evaluation and management of hyponatremia in the elderly：老年患者低钠血症的评估和管理

Hyponatremia,Debra Bynum,MDDivision of Geriatric Medicine,Clinical Case,An 82 y/o woman is admitted from a nursing home with confusion. She has had a poor appetite over the past year with significant weight loss. Two weeks ago HCTZ was added. Over the past few days, the nurses note some n/v, no diarrhea, fever or other complaints. On exam, she has some dry oral mucosa but she is not orthostatic. There is no evidence of CHF, ascites or edema. She is awake, but lethargic. Neuro exam is nonfocal. Labs: Na 121 (last 130 4 weeks ago), normal renal/liver function. Serum osm 250, urine osm 280, urine Na 30.,Pretest,1. What are the potential Causes of hyponatremia in this patient?2. Does her urine osm of under 300 rule out SIADH?3. What other laboratory data is needed?4. How might her diet be contributing to her hyponatremia?5. How is the urine Na helpful? What in this case would limit its usefulness?6. How does water intake or relatively hypotonic fluid intake worsen hyponatremia with SIADH?,The Forces Behind Na and water,Intracellular volume maintained by regulation of plasma osmolality (changes in water balance) sensed by hypothalamic osmoreceptors and affected by ADH and the thirst mechanism via changes in water intake and urine osmolalityPlasma volume ultimate goal; maintained by regulation of Na balance;sensed by afferent arteriole, carotid sinus, cardiac atria and effected by renin-angio-aldo system, sympathetic nervous system, ADH and atrial natriuretic peptide acting on urine na excretion,Overview,Hyponatremia,EuvolemicSIADHRelatively high urine osm (100, often 300)High/normal urine Na (40)hypouricemia/urinary urea wastingHypothyroidismADH Like compounds (prolactinoma, HCG, waldenstroms)Primary Polydipsia Low urine Osm (100)Intake over 10 L/day,Hypovolemicappropriate ADHurine na renal water retention increased body waterBody fluid dilutionhyponatremiadec urine osm over time with new steady state for waterhyponatremia persists until water restricted and excess water dissipated,Water intake renal water retention increased body waterincreased ECF volumeincreased output, renal blood flow and decreased tubular reabsorption of na (maintain normal volume!)increase na excretion (stretch receptors inc natriuretic peptides)hyponatremianew steady state for na,SIADH: Treatment,Water restrictionAggressive treatment (3% saline, +/- furosemide) not indicated unless symptomatic, acute, or na 110no faster than .5 meq/L per hour correction (to avoid risk of central pontine myelinolysis)once na reaches 120, water restriction only,Volume Depletion,True volume depletion due to vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, urinary lossesn/v also stimulate ADH release (to maintain circulating volume)Adrenal Insufficiency (lack of cortisol resulting in decreased na reabsorption plus volume depletion),Volume Depletion: Treatment,Carefully monitor sodium as fluids given to prevent overly rapid correctiongoal .5 meq/L per hour correctionDegree that 1 L fluid will raise plasma Na conc: Increase PNa= (infusate Na -Pna) / (TBW +1)Isotonic saline: raises plasma sodium by 1-2 meq/L for every liter of fluid infused since saline has higher Na concentration (154 meq/L) than hyponatremic plasmavolume repletion removes stimulation of ADH,Thiazide Diuretics,Elderly women at higher risk Element of volume depletionNot seen as often with loop diuretics (inhibition of NaCl transport in loop of Henle prevents generation of countercurrent gradient and limits ability of ADH to induce water retention)May result in normal/increased urine Na, even though underlying volume depletion;,CHF, Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome,CHF/Cirrhosis: pressure sensed at carotid sinus baroreceptors reduced due to poor cardiac output or peripheral vasodilation/poor circulating volume; associated with higher mortality; degree of hyponatremia as prognostic markerNephrotic syndrome: usually due to renal disease rather than poor circulating volume,Primary Polydipsia,Psychiatric disorder, often complicated by increased thirst with antipsychotic medscan occur with hypothalemic lesions (sarcoid or other infiltrative processes)Usually no hyponatremia unless intake over 10-15 L/day, or acute 3-4 L water loadUrine osm below 100 (NOT ADH problem!)Increased problems if other ADH stimulus (n/v, anxiety),Low Dietary Solute Intake,“Tea and Toast” DietBeer drinkers: Beer PotomaniaNormally excrete 600-900 mosmol/kg solute daily (if minimum urine osm is 60 mosmol/kg, max urine output will be 10-15L/day: 900mosm/day / 60 mosmol/kg = 15)If daily intake poor, daily solute excretion may fall below 250 mosmol/kg, reducing the maximum urine output to below 4 L day; Hyponatremia develops if greater than 4 L consumed in dayUrine appears dilute (osm of 100),Pseudohyponatremia,Plasma osmolality that is normal or elevatedusually not at risk for hypoosmolality induced cerebral edemaLipids, proteinsNot a problem with labs that directly measure na,High plasma osmolality,HyperglycemiamannitolIVIG with maltose retention in patients with renal failureGlycine: TURP; exception to rule that patients with hyperosm hyponatremia do not get into trouble; complicated by urinary retention, n/v, postsurgical state; severe hyponatremia after urological procedure should be treated acutely with saline/furosemide!,Back to the Case.,1. What are the potential causes of hyponatremia in this patient?Thiazide diuretic (complicating urine na)underlying SIADH (suggested by inappropriately high urine osm)recent n/v and volume loss (although not orthostatic)poor solute intake/ “tea and toast” diet ( may be reason that urine osm is not as high as would be expected with SIADH alone)?CNS event (stroke, subdural),Case.,2. Does her urine osm of under 300 rule out SIADH?No; classically urine osmolality is 300 or greater, but the urine osm of 220 in the setting of a serum na of 121 is inappropriately elevated (over 100 really is inappropriate),Case.,3. What other laboratory data would be needed?TSHCortisol level (although not orthostatic)probably neuroimaging given underlying dementia and risk for CVA, subdural, etcconsider uric acid to help differentiate hypovolemia from SIADH (hypouricemia in SIADH, elevated/normal uric acid if dehydrated),Case.,4. How might her diet be contributing to her hyponatremia?Poor solute intake could result in dilute urine and hyponatremia as discussed previously,Case.,5. How is the urine Na helpful in differentiating SIADH from hypovolemia? What in this case would limit its usefulness?Urine Na should be normal/elevated with SIADH and should be low with hypovolemia thiazide diuretic use may elevated urine na temporarily,Cas