigidremovablefueltanksareoftenmadeofaluminumcomponentsthatareweldedtogetherThesetanksareinstalledincompartmentsspecificallymadeforthetankThetanksmaybeheldinplacewithpaddedstrapsThistypeoftankisoftenfoundonmoreexpensivelightaircraftandreciprocating engine poweredtransports BladderTypeFuelTanks BladdertypefueltanksarebasicallyareinforcedrubberizedbagThesetanksareinstalledincompartmentswhichsupporttheweightofthefuelThetankisheldinplacewithbuttonsorsnapsonthebottomandsidesofthetankThistypeoftankisusuallyfoundonlightaircraftandsometurbopropandturbine poweredaircraft FuelLines FuellinesonaircraftareeithermadeofrigidmetaltubingorflexiblehoseMostofthefuellinesaretherigidtypewhichareusuallymadeofaluminumalloysTheflexiblehosefuellinesareeithermadeofsyntheticrubberorTeflonThediameteroftubingusedisdecidedbytheengine sfuelrequirements Fuel Valves Fuelselectorvalvesareusedinaircraftfuelsystemsto ShutofffuelflowCross feedTransferfuelSelectorvalvesmaybeoperatedmanuallyorelectricallydependingontheinstallation FiltersandStrainers FuelisusuallystrainedatthreepointsinthesystemThroughafingerorbootstrapstrainerinthebottomofthefueltankThroughamasterstrainerwhichisusuallylocatedatthelowestpointinthesystemThroughathirdstrainernearthefuelcontrolunit QuantityIndicators MechanicalInvertedfloatgaugeRotatingdialgaugeUprightfloatgaugeSight glassgaugeResistanceCapacitance FuelSubsystems Someaircraftfuelsubsystemsallowforfuel JettisonHeatingCross Feeding FuelJettison Thefueljettisonsystemcomprisesacombinationoffuellines valves andpumpsprovidedtodumpfueloverboardduringanin flightemergencyThiswillreducetheweightoftheaircraftsoanemergencylandingispossible FuelHeating FuelheatingisnecessaryforturbineenginestothawiceparticlesinthefuelthatwouldotherwiseclogthefiltersFuelisroutedthroughaheatexchangerthatuseseitherengineoilorcompressorbleedairtobringthefueluptoanacceptabletemperature CrossFeeding CrossfeedsystemsallowtheflowoffuelfromanyofthetankstoanyoftheenginesSomereasonsthatthissystemmightbeusedare EnginefailureProblemwithoneormorefueltanksRedistributefuelforweightandbalancepurposes FUELPUMPSDESIGN FUNCTION FuelPumps FuelpumpsareusedtomovefuelthroughthesystemthengravityfeedisinsufficientTherearethreemainfunctionsoffuelpumps theyaretomovefuelfrom ThetankstotheenginesOnetanktoanotherTheenginebacktothetanks Fuel PumpRequirements EnginefuelsystemsrequiremainpumpsandinsomesystemsemergencypumpsTheserequirementsdependonthetypeofenginesinstalledontheaircraft Turbine EngineFuel PumpRequirements Turbine Enginesrequire AtleastonemainpumpforeachengineMainpumppowersupplymustbeindependentofallothermainpumppowersuppliesEachpositive displacementmainpumpmustbeabletobebypassed Turbine EngineFuel PumpRequirements cont Turbine enginesalsorequireemergencypumpsTheemergencypumpmustbeimmediatelyavailabletosupplyfueltotheengineintheeventofamainpumpfailureEmergencypumppowersuppliesmustbeindependentofthatofthecorrespondingmainpumpIfboththeemergencyandmainpumpsoperatecontinuously theremustbesomemeansofalertingtheflightcrewofafailureofeitherpump FuelPumpClassification Onewaytoclassifyfuelpumpsisaccordingtothepump sfunctionTheseclassificationsare BoostPumpScavengePumpCross feedPumps AnotherwaytoclassifyfuelpumpsisbytheirmethodofoperationThesepumpsare Vane typeVariable volumeCentrifugalEjector Vane TypePumps Vane typefuelpumpsarethemostcommonTheyusearotorwhichturnsvanesinacylinder thevanesacttopushthefuelthroughthesystemVane typepumpscanhavefromtwotosixvanesandtheymaybevariablevolumealso CentrifugalPumps CentrifugalpumpsareusedtomovefuelfromonetanktoanotherorfromthefueltanktotheengineTheyareelectricallydrivenandsomemayoperateatdifferentspeeds EjectorPumps AnejectorpumpisnormallyusedtoscavengefuelfromremoteareasThesepumpshavenomovingpartstheyrelyonreturnfuelfromtheenginetopumpthefuelEjectorpumpsworkontheventuriprinciple FUELADDITIVES AVIATIONFUELADDITIVESAviationfueladditivesarecompoundsaddedtothefuelinverysmallquantities usuallymeasurableonlyinpartspermillion toprovidespecialorimprovedqualities Thequantitytobeaddedandapprovalforitsuseinvariousgradesoffuelisstrictlycontrolledbytheappropriatespecifications Afewadditivesincommonuseareasfollows 1 Anti knockadditivesreducethetendencyofgasolinetodetonate Tetra ethyllead TEL istheonlyapprovedanti knockadditiveforaviationuseandhasbeenusedinmotorandaviationgasolinessincetheearly1930s 2 Anti oxidantspreventtheformationofgumdepositsonfuelsystemcomponentscausedbyoxidationofthefuelinstorageandalsoinhibittheformationofperoxidecompoundsincertainjetfuels 3 Staticdissipatoradditivesreducethehazardouseffectsofstaticelectricitygeneratedbymovementoffuelthroughmodernhighflow