初中英语语法句子成分

正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 句子成分精讲句子成分精讲 句子成分 主语 谓语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语等 主要成分 主语和谓语 1 主语 主语 一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象 主语的位置 一般位于句首 由名词 代词 数词或相当于名词的词 短语等充当 The school is far from here 名词做主语 She goes to school by bike 代词做主语 Eight is a lucky number 数词做主语 The blind need more help 名词化的形容词做主语 There is a pen on the desk 名词做主语 Predicting the future is interesting 动名词做主语 To be a doctor is my dream 不定式短语做主语 2 谓语 谓语 表示人或事物 主语 的动作和存在的状态 英语中由动词 be 动词 have 和行为动词来充当谓语动词 句子的时态和语态是通过谓语表现出来 谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的助动词或情态动词加上主要动词构成 分析句子的主语和谓语 Mr Li teaches English He can play the piano My parents and I are having dinner 3 表语 表语 用来说明主语的身份 特征 性质 状态 表语的位置 用在动词 be 和系动词的后面 名词 代词 数词 介词短语 副词等都可以和连系动词一起构成复合谓语 Your pen is on the desk He got very angry My dream is to have a robot 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 常见的系动词 1 be 动词 2 与感觉有关的动词 look sound smell taste feel 等 3 表示状态变化的动词 意为 变得 变成 如 get grow turn 等 上述两类词作连系动词时要用形容词作表语 千万不能用副词 4 宾语 宾语 是动作的对象或承受者 及物动词必须跟宾语 及物动词 直接接宾语的谓语动词 不及物动词 不能直接带宾语的谓语动词 宾语可由名词 代词 数词 不定式 动名词 从句构成 I saw a plane in the sky just now 名词做宾语 I want three 数词做宾语 I like going shopping 动名词做宾语 We think predicting the future is hard 宾语从句 5 宾语补足语 宾补 宾语补足语 宾补 有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外 还须加上一个补足语 如果没有补足语 宾补 有时候句子的意思就不完整 充当宾补的有 1 形容词作宾语补足语 The sun keeps us warm 2 介词短语作宾语补足语 I found her in the room 3 副词作宾语补足语 Please let him in 4 名词作宾语补足语 We made him monitor of the class 5 动词不定式和分词也能用作宾语补足语 I asked him to come 6 定语 定语 定语修饰名词或代词 即在汉语里的 的 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 1 形容词作定语 一般放在被修饰语之前 修饰不定代词时放在后面 They have a clever son I have something important to tell you 2 名词作定语 Is it a color film 名词作定语一般用单数形式 如 school bus ticket office paper flowers 但也有例外 如 sports meeting clothes shop man 和 woman 修饰的名词如果是复数 它们总以复数的形式作定语 如 men drivers women doctors 3 代词作定语 This song is better than that one 4 数词作定语 There are only thirty students in our class 带有数字的复合形容词 当复合形容词用连字号连接时 其中的名词要用单数形式 a two day holiday a three year old boy 5 副词作定语 放在被修饰词之后 Do you know the young man over there 6 介词短语作定语 放在被修饰词之后 The students in our class like swimming 7 状语 状语 修饰动词 形容词或副词 有的修饰全句 用以说明地点 时间 方式 程度 原因 目的 结果 条件 让步等 1 副词作状语 The old man is walking slowly 表方式 The boy is very clever 表程度 2 介词短语作状语 I have lived in Shanghai for five years 表时间 3 不定式作状语 I come here to see you 表目的 4 现在分词作状语 The teacher came in holding a book in his hand 表方式 5 状语从句 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 We ll go shopping if it doesn t rain tomorrow 状语的位置状语的位置 1 在一般情况下 用于句末 We like our school very much 2 为了强调状语 可以把它放在句首 I usually get up at six but this morning I got up at eight 3 表频度的副词通常用于句中 如 always usually often hardly never 用于行为动词前 be 动词 助动词和情态动词后 I usually get up early He is often late 一些副词 如 already once just soon yet still nearly almost really suddenly certainly 等用法相似 sometimes now 可以位于句首 句中或句末 only 在句中的位置比较灵活 但位置不同 意义也不同 The actor only sang a song Only the actor sang a song The actor sang only one song 两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序 1 地点状语在前 时间状语在后 We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow 2 较小单位的状语在前 由小到大 Mr Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd Suzhou Jiangsu 3 一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语 其顺序大都是 程度副词 方式副词 地点副词 时间副词 She sang very well at the meeting last night 时间和地点状语也可以位于句首 表示强调或使上下文更为连贯 Usually I read the newspapers in the morning but yesterday I read them in the evening 动词动词 ed 形式作定语 表语 宾语补足语和状语形式作定语 