环境生态学(外文资料及翻译).doc

环境生态学（外文资料及翻译） Environmental ecology, mainly in humanities and social and environmental ecology international wide public concern the concept of sustainable development , environmental protection and sustainable development strategy problem, harmonious society and circular economy, human survival way and environmental ecological crisis, China at the beginning of 21 century on the path of sustainable development, environmental culture and living safety, global warming the earths environment and the ecological security, ozone depletion of earth environment the ecological influence, acid rain on the earths environment the ecological influence, urbanization on city environment and regional climate effect, desert-oasis ecosystem water heat transfer and the interaction numerical simulation, western China development of water resources and the sustainable development problems. In the 21 st century, the human face of worsening ecological environment and the lack of human resources, clearly recognized that must walk the path of sustainable development. From a long-term perspective, the development environment ecological education is to solve the environmental problems and the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development at all. Higher school education is to improve the ecological environment of the new century, the environment of the builders ecological awareness, to the transportation environment of specialized personnel the ecological protection of important way. As a contemporary college students, must have the living environment and the sense of urgency and have the time should be the new century demand quality talent environmental knowledge. Green peace in China and international stage play an active role. In China, the green peace was Chinas most influential media as Chinas best public organization; On the international stage, green peace at the UN conference on climate change, and in the light of the international society should how to deal with climate change challenge from China put forward the folk organization views. Because of traditional environmental technology can not to contemporary environmental biological technology, the development of high level technology mainly in the hot, namely to molecular biology technology as the main body, by genetic engineering as the leading pollution diagnosis, pollution monitoring, pollution control and ecological remediation technologies. Among them, the environmental biological new technology, new methods of development and utilization, such as pollution of the environment molecular diagnosis technology is pollution control and repair the premise and basis. Because the current environmental biological technology researchers, still cant very well in biological chip, genetically modified, stem cell, protein group, metabolic group, biological technology, such as the development of light pollution detection and monitoring of the effective method. People and the environment is inseparable relationship. In the past, present and future, human beings are always in constant change the environment, create not only use, and beautiful environment space. City imply, is more than just building, streets, shops and construct the accumulation of artificial things and contain in many functional facilities and hard landscape of social culture, accompanied by economic, political and urban residents colorful life. From external visual image of the city is to see, by its plane structure, the sky outline, various building, facilities, regional market, open space, landmark plant gardens and indefinite traffic tools through a city, but these are people in choice and the selected behavior formed under the physical form, which contain deep natural law, social psychology, human emotions and historical vicissitudes of life. Urbanization in bring about many benefits for people at the same time, also caused a series of serious ecological environment problems, to natural ecosystem and the peoples health effects. These problems is reflected in three aspects: one is the urban climate change (such as heat island effect) and environmental pollution, including water, air and noise and solid waste pollution, etc.; 2 it is natural resource depletion and shortages, especially fresh water, fossil fuel, cultivated land excessive utilization and biodiversity of the reduced; Three is the city the increase of population, resulting in a large number of social issues, such as housing nervous, heavy traffic, reduce, education and health and