英国外交官眼中的中日韩.doc

The British Diplomat E.M.Satows images towards China,Korea and Japan(2012-07-17 23:24:14) The British Diplomat Sir Ernest Mason Satow (1843-1929) was a famous expert on the Oriental affairs,especially the Japanese affair. He served the UK government in the Eastern Asia, namely Japan (1862-1883 & 1895-1900), China (1862.1-1862.8 & 1900-1906), Siam(1884-1887). In 1878, during his first period of staying at Japan, Satow was sent to Korea to investigate the peninsula,and wrote a long article about the geography of Korea.He spent most of his life in the Eastern Asia, and mastered many oriental languages. He was regarded as one of the early founder of the western Japanology,and respected by many Japanese and western scholars and officals. There are still a lot of remains of Satows life in Japan. For example, there is still the Sakura tree planted by Satow in the front of the gate of the British Embassy in Japan. 1.E.M.Satows image towards China(1)why I choose Satows diplomatic career in China as the theme of my doctoral dissertaion?Satow was regarded as an famous orientalist and diplomat by the Western academic circle , most of his academic books and his diplomatic carrier was researched by later scholars, however, his second period in China (1900-1906)was relevantly ignored by Western and Japanese scholars. Although there are some research articles on Satows diplomatic experience during this period, this period is still the weakest point of researches on Satow.It is a very strange phenomena that there is even no one article about research on Satow in Chinese, needless to say relevant monograph. In modern Chinese history, famous foreign diplomats and missionaries played very important roles in Chinas affairs, and most of them were remembered and researched by we Chinese scholars, however, Satow was an exception. Compared with academic researches on Satows experience in Japan, his experience in China was relevantly ignored . There are only some articles on his experience in China(1900-1906) which are wrote in Japanese or English, however, these articles have some obvious shortages.First, these authors didnt obtain basic knowledge about Chinas modern history, so they couldnt well understand the political situation of late Qing Dynasty. Second, these authors couldnt collect all Chinese materials( or archives) concerning Satow. In fact, there were huge amount materials in Chinese, including diplomatic archives, official documents, some elites private documents, such as LI Hong-zhang, ZHANG Zhi-dong, LIU Kun-yi, SHENG Xuan-huai, even the famous diplomat WU Ting-fang. Third, there were many respective foreign documents concerning Satow, such as the UK, U.S.A., and Japan, especially Russia. Because Russia was the UK and Japans common strategic opponent, and they were relevantly weaker than Russia , the UK and Japan signed the first Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902. Being the then British Minister in China, and the former Minister in Japan(1895-1900), Satow played a very important role in the Eastern Asian international relations. Satow paied high emphasis on the Northeastern China (the then so-called “Manchuria”) and Korea peninsula. In his private diaries and official letters during the period of 1895-1906, Satow mainly focused on the international rivalry, especially the rivalry between Russia and Japan & the UK.Above all, it is very important to combine all related diplomatic documents together to revalue Satows life in East Asia, especially during the period of 1900-1906. From this aspect, I decided to focus on the researches of Satows experience in China.However, even in the period of being the British Minister in China, there also happened many important affairs, including the so-called Eight Powers Allied Troops invaded China and then the negotiation of “Boxer Protocol”(1900-01), the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902),and the Russo-Japanese War(1904-05).These affairs were intertwined and influenced with each other. Thus only when we carefully reexamined the above affairs one by one, then we could well understand the real situation of that period. So I decided to choose “The British Diplomat E.M.Satows role in the Negotiation of Boxer Protocol” as the theme of my doctoral dissertation.With the help of Mr. Miyazawa Shinichi ,Professor of Saitama Womens Junior College, I am able to get Satows early diary(1862-1868).In order to better understand Satows activities and diplomatic thought, it was very important to know his growth path.These precious materials havent been published by anyone else, so it is very helpful for me to understand Satows early life and his early relations with China and Japan. (2)Satows image towards China can be divided into four phases As a famous orientalist,as affair. He livedand worked in China for two periods, namely the first period -from the January,1862 to the August,1862,and the second period-from the September,1900 to 1906. According to my researches on Satow diaries , his books or articles ,I think his views towards China changed with the elapse of time.I try to seprate his view towads China into four different phases.a.The first phase,he admired and respected Chinese excellent ancient culture;In 1861,after finished his college education at College University of London, being influenced by a book and the so-called Black Ship Incident in 1853,Satow was very interested in the Oriental culture. So when the British Ministry of Foreign affairs recruited interpreter students, he decided to choose Japanese language as his major object,that meant his future job would be closed with Japan.This was very brave and