表语 宾语补足语和状语 一 动词一 动词 ed 形式作定语形式作定语 过去分词作定语往往与被修饰的词靠得很紧过去分词作定语往往与被修饰的词靠得很紧 渐渐地成为一个复合词 这种分词叫分词形容词渐渐地成为一个复合词 这种分词叫分词形容词 the Participle Adjective 实际上相当于一个单纯的形容词实际上相当于一个单纯的形容词 除表示除表示 完成完成 的动作之外的动作之外 还表示还表示 被动被动 的意义 如 的意义 如 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 spoken English 英语口语英语口语 iced beer 冰冻啤酒冰冻啤酒 cooked food 熟食熟食 fried chips 炸土豆条炸土豆条 但要注意不及物动词的过去分词常表示但要注意不及物动词的过去分词常表示 完成完成 的动作的动作 而不表示而不表示 被动被动 意义 如意义 如 boiled water 开水开水 fallen leaves 落叶落叶 the risen sun 升起的太阳升起的太阳 等 等 1 前置定语前置定语 单个的动词单个的动词 ed 形式形式 一般放在被修饰的名词的前面一般放在被修饰的名词的前面 作前置定语 作前置定语 The excited people rushed into building 激动的人们冲进大楼 激动的人们冲进大楼 the people who were excited Lost time can never be found again 虚度的时光 虚度的时光 无法挽回 无法挽回 time which is lost 2 后置定语后置定语 少数单个动词的少数单个动词的 ed 形式形式 如如 left 等等 只能作后置定语 只能作后置定语 1 Everything used should be marked 所有用过的东西应该做好标记 所有用过的东西应该做好标记 2 Among the invited were some ladies 被邀请的人中 被邀请的人中 有些是女士 有些是女士 3 The books left are for my students 剩下的书是给我的学生的 剩下的书是给我的学生的 动词动词 ed 形式短语作定语时形式短语作定语时 通常要放在被修饰的名词的后面通常要放在被修饰的名词的后面 在意思上相当于一个定语从句 及物动词的过去分在意思上相当于一个定语从句 及物动词的过去分 词作定语用来表示被动词作定语用来表示被动 可改为带被动语态的定语从句可改为带被动语态的定语从句 不及物动词的过去分词不及物动词的过去分词 仅限于单个过去分词仅限于单个过去分词 且不能后置且不能后置 则则 表示完成表示完成 可改为带有完成时态的定语从句 可改为带有完成时态的定语从句 1 Is there anything planned for tonight 今晚有什么活动吗今晚有什么活动吗 that has been planned for tonight 2 The meeting attended by a lot of people was a success 这次会议有很多人出席 这次会议有很多人出席 开得很成功 开得很成功 which was attended by a lot of people 3 We drank some boiled water which had boiled and went on with our work 我们喝了一些开水后就继续工作 我们喝了一些开水后就继续工作 注意注意 这里的过去分词的逻辑主语应是被修饰的词这里的过去分词的逻辑主语应是被修饰的词 改为定语从句时关系代词应与之一致 改为定语从句时关系代词应与之一致 二 动词二 动词 ed 形式作表语形式作表语 过去分词作表语并无过去分词作表语并无 完成完成 或或 被动被动 之意 而是表示主语的状态或思想感情等 如 之意 而是表示主语的状态或思想感情等 如 He looked worried after reading the letter 看完信后 看完信后 他显得很忧虑 他显得很忧虑 When we heard of it we were deeply moved 当我们听到这件事时 当我们听到这件事时 被深深地感动了 被深深地感动了 He seemed quite delighted at the idea 听到这个想法 听到这个想法 他似乎很高兴 他似乎很高兴 常见的作表语的过去分词有常见的作表语的过去分词有 amused 愉快的愉快的 broken 碎了的碎了的 closed 关闭的关闭的 astonished 吃惊的吃惊的 crowded 拥挤的拥挤的 experienced 有经有经 验的验的 delighted 高兴的高兴的 lost 丢失的丢失的 gone 遗失的遗失的 disappointed 失望的失望的 worried 担忧的担忧的 interested 感兴感兴 趣的趣的 tired 疲劳的疲劳的 pleased 高兴的高兴的 satisfied 满意的满意的 surprised 吃惊的吃惊的 married 已婚的已婚的 known 著名著名 的的 等等等等 三 动词三 动词 ed 形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语 能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词 表示被动意义或已完成意义表示被动意义或已完成意义 有时候两者兼而有之 作宾语补足有时候两者兼而有之 作宾语补足 语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系 即宾语是过去分词动作的对象 即宾语是过去分词动作的对象 She found the door broken in when she came back 她回来时发现有人破门而人 她回来时发现有人破门而人 My grandfather had his old house rebuilt 我爷爷找人重修了一下他的旧房子 我爷爷找人重修了一下他的旧房子 少数不及物动词的过去分词用作宾补时少数不及物动词的过去分词用作宾补时 强调动作完成后的状态强调动作完成后的状态 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 They found all the guests gone when they woke up 当他们醒来时当他们醒来时 发现所有的客人都走了 发现所有的客人都走了 动词动词 ed 形式作宾语补足语的基本用法形式作宾语补足语的基本用法 动词的动词的 ed 形式可以在形式可以在 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语 句型中充当宾语补足语 在这一结构中句型中充当宾语补足语 在这一结构中 动词动词 ed 形式和形式和 它前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系 如果这种句子改为被动语态它前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系 如果这种句子改为被动语态 原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语 原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语 1 I must get my bike repaired 我必须请人修理自行车 我必须请人修理自行车 宾语补足语宾语补足语 2 The girl was found beaten black and blue 人们发现那女孩被打得青一块紫一块 人们发现那女孩被打得青一块紫一块 主语补足语主语补足语 1 动词动词 ed 形式可作表示感觉和心理状态的动词的宾语补足语形式可作表示感觉和心理状态的动词的宾语补足语 这类动词包括这类动词包括 see hear watch notice feel find think suppose consider 等 等 We thought the game lost 我们认为球赛输了 我们认为球赛输了 I have