ratefueltransfersystems Staticdissipatoradditivesdonotreducetheneedfor bonding toensureelectricalcontinuitybetweenmetalcomponents e g aircraftandfuellingequipment nordotheyinfluencehazardsfromlightningstrikes 4 Corrosioninhibitorsprotectferrousmetalsinfuelhandlingsystems suchaspipelinesandfuelstoragetanks fromcorrosion Somecorrosioninhibitorsalsoimprovethelubricatingproperties lubricity ofcertainjetfuels 5 FuelSystemIcingInhibitors Anti icingadditives reducethefreezingpointofwaterprecipitatedfromjetfuelsduetocoolingathighaltitudesandpreventtheformationoficecrystalswhichrestricttheflowoffueltotheengine Thistypeofadditivedoesnotaffectthefreezingpointofthefuelitself Anti icingadditivescanalsoprovidesomeprotectionagainstmicrobiologicalgrowthinjetfuel 6 Metalde activatorssuppressthecatalyticeffectwhichsomemetals particularlycopper haveonfueloxidation 7 Biocideadditivesaresometimesusedtocombatmicrobiologicalgrowthsinjetfuel oftenbydirectadditiontoaircrafttanks asindicatedabovesomeanti icingadditivesappeartopossessbiocidalproperties 8 ThermalStabilityImproveradditivesaresometimesusedinmilitaryJP 8fuel toproduceagradereferredtoasJP 8 100 toinhibitdepositformationinthehightemperatureareasoftheaircraftfuelsystem POWERBOOSTINGFLUIDS POWERBOOSTINGFLUIDSItusedtobecommonplaceforlargepistonenginestorequirespecialfluidstoincreasetheirtake offpower Similarinjectionsystemsarealsoincorporatedinsometurbo jetandturbo propengines Thepowerincreaseisachievedbycoolingtheairconsumed toraiseitsdensityandtherebyincreasetheweightofairavailableforcombustion Thiseffectcanbeobtainedbyusingwateralonebutitisusualtoinjectamixtureofmethanolandwatertoproduceagreaterdegreeofevaporativecoolingandalsotoprovideadditionalfuelenergy Forpistonengines methanol watermixturesareusedandthesemayhave1percentofacorrosioninhibitingoiladded Theinjectionsystemmaybeusedtocompensateforthepowerlostwhenoperatingunderhightemperatureand orhighaltitudeconditions i e withlowairdensities ortoobtainincreasedtake offpowerundernormalatmosphericconditions bypermittinghigherboostpressureforashortperiod Bothwateraloneandmethanol watermixturesareusedingasturbineengines principallytorestorethetake offpower orthrust lostwhenoperatingunderlowairdensityconditions Useofacorrosioninhibitorinpowerboostfluidssuppliedfortheseenginesisnotpermitted Themethanolandwaterusedmustbeofveryhighqualitytoavoidformationofenginedeposits Thewatermustbeeitherdemineralisedordistilledandtheonlyadulterantpermittedinthemethanolisupto0 5percentofpyridineifrequiredbylocalregulationsasade naturant Inthepasttherewereseveraldifferentgradesofwater methanolmixtures e g 45 55 0forturbineengines 50 50 0forpistonengines thiswasalsoavailablewith1 corrosioninhibitingoilandwasdesignated50 50 1 and60 40 0 however withdecreasingdemandShellnowonlysupplies45 55 0 ThetableshowstheprincipalcharacteristicsofShelldemineralisedwaterandofthecommonlyusedmethanol waterblend JETFUELFLASHPOINTS JetA 1isakerosenegradeoffuelsuitableformostturbineenginedaircraft Itisproducedtoastringentinternationallyagreedstandard hasaflashpointabove38 C 100 F andafreezepointmaximumof 47 CJet Ahasaflashpointabove38 C 100 F andahigherfreezepointmaximum 40 C Priorto1976 JP 4wastheprimaryfuelusedinbyDoD JP 4waslinkedtomanyaircraftexplodinginbattleduetosmallarmsfire Hence theDoDtransitionedfromJP 4toJP 8fuel occurredoveratwentyyearperiodfrom1976 1996 sincetheriskofaircraftexplosionswouldbeless JP 8hasamuchhigherflashpointthanJP 4 100oFcomparedto 28oF JETFUEL HealthIssues Prolongedexposuretojetvaporshasleadtoskinirritation itching burning redness rash dermatitis headache fatigue anorexia dizziness difficultyconcentrating poorcoordination vomiting diarrhea cramps drowsiness restlessness irritability lossofconsciousness death pneumonitis fromaspiration TheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration OSHA andtheAirForceOfficeofSafetyandHealth AFOSH regulatelevelsofpetroleumproductsintheworkplace Themaximumallowableamountofpetroleumdistillatesinworkroomairduringan8 hourworkday 40 hourworkweek is500partspermillion ppm Studieshaveshownthatsimilarproductsproduceskincancerorskintumorsinlaboratoryanimalsfollowingrepeatedapplicationswithoutwashingorremoval Thesignificanceofthisfindingtohumanexposurehasnotbeendetermined Otherstudieswithactiveskincarcinogenshaveshownthatwashingtheanimal sskinwithsoapandwaterbetweenapplicationsreducedtumorformation JETFUEL SPILLAGE Anyspillorreleaseofthisproductto navigablewaters essentiallyanysurfacewater includingcertainwetlands oradjoiningshorelinessufficienttocauseavisiblesheenordepositofasludgeo