green lag and so on. Ecological city is to point to in ecological system, within the scope of carrying capacity of the ecological economy principle and system engineering construction method of the city. And Ecological city construction, change the traditional way of production and consumption, decision-making and management methods, fully mining district inside and outside the resources can be exploited to all potential, has developed economy, ecology and efficient industry, the system is reasonable, the harmony of the society culture and ecological health, landscape suitable environment, to achieve the conditions of the socialist market economy, economic growth and environmental protection, material civilization and the spiritual civilization, natural ecological and human ecological high unification. Ecological city practice methods should be coordinated economic and social development, at the same time ensure long-term ecological health and future generations, the resources needed for survival and development. Chinas ecological city planning with other plan to have two different. Its planning time more than 20 years of general (general layout planning of fixed number of year), for long-term development direction. In addition, ecological city planning than any other plan covers the content more widely. Chinas ecological city method can reflect the most need to solve two aspects of the-the economic and ecological, the purpose is to seek for the economic and social benefits, long-term ecological health and resource management and coordination. Social issue would be in the discussions of the ecological city becomes more and more important. First, pay attention to the exploration of the urban ecology theory, especially the different scale of urban construction and function of; Second, expanding the scope of the city scientific research, that is, from the city by a single objective of the study, change is compound ecological system in rural and urban studies, including half of urbanized area research and rural industrialization and urban agglomeration research; Third, the development of ecological city construction applicable technology system, and promote the existing technology the ecological; Fourth, for ecological city construction ecological landscape planning and provide the ecological culture methodological guidance; Fifth, establish the corresponding policies and decrees and rewards and punishment system, promote the development of ecological city; Sixth, strengthen education, training and ecological city construction, enhance the ability of ecological consciousness; Seventh, to strengthen international between cities and communities, cooperation and communication between the. We have a responsibility, which is not only consider the meaning, and open our own to experience the beauty and follows the lead. The urban environment art, a kind of choice and the progress of relief. The current both large and medium cities or towns and villages, the ecological construction practice in our country on booming has. People are more and more aware of ecological city development and construction of ecological city the importance and the urgency of Ecological city is put forward based on the awakening of the human ecological civilization and to the traditional industrialization and industrial cities, ecological city has not reflect pure natural ecology, but the natural, social and economic compound the symbiosis between the urban ecological, it and sanitation city, garden city, urban landscape, garden city, forest city, different qu co-workers, have distinction to have connection again already, have increase public cultural quality and life quality effect, note that the Chinese ecological environment conditions differ in thousands ways, may not single development type and development model, need to adjust measures to local conditions of ecological city planning create all sorts of type and various development model. Facing the new century, the human orientation and inevitable choice is ecology. Urban ecological development path, construction go ecological city is the inevitable trend of the development of history. The construction of ecological city cannot leave the creative planning and design, creative planning and design need forward-looking theoretical guidance. In the research of ecological city became a city plan the forefront of research topic. Change the traditional urban planning values, it is necessary in new ecological values of the current under the guidance of the urban