never heard him spoken ill of others 我从未听过有人说他的坏话 我从未听过有人说他的坏话 They considered the matter settled 他们认为这问题解决了 他们认为这问题解决了 2 动词动词 ed 形式可作使役动词的宾语补足语形式可作使役动词的宾语补足语 这类动词包括这类动词包括 make get have keep leave hold 等 等 I have my hair cut once a month 我每个月理一次发 我每个月理一次发 He was trying to make himself understood 他正努力使别人听懂自己 他正努力使别人听懂自己 have 宾语宾语 done 结构有三个含义 结构有三个含义 请人请人 把某事做完 把某事做完 She had her house repaired 她请人把屋子修好了 她请人把屋子修好了 Where did you have your hair cut 你在哪儿理的发你在哪儿理的发 遭遇某种意外情况 遭遇某种意外情况 He had his hat blown away on his way home 在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了 在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了 She had her wallet stolen yesterday 昨天她的钱包被偷了 昨天她的钱包被偷了 完成某事完成某事 自己也可能参与自己也可能参与 I have had all my spelling mistakes corrected 我把所有的拼写错误都改正了 我把所有的拼写错误都改正了 He has had one thousand yuan saved this year 他今年已存了 他今年已存了1000元 元 3 动词动词 ed 形式可作表示希望 要求 命令等动词的宾语补足语 这类动词包括形式可作表示希望 要求 命令等动词的宾语补足语 这类动词包括 like want wish expect order 等等 这一类动词的后面作宾语补足语 这一类动词的后面作宾语补足语 He won t like such questions discussed at the meeting 他不喜欢在会议上讨论这样的问题 他不喜欢在会议上讨论这样的问题 The students wish the TV serial plays continued 学生们希望电视连续剧继续播下去 学生们希望电视连续剧继续播下去 4 过去分词用在过去分词用在 with 宾语宾语 宾补宾补 这一结构中这一结构中 过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系 过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系 The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back 小偷被带进来了小偷被带进来了 双手被反绑在后面 双手被反绑在后面 四 过去分词作状语四 过去分词作状语 1 过去分词作状语表示被动或完成 但有些过去分词 短语 因来源于系表结构 作状语时不表动作而表状态 这 样的过去分词 短语 常见的有 lost 迷路 seated 坐 absorbed in 全神贯注于 dressed in 穿着 tired of 厌烦 等 如 Absorbed in deep thought he didn t hear the sound 因为沉浸在思考之中 所以他没听到那个声音 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 2 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句 在句中一般能作五种状语 即时间 原因 条件 让步和方式状语 如 Caught in a heavy rain he was all wet 因为淋了一场大雨 所以他全身湿透了 Caught in a heavy rain 相当于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain Grown in rich soil these seeds can grow fast 如果种在肥沃的土壤里 这些种子能长得很快 Grown in rich soil 相当于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil 注意 当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时 才可以把从句的主语省略 且省略掉的主语与其逻辑谓语是被动关系或如 第一段中所讲的表示状态 把状语从句改为过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词 构成 连词 过去分词 结构作状语 即 while when once until if though 等连词 过去分词 结构 如 When given a medical examination you should keep calm 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定 Though beaten by the opposite team the players didn t lose heart 尽管这些球员被对方球队打败了 但他们并没有灰心 练一练 I 用所给词的适当形式填空 并与 A D 的汉语翻译相匹配 impress pour speak 1 Once a word becomes a promise 2 Once water cannot be taken back again 3 by the beautiful scenery I forgot to go back home in time A 覆水难收 B 流连忘返 C 一言既出 驷马难追 II 用所给词的适当形式填空 1 see from the top of the hill the city looks beautiful to us 2 give time he ll make a first class tennis player 3 look out of the window I found many children playing on the playground III 将下列句子翻译成英语 1 由于被妈妈所说的话所感动 我忍不住哭了起来 2 如果给我们一个机会 我们将给大家一个非常好的表演 3 当问到他出生在哪里时 约翰说他是纽约人 Key I 1 spoken C 2 poured A 3 Impressed B II 1 Seen 2 Given 3 Looking III 1 Moved by what my mother said I couldn t help crying 2 Given a chance we could give a good performance 3 When asked where he was born John said he was a New Yorker 划分句子成分练习题 划分句子成分练习题 1 1 They are working on the farm now 2 Seeing is believing 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 3 All of us like Kobe Bryant very much 4 She became a doctor in 1998 5 The book lying on the floor are mine 6 Suddenly it begins to rain 7 To catch the train I got up early yesterday 8 I always find her happy 9 He wonders If I still