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A Course in English Language Teaching英语教学法教程（第二版）主编 王蔷,Unit 1 Language and Language Learning,Views on language,What is language? Tool for communication Tool for reflection A system of symbols A special mechanismSocial phenomenon A recommended definition of language :Language is a system of arbitrary verbal symbols used for human communication. (Wardhaugh, 1972:3),Different views on language,1. Structural view: It sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system (phonology) , the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax). To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.,2. Functional view:It sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.People learn a language in order to do things with it, in other words, to perform functions. Knowing a language involves knowing how to combine the grammar and vocabulary of the language to express notions that perform the function ( that the learner wants to be able to perform in the language).,function: purpose or intention ( greeting, inviting, proposing, apologizing, expressing gratitude, leave-taking, etc.) notion: contents/ideas (the concept of present, past and future time; the expressions of certainty and possibility, the roles of agent, instrument and patient within a sentence; and spatial relationships between people or objects. e.g. I am sorry that I was late last night. Function = apologyNotions = past and present time; speaker as agent,e.g. where is the nearest bank?Function = asking for informationNotions = spatial relationships between the speaker and the place,3. Interactional view: It sees language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. To learn a language, learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary, but as importantly, they need to know the rules for using them in the whole range of communicative contexts.,(Language) learning theories,1. Behaviorist theoryProposed by behavioral psychologist Skinner. He suggested that language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.,Stage 1T: (Holds up a book)Book. Book. Repeat. -SSs: Book. -ResponseT: Good! -Reward(T does the same with about four other objects).Stage 2T: (Holds up a book) -StimulusSs: Book. -ReponseT: Good! -Reward,One influential result is the audio-lingual method, which involves the “ listen and repeat” drilling activities. The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes are immediately corrected, and correct utterances are immediately praised.2. Cognitive theory: According to Noam Chomsky , language is not a form of behavior, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system.,There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language. One influential idea of this theory is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules.,3 Constructivist theoryLearning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows.4 Socio-constructivist theory Learners learn best with the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners. ZPD and Scaffolding,最近发展区理论（zone of proximal development）,基本观点：在确定发展与教学的可能关系时，要使教育对学生的发展起主导作用，就必须确立学生发展的两种水平。一是他已经达到的发展水平，表现为学生能够独立解决问题的独立水平；二是他可能达到的发展水平，但要借助成人的帮助，在集体活动中，通过模仿，才能达到解决问题的水平。学生借助成人的帮助所能达到的水平与在独立活动中所达到的解决问题的水平之间的差异，称为“最近发展区”。,最近发展区内的任务是指学生不能独立完成，但是在教师或同伴的帮助下能够完成的任务。 搭建支架（scaffolding）指有更有能力的同伴或教师提供帮助。,启示(implications)： 尽量组织、安排能力水平不同的学生进行合作学习。接受能力较强的同伴的指导，这是促进学生在最近发展区内发展的最有效的一种方法；应该逐渐让学生对自己的学习承担越来越多的责任。,What makes a good language teacher,Qualities of a good language teacherEthic devotion Professional qualities Personal stylesHow to become a good language teacher -the reflective model of teachers professional development (P9),Summary,Views on languageStructural viewFunctional view Interactional view Views on language learning and learning in generalBeha