planning theory to a fundamental reform system, ecological city planning and design theory principle and method, the method, a series of problems, such as technology to meet the need of the time. Ecological city idea contains the sustainable development idea and city and nature coexist aims, the domestic future urban planning work have important significance. In todays science and technology is developed, to transform nature (namely human intervention natural ability of past situation, far beyond human must be aware that any living environment (including city) is a global ecological system, part of the human activities within the limit in the ecological necessary, and fully embodied in the planning, this is true in the premise of sustainable development of establishing ecological city, is also the fundamental guarantee. Ecological civilization of moral evaluation standard, in general, that is beneficial to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is good, what things are harmful to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is evil. Of course, consciously abide by the environmental law shall ecological civilization is the base line of ethics standards, specific provision people in dealing with the relationship between man and nature, what should do and what should not do. And active practice ecological ethics behavior may allow have DuoZhong realm. The highest state is ecological self-supervision, that is, no matter when and where, regardless of whether supervision, always to ecological moral standard, in the interests of both consciously and ecological benefits, the determination to promote the harmony between human being and nature and prosperity, and the relationship between man and nature to solve the crisis with all my heart. In short, ecology theory in China construction of ecological civilization society has the important, not the role of the body, and provide scientific theory. Hope that nature can peace and common forever!环境生态学主要以人文社会和环境生态学方面国际社会广泛关注的“可持续发展的理念”、“环境保护与可持续发展战略问题”、“和谐社会和循环型经济”、“人类生存方式与环境生态危机”、“中国21世纪初可持续发展之路”、“环境文化与生存安全”、“全球变暖与地球环境生态安全”、“臭氧层破坏对地球环境生态的影响”、“酸雨对地球环境生态的影响”、“城市化对城市环境及区域气候的影响”、“沙漠绿洲生态系统水热输送及相互作用数值模拟”、“中国西部水资源开发与可持续发展问题”。 在人类跨入21世纪之际，面临不断恶化的生存环境生态和资源的匮乏，人类清醒地认识到必须走可持续发展的道路。从长远观点来说，发展环境生态教育是解决环境问题和实施可持续发展战略的根本。高等学校的环境生态教育，是提高新世纪建设者的环境生态意识，向社会输送环境生态保护专门人才的重要途径。作为当代大学生，必须具有生存环境的时代紧迫感和具备应有的新世纪人才环境知识的需求素质。 环境生态学研究重点是环境污染的生态学原理和规律、环境污染的综合治理、自然资源的保护和利用、废弃物的能源化和资源化技术，研究目的是改善不断恶化的生态环境，达到资源的永续利用，促进经济、环境和人类社会的可持续发展环境生态学的研究对象是污染的环境对整个生态系统（以生物为主）的影响。它是研究生态系统中的生物与污染的环境两者之间作用与反作用、对立与统一、相互依赖与相互制约、物质的循环与代谢等一系列相互作用的规律，以及支配这些规律的内在机理。生命系统与人为干预的环境系统两者之间的相互作用，可以表现为各级水平，所以，环境生态学的研究对象既包括从宏观上研究环境中污染物和人为干预的环境对生物的个体、种群、群落和生态系统产生影响的基本规律，也包括从微观上研究污染物和人为干预的环境对生物的分子、细胞和组织器官产生的毒害作用及其机理。 环境污染是指由于对生态系统有害的物质进入环境后对生态系统造成的干扰和损害的现象，简称污染。具体来说就是，有害物质或有害因子进入环境并在环境中发生扩散、迁移、转化，并跟生态体统的诸要素发生作用，使生态系统的结构与功能发生变化，对人类以及其它生物的生存和发展产生不利影响。 环境污染除了给生态系统造成直接的破坏和影响外，污染物的积累和迁移转化还会引起多种衍生的环境效应，给生态系统和人类社会造成间接的危害，有时这种间接的环境效应的危害比当时造成的直接危害更大，也更难消除。例如，温室效应、酸雨、和臭氧层破坏就是由大气污染衍生出的环境效应。这种由环境污染衍生的环境效应具有滞后性，往往在污染发生的当时不易被察觉或预料到，然而一旦发生就表示环境污染已经发展到相当严重的地步。 当然，环境污染的最直接、最容易被人所感受的后果是使人类环境的质量下降，影响人类的生活质量、身体健康和生产活动。例如城市的空气污染造成空气污浊，人们的发病率上升等等；水污染使水环境质量恶化，饮用水源的质量普遍下降，威胁人的身体健康，引起胎儿早产或畸形等等。严重的污染事件不仅带来健康问题，也造成社会问题。随着污染的加剧和人们环境意识的提高，由于污染引起的人群纠纷和冲突逐年增加。 目前在全球范围内都不同程度地出现了环境污染问题，具有全球影响的方面有大气环境污染、海洋污染、城市环境问，环境污染也日益呈现国际化趋势，近年来出现的危险废物越境转移问题就是这方面的突出表现。 绿色和平在中国和国际的舞台都扮演着积极的角色。在中国，绿色和平被中国最有影响力的媒体评为“中国最佳公益组织”；在国际舞台，绿色和平出席联合国气候变化大会，并针对国际社会应当如何应对气候变化的挑战提出来自中国的民间组织的见解。 “气候变化在全球范围内造成越来越严重的影响，我们甚至有了紧迫感。现在缺乏的是政治上的意愿。我们需要你们绿色和平，需要你们来汇聚民意，促使政治家们能够去施行这件正确的事情。你们准备好了吗？” 现代生物技术与环境保护，现代生物技术是以DNA分子技术为基础，包括微生物工程，细胞工程，酶工程，基因工程等一系列生物高新技术的总称。现代生物技术不仅在农作物改良、医药研究、食品工程方面发挥着重要作用，而且也随着日益突出的环境问题在治理污染、环境生物监测等方面发挥着重要的作用。自20世纪80年代以来生物技术作为一种高新技术，已普遍受到世界各国和民间研究机构的高度重视，发展十分迅猛。与传统方法比较，生物治理方法具有许多优点。 正因为要“能传统环境技术之不能”，当代环境生物技术的发展热点主要集中在高层次技术，即以分子生物学技术为主体，以基因工程为主导的污染诊断、污染监测、污染控制及污染生态修复技术上。其中，环境生物新技术、新方法的开发和利用，如污染环境的分子诊断技术是污染控制与修复的前提和基础。因为当前环境生物技术研究人员，仍不能很好地用生物芯片、转基因、干细胞、蛋白质组、代谢组、生物发光等技术，发展出有效的污染检测与监测方法。 人与环境有着密不可分的关系。无论过去、现在还是未来，人类总是在不断地改造环境，创造不仅使用，而且美观的环境空间。城市所意味的，不仅仅是建筑、街道、商店等人工建构物的堆积，而蕴涵着在诸多功能性设施及硬质景观相伴下的社会文化、经济、政治和城市居民多姿多彩的生活。从外在的视觉影像来看，城市是由其平面结构、天际轮廓、各色建筑、街市设施、区域地标、开放的空间、植栽园林及穿梭不定的交通工具所构成，然而这些都是城市人在选择和被选择的行为方式下形成的物质形态，其间蕴涵着深厚的自然法则、社会心理、人文情感及历史沧桑。城市化在为人们带来许多益处的同时，也产生一系列严重的生态环境问题，对自然生态系统和人民健康产生影响。这些问题主要表现在三个方面：一是城市的气候变化（如热岛效应）和环境污染，包括水、空气、噪声和固体废弃物污染等；二是自然资源的耗竭与短缺，特别是淡水、化石燃料、耕地的过度利用和生物多样性的减少；三是城市人口的增加导致大量的社会问题，如住房紧张、交通拥挤、绿地减少、教育与卫生滞后等。生态城市是指在生态系统承载能力范围内，运用生态经济学原理和系统工程方法建设起来的城市。生态市建设，改变了传统的生产和消费方式、决策和管理方法，充分挖掘市域内外一切可以利用的资源潜力，具有经济发达、生态高效的产业，体制合理、社会和谐的文