excellent choice,because from that time on, Satow gradually became afamous diplomat and expert on Oriental affairs,especially on the Japanese affairs.Finally, he was sucessfully enrolled by this ministry.At the end of that year, according to the schedule of the British Ministry of Foreign affairs,Satow and other interpreter students were sent to Japan to study Japanese. However,on the request of British general consul in Japan Alcock, they were first sent to China to study Chinese language and culture, because Alcock thought that there were many Chinese charatistics in Japanese, and Japanese culture were deeply influnced by Chinese culture, so it would be very useful for interpret student to abtain basic knowledge of China and its culture.Satow didnt understand the real meanning ofthis arrangement, so he often complained of it with his friends when he was staying at China. However, he still carefully observed Chinas situation,and worked very hard to learn Chinese language and culture. He often rode his pony,which was bought by him when in Beijing,to visit some places of interest. He really appreciated the excellent Chinese acient culture,such as the beautiful and brilliant palace buildings and treasures, he also frequently visited some old book or coin markets to purchase some good and precious things. b.The second phase,he looked down upon Chinas present situation(then);However, during his first period of staying at Beijing, he treated Chinese not very well, he even kicked his young Chinese servant boy.I think from the bottom of his heart, Satow looked down China and Chinese. c.The third phase,when he was the British Minister in China(1900-1906),Satow witnessed and actively took part in those important diplomatic affairs, such as the Eight-powers Allied Armis aggressed China and the negotiation of Boxer Protocl(1900-1901),the Anglo-Japanese Alliance(1902),and the Russo-Japanese War(1904-05) .He adopted very strong stance towards China. He pressed China to accept many unfair clauses during the negotiation. However,in the diplomatic body, Satow maybe the best Orientalist, he well understood Oriental peoples culture and customs.He even knew how to deal with different officials, namely Chinese and Manchu.d.The fourth period,after his retirement from the British Minister in China, in 1907, Satow wrote a preface to the book . In this article, he totally changed his view towards China. He thought that ,after the New Restoration of the Late Qing(1901-1911),the situation in China had improved quickly. He took a positive attitude towards Chinas change, and thought western powers should support Chinas reforment.Due to lack of conret diaries, I cant know why he changed his image towards China so great. It depends on further researches. 2.Satows image towards KoreaDuring his first period in China(1862.1-1862.9),especially when he stayed at Beijing, he came cross Korean people four times. This was the first time for him to meet Korean, and in his later diplomatic life in East asia, he carefully observed the international rivalry in this peninnsula,especially the UK-Japan-Russia triangle relation. When he was the British Minister in Japan(1895-1900)and Minister in China(1900-1906),Satow wrote huge amount volumes of diaries while doing his job. In his diaries, the so-called Manchurian and Korean affairs was one main object for him to observe.Recently, some of his diaries were gradually published by some Japanese and British scholars, such as Miyazaki Shinichi and Ian Ruxton.However, the rest are still unpublished.So we cant well understand whether he contacted the Korean reformers or not. I also dont know whether he supported them or not.It depends on the further researches.In 1862, maybe he never thought he would be so closely connected with East Asia.In Beijing, the first image the Korean gave him was their special clothes and hats. The Korean used to wear white and long gown.He observed that there was a Korean legation in Beijing, and was not far from the British Legation, so he could often met Korean in the streets.Some times, he even wanted to exchange hats with Korean,but was refused by the Koreans. He sucessfully exchanged coins with Koreans. He also made some comparsion with the Korean and American textitle. From some officials of the British Legation, Satow knew that Korea was a vassal state of Qing Dynasty, but he didnt well understand what kind of relation it was.Above all, in the first period,Satow viewed the Korean a very special and myserious people. Korean were the most frequently met foreigners in Beijing during his first staying at Beijing, except the Westerners.On the September,1862,Satow left China for Japan, and from then on, he lived and worked in Japan for almost 30years. This was a very important period for him, he was a junior diplomat,and didnt need to deal with complicated diplomatic affairs, so he could energetically devoted himself to researches on the Oriental affairs,especially the Japanese Study. This period founded the solid basis for his future being famous Japanologist and the British Minister in Japan and China.In 1878,Satow was sent to Korea to investigate the geography,in my opinion,this was his first and last time went to Korea Peninnsula . In his later article, he carefully recorded the names of Korean geographical places, both in English and Korean Languages. In the past, I never knew that he even understood Korean language. Satow was really a linguists, because in his whole life, he mastered English, German, Greek,French,Japanese, Chinese,Mancus,and Korean. He had talents in language studying,and he worked very hard to learn foreign languages. It laid a solid basis for his diplomatic career.Due to lack of his early diairies, I cant know more relations between Satow and Korean, however, from the booklist of Satow, we can know that he even wrote article about the Korean-Japanese relation.During the period of (1895-1906),Satow carefully observed the international rivalry in Manchuria and Korea, and because he was the diplomat of a traditional and powerful imperist country-the United Kingdom, he viewed Korea as a victim , weak,powerless, corrupted country. 