study English 10 The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine 11 We always work hard at English 12 He said he didn t come 13 They love each other 14 What did you bye 15 She watched her daughter playing the piano 16 your job today is to help the old 17 Speaking doesn t mean doing 18 Bye the time I got to the station the train had left 19 The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage 20 It takes me an hour to get there 答案 1They 主语 are working 系表结构做谓语 on the farm 地点状语 now 时间状语 2 Seeing 动词 ing 做主语 is 谓语 believing 宾语 3 All of us 主语 like 谓语 Kobe Bryant 宾语 very much 程度副词状语 4 She 主语 became 谓语 a doctor 宾语 in 1998 时间状语 5 The book 主语 lying on the floor 补语 are 谓语 mine 宾语 6 Suddenly 状语 it 形式主语 began to rain 谓语 7 To catch the train 目的状语 I 主语 got up 谓语 early yesterday 时间状语 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 8 I 主语 always find 谓语 her 宾语 happy 状语 9 He 主语 wonders 谓语 if I 条件句中的主语 still study 条件句中的谓语 English 条件句中的宾 语 整个条件句做主干的宾语 10 The letter 主语 which I received the day before yesterday 定语从句 was 谓语 a friend of mine 宾语 1 We always work hard at English 主语 状语 谓语 状语 状语 2 He said he didn t come 主句主语 主句谓语 从句主语 从句谓语 3 They love each other 主 谓语 宾语 4 What did you bye 宾 助动词 主 谓 5 She watched her daughter playing the piano 主 谓 宾 宾语补足语 6 your job today is to help the old 主 定语 系动词 表语 7 Speaking doesn t mean doing 主 谓 宾 8 Bye the time I got to the station the train had left 时间状语从句 主句主语 主句谓语 9 The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语 their marriage 10 It takes me an hour to get there 形式主语 谓语 宾语 真正主语 一 指出下列句中主语的中心词 划分句子成分练习题划分句子成分练习题 2 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom There is an old man coming here The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year To do today s homework without the teacher s help is very difficult 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 二 选出句中谓语的中心词 I don t like the picture on the wall A don t B like C picture D wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes A get B longer C days D summer Do you usually go to school by bus A Do B usually C go D bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon A will be B meeting C the library D afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast A Did B twins C have D breakfast Tom didn t do his homework yesterday A Tom B didn t C do D his homework What I want to tell you is this A want B to tell C you D is We had better send for a doctor A We B had C send D doctor He is interested in music A is B interested C in D music Whom did you give my book to A give B did C whom D book 三 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasn t done his homework A B C D People all over the world speak English A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation A B C D How many new words did you learn last class A B C D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming how about you A B C D The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill A B C D They made him monitor of the class A B C D Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left A B C D You will find it useful after you leave school A B C D They didn t know who Father Christmas really is A B C D 四 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired 正确正确 效率效率 整洁整洁 A B C D Why is he worried about Jim A B C D The leaves have turned yellow A B C D Soon They all became interested in the subject A B C D She was the first to learn about it A B C D 五 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr Mrs with the family name A B C D What is your given name A B C D On the third lap are