语法专项：名词.doc

第一部分：名词考纲要求 (1).可数名词及其单复数； （2）.不可数名词 （3）.专有名词 (4). 名词所有格考点分析研究近年来高考题我们不难看出，名词部分主要考察名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。在高考试题中，名词常结合其他项目一起考察，考察题型以单选、短文改错、完形填空、语篇中的名词词义理解等。考点一 . 名词的可数与不可数1. 专有名词的可数性。在通常情况下，专有名词具有“独一无二”性，因此它通常没有复数形式，即不可数。但是，专有名词的独一无二性有时是相对的。在一个小范围内，可能只有一个 Henry，但在一个较大的范围内则可能有多个 Henry, 因此我们有时会见到这样的句子：There are five Henrys in our school. 我们学校有五个亨利。We have spent many happy Sundays there.经典考题1. - Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please?- Sorry, we don t have _ Johnson here in the village.(07全国)A. the; the B. the; a C不填; the D. the; 不填2. 物质名词的可数性。由于物质名词在通常情况下不能分为个体，所以它通常是不可数的。但是，在某些特殊情况下(如表示种类等)，有些物质名词也可以连用不定冠词或用复数形式：wine 酒(不可数) a wine 一种酒(可数)beer 啤酒(不可数) two beers 两杯啤酒(可数)glass玻璃(不可数) some glasses 一些玻璃杯(可数)3. 抽象名词的可数性。(高考的重难点)抽象名词是表示事物性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的，因此它通常是不可数的。但是，有时抽象名词也可转化为具体名词(可数)，表示具有某种性质的人或事物，即抽象名词具体化，常构成“a/an+抽象名词”或：a/an+形容词+抽象名词“success 成功(不可数) a success 成功的人或事(可数) pleasure 愉快(不可数) a pleasure 令人愉快的人或事(可数)knowledge 知识 （不可数） a knowledge of (精通 )in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)is the mother of success； a failure失败者by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历have breakfast 吃早餐 have a wonderful breakfast 吃了一顿美妙的早餐a good education a deep interest/ love a good laugh/ sleep a heavy rain a strong wind a warm welcome a long time a great satisfaction a high fever a bad headache a long silence温馨提示： 有些抽象名词不能具体化，即使有形容词修饰，也不能与不定冠词连用。这些词有：fun, progress, advice, wealth, weather等。经典考题2. We have every reason to believe that _ 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be _ success. A. / aB. the / C. the aD. a a（07江苏）经典考题 3. _walk is expected to last all day, so bring _ packed lunch. A. A; a B. The; / C. The; a D. A; /经典考题4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (全国卷)A. wealth; workB. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works 4. 名词可数性用法说明可数名词前可用 each, either, neither, another, these, those, both, (a) few, several, many, a great / good many, a large number of, scores of, dozens of等修饰；不可数名词前可用(a) little, much, a bit of, a great deal of, a large amount of等修饰，可数名词和不可数名词前均可用some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of , quantities of等修饰温馨提示：该考点主要和主谓一致相结合进行考查。经典考题5。- Why does the Lake smell terrible? - Because large quantities of water _. (2009福建卷)A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted考点二：名词词义辨析 （详见金版新学案177页）经典考题6. From their _on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city. (2009陕西) Astage Bposition Ccondition Dsituation考点三：近五年高考常考含名词的固定搭配1. beyond belief/ compare/ control/ description/ expression/ recognition/ repair 难以置信/ 无与伦比/ 无法控制/ 难以形容/ 无法形容/ 认不出来/无法修理2. out of breath/ control/ danger/ date/ fashion/ sight/ sbs reach气喘吁吁/ 失去控制/ 脱离险境/过时/ 不时兴的/ 看不见/ 在某人伸手拿不到的地方 3. make a promise/ a contribution to/ an apology to/ an appointment with/ a( no/ some) difference/ progress/ sense 答应/ 对做贡献/ 向.道歉/ 与约会/ 有（无/一些）作用或影响/ 取得进步/ 讲得通4. Its a matter of/ Its a waste of. 是一个.问题/ 浪费.5. Whats the matter with/ Whats the price of./ Whats the sense of/ Whats the point of.怎么了？/ .的价格是多少？/ .有什么意义？/ .有何意义？6. without delay/ difficulty/ effort/ doubt 毫不耽搁/ 毫不费力地/ 毫不费力/ 毫无疑问经典考题7. I cant say which wine is bestits a (n) _ of personal taste. 2007 山东卷Aaffair Bevent Cmatter Dvariety经典考题8. Whats the _ of having a public open space where you cant eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? （福建卷） A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion经典考题9. Why do you suggest we buy a new machine? （江苏卷）Because the old one has been damaged _.A. beyond reachB. beyond repairC. beyond controlD. beyond description考点四：其他需要注意的情况1. 单复数相同的名词：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep，series, species, means,，works（工厂）等.2. 一些固定短语中的名词只有复数形式，常见有的1). express ones thanks to sb. (向某人表达感激之情); 2). a letter of thanks (一封感谢信);3). in high/low spirits (情绪高涨/低落); 4).have sports (进行体育活动)； 5). take turns (轮流)； 6). take notes (记笔记)； 7). hurt ones feelings; 8). make friends with(与.交朋友)； 9).shake hands with(与.握手)； 10). in dozens（成打地）3. 名词的所有格: 名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。1). 有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“”或“s”。如：Toms bike, Womens Day, the editor-in-chiefs office2). 如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“s”。如：Tom and Mikes room.（共有），Toms and Mikes books.（不共有）。3). 表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”表示所有格，如：todays papers, ten minutes walk4). 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailors (短文改错中容易出现)5). 无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如：the window of the room6). 双重所有格: an old friend of my uncles, a daughter of Mrs Greens, the house of one of my friends经典考题10 . The _shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _car. (2009江西) A. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms 4. 2008和2009年高考题中出现的名词。tradition /convenience / habit /leisure / stage / position /condition /situation/ reputation/ influence impression/ knowledge / access/ approach / respect /friendship / reputation / character/ signal/ chance / mark/ measure/ delay/ effort / schedule /consideration /exchange/ bargain/ trade/ business /atmosphere / state / situation /phenomenon /fuel / article / goods / product /prediction /promise / contribution /affair / event /matter / variety / sign / sight / appearance2010-2012高考真题(2011见金版新学案)1. (2012浙江卷) Your _ as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn. A. operationB. growthC. performanceD. character2. (2012湖北卷) It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any _.A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow3. (2012湖北卷) The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct _ in applying for a visa. A. pattern B. procedure C. program D. perspective4. (2012江苏卷) Can I help you with it? I appreciate your_, but I can manage it myself. A. advice B. question C. offer D. idea5(2012江西卷) Youd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future_ . Apurpose Breference Cprogress Dmemory6. (2012四川卷)He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. Its just a matter of _.A. luck B. value C. time D. fact7.(2012全国II) The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great _ in this city. A. quantity B. progress C. production D. demand8. (2012天津卷) You were working too hard. Youd better keep a _between work and relaxation.A. promise B. lead C. balance D. diary9.（2010 安徽）I havent seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond_A. hearing B strength C. recognition D. measure10.（2010江西）Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year. A. average B number C amount D quantity11.（2010山东）Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine. A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter12.（2010天津）Ja