3.Satows image towards Japan(1)overall imageIt is a very big topic,and beyond my ability to analyze.First, due to Satows long time staying at Japan and his academic achievement on Japanese study,there were a lot of researches on Satow and his books or articles, there were also many Japanese diplomatic documents related to him. They are beyond the ablitity to understand.I should work harder and harder to improve my ablility of foreign languages.Second,in order to understand Satows image towards Japan, I need to have the basic knowlege of Japan,and form my own image towards Japan. I am lack of them.So it is difficult for me to describle Satows image towards Japan.However, I will try my best to understand Japan,and form my own image towards Japan.Thats why I wanted to take opportunity to visit famous cities in Japan as many as possible. Then I try to understand Satows image towards Japan.First,Japan and Japanese was Satows first choice, he liked them very much.Second,he witnessed and actively took part in those important historical incidents in the late Bakufu and almost whole Meiji period,such as the Namamugi Incident, the Satsuma-Anglo Negotiation and War (1863-1864),the British,French,Netherland and American allied Fleet s bombardment of Shimonoseiki, the Meiji Restoration,and so on. He made friends with many famous Japanese politicians,such as Ito,Saigo Takamori,Okubo, Inoue Kaoru.Third, He liked Japanese culture very much. He almost visited every places of Japan,and wrote a lot of books and articles on Japanese culture, geography,religion.Fourth, he secretly married a Japanese woman Kakeda, and had two sons.His elder sons name was Eitaro, which meant English and Japanese blood.Fifth, in his later diplomatic life,he closely cooperated with his Japanese colleagues in dealing with the Chinas affairs. He was one major prompter of the first Anglo-Japanese Alliance(1902). (2) Ernest Mason Satows view on Loochoo QuestionErnest Mason Satow was a famous diplomat and Orientalist. From the Meiji period to now, Loochoo question was one focus among Sino-Japanese dispute, and the DiaoYu Island Question was originated from this question. The United Kingdom was deeply involved in the Loochoo Question during the Late Qing Dynasty, and Satow played a very important role in it. It is very important to revalue the UK and Satows role in this question.As all we known, in 1872, namely the year after Japanese Government officially annexed the Loochoo Kingdom, Satow wrote an article -Notes on Loochoo for the Japanese Asiatic Society. This article was very famous, because in it ,Satow combined all his knowledge about Japan.,especially Loochoo, such as religion, custom, language, geography, history, building,costume,etc. Many scholars cited Satows this article to verify their papers. Even some governments cited Satows viewpoints to make policy towards Loochoo question.From this article, we can know that Satow was very familiar with Chinese and Japanese history and culture, he cited many famous Chinese and Japanese ancient books to verify his opinion. On December 13th,1879, published one article, its author E.J.Reed cited Satows viewpoints, he also cited another famous Japanologist Astons viewpoints. Compared Satows article with Astons , we can say that ,Satow was more familar with Japanese history and culture,and his conclusion was more persuasive.The above was known by all of us, however, fewer scholars knew that Satow also wrote other two articles on Loochoo question, and deeply influenced the UK governments policy towards the Sino-Japanese dispute upon Loochoo question.On July 6th,1879,Satow wrote a memorandum for the British Legation in Japan. He explicitly desribled the whole course of Japanese special envoy Matsuda Yukichi went to Liukiu to interfere Loochoo Kingdoms inner affairs and the Loochoo Kingdom tried to argue with the envoy and Japanese central government,but failed.Later, the Loochoo Kingdom turned to the three western countries-America,France and Netherland,which had signed treaties with Loochoo government, for help, but also failed.On Feb.13th,1880, the Charge daffairof British Legation Kennedy reported to the British Primier Lord Salisbury that Satow wrote another mamorandum about Loochoo question,and he suggested the Primer to pay much attention to it. In this mamorandum, Satow reviewed the relavant reports upon the controversy on the Sino-Japanese dispute in the Japanese newspaper. According to mamorandum,in the November and December of 1879, McCartee,the western language interpreter of Chinese Legation in Japan,wrote a series of articlesAudi alterram Partem in the Yokohamas newspaper- .He represented China to maintain Chinese right over Loochoo Kingdom. The semi-official organization represented Japan to express Japanese opinion on this question.In order to check both sides opinion,Satow spared no time and energy to check all the reference books cited in those articles. Finally, he concluded that all the reference books were reliable. After stating these two authors opinions, Satow declared that he was declined to agree with the Japanese sides opinion.The British legation thought that only they could