考研英语一真题、解析和全文翻译(大师兄版)

大师兄英语2015 年考研英语一B journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.D lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32.The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to _.A foundB revisedC markedD stored33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may _.A pose a threat to all its peersB meet with strong oppositionC increase Sciences circulationD set an example for other journals34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now _.A adds to researchers workloadB diminishes the role of reviewersC has room for further improvementD is to fail in the foreseeable future35.Which of the following is the best title of the text? _.A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “its us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: “Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous own goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same chargethe wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defense was that she knew nothing.In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructionsnor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by _.A the consequences of the current sorting mechanismB companies financial loss due to immoral practicesC governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues5大师兄英语2015 年考研英语一D the wide misuse of integrity among institutions37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _.A Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.B more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.C Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.D phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Brookss defense _.A revealed a cunning personalityB centered on trivial issuesC was hardly convincingD was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows _.A generally distorted valuesB unfair wealth distributionC a marginalized lifestyleD a rigid moral code40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph? _.A The quality of writing is of primary importance.B Common humanity is central to news reporting.C Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.D Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part B Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) _. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42)_.Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _.Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _. This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the pageincluding for texts that engage with fundamental human concernsdebates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it, (45) _. Such dimensions of reading suggestas others introduced later in the book will also dothat we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.A Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to6大师兄英语2015 年考研英语一differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.B Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.C If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meanings, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.D In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: these might be the ones the author intended.E You make further inferences, for instance about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validityinferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.F In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.G Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration one of the great folk wanderings of historyswept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forcesthe immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.(48) But, inevitably, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on meager rations. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought interminable delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one chronicler, “The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists first7大师兄英语2015 年考研英语一glimpse of the new land was a vista of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)8大师兄英语2015 年考研英语一2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题参考答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1. A B C D2. A B C D3. A B C D4. A B C D5. A B C D6. A B C D7. A B C D8. A B C D9. A B C D10. A B C D11. A B C D12. A B C D13. A B C D14. A B C D15. A B C D16. A B C D17. A B C D18. A B C D19. A B C D20. A B C DSection II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)21. A B C D22. A B C D23. A B C D24. A B C D25. A B C D26. A B C D27. A B C D28. A B C D29. A B C D30. A B C D31. A B C D32. A B C D33. A B C D34. A B C D35. A B C D36. A B C D37. A B C D38. A B C D39. A B C D40. A B C DPart B (10 points)41. A B C D E F G 42. A B C D E F G 43. A B C D E F G44. A B C D E F G 45. A B C D E F GSection III Translation (15 points)46. 这次由各种强烈动机驱动的人口迁移运动在一片荒芜中创造了一个国家，而其荒无人烟的本质 也让这次人口迁移塑造了这个无人涉足过的大陆的品格和命运。47. 美国是两种主要力量的产物具有不同思想、风俗和民族特征的诸多欧洲民族的移入和改良 了这些特质的新国家的影响。48. 但是，美国特有的地理环境的作用力、各种不同群体之间的相互影响以及在这个荒芜的新大陆 维系旧大陆生活方式的困难性引起了美国这个新兴国家天翻地覆的变化。49. 在 15、16 世纪探索北美大陆的 100 多年后，首批满载移民的航船穿越大西洋驶向那片大陆，即 如今的美国。50. 这片树木数量丰富、品种繁多的原始森林着实是一个宝库，它从缅因州一路延伸至乔治亚州。Section Writing (25 points)略（详见大师兄英语真题解析及全文翻译、考研英语真题音视频讲解）大师兄英语2015 年考研英语一2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题试题解析Section I Use of English大师兄英语点评：2015 年英语一完形是一篇名为“DNA of Friendship: Study Finds We are Genetically Linked to Our Friends”的文章，该文讲述的是朋友之间有相似基因，并且他们的嗅觉基因也相似这一研究发现。本文 与原文的一致性很强，命题人没有删除任何段落。文章难度不大，多以词汇题为主。1.【D】语法题。从第一个空格到最后整个句子是表语从句。主句和其中表语从句缺少连接代词，A、B、C 项 均为连接副词。只有 D 项为连接代词。2.【B】句意判断。第一句为本文的论点，而从后面的内容看该论点是一项研究得出的结论。选择选择 B 项。 A 项“防御；辩护”；C 项“撤回；取钱”。3.【C】介词搭配。根据句意：这份研究是对 1932 位独特个体实施的全基因组分析研究。表示“在身上”用 介词 on。选择 C 项。4.【A】句意判断。根据该研究的结论“朋友间有 1%的基因是相同的”，以及本题后面的“unrelated friends and unrelated strangers”可知，此这是份研究“对比”朋友间和陌生人间的基因发现的结论。选择 A 项。5.【C】词汇题。这些实验对象被分为“无血缘关系的朋友”和“无血缘关系的陌生人”两个“样本”。 6.【A】句意判断。根据后面“it is not so to a geneticist”（但对于一个遗传学家来说并不这样）可知 A 项“微不足道”最符合题意。C 项和 D 项属于同义词“令人难以置信的”，与 A 项意思相反。 7.【D】句意判断。本句意思是“大部分人甚至都 他们的第四代表亲，但总能选择 我们亲人的人为友”这两个空有一定的关联性和逻辑性。A 项“参观”；B 项“想念”；C 项“寻求”；D 项“知道”。 只有 D 项最符合句意。8.【A】句意判断。根据上一题和本文所阐述的“朋友间有 1%的相似基因”这个论点可知。“我们选择的朋友 与我们的亲人 ”A 项“相似”；B 项“影响”；C 项“更喜欢”；D 项“超越”。选择 A 项。9.【B】本文开头的论点是一个发现，而本句又出现了一个发现，只有 B 项“也”符合逻辑。 10.【D】句意判断。根据前面的一句“.difficult to explain”以及后面给出的解释，可判断，这是作者的猜测。只有 D 项“也许”符合题意。 11.【B】介词判断。前一句的意思是“这种相似性能将我们引至同样的环境之中”，这是研究团队就朋友间为什么有相同嗅觉基因给出的一个解释，从后面一句“可能有许多机制”可知，作者认为“对此” 的解释还有很多，只有 B 项介词 to 有表示“对此，对”的意思。12.【A】根据下文可知，有许多机制“驱使”我们选择基因相近的人为友。B 项“观察”。 13.【B】整个句子是作者解释为什么朋友间有相同嗅觉基因，前半句说因为有很多机制驱使人们选择基因相似的人为友，根据逻辑判断，后面的“functional kinship”应该不是择友所需的，所以选择 B 项“而不是”。 14.【D】句意判断。根据前文中“functional kinship”（起作用的朋友关系），可知交友为了 D 项“利益”。 15.【C】词汇题。选项中有两对反义词，根据题意，首先排除 A 和 D。再根据下文中“picked pace”可知，此处应为 C 项“较快的”。16.【C】根据语意。空格后面是一个 why 引导的宾语从句，意为“人类进化在过去三万年间得以加速的原因”。 能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有 C 项 understand。A 项 forecast“预测”与“过去三万年”相矛盾，B 选项 remember“记住”和 D 选项“express”均不符合文意。17.【B】该句的前半部分说到“人类进化在过去 3 万年中加速了”，根据题意可知，此处要表达出“社会环境 是一种主要的促成性因素”，所以选择 B。18.【D】A 项 endeavor“努力”；B 项“决定”；C 项“安排”；D 项“倾向”。本文的讨论的重点是解释人 们在交朋友的一种倾向，即选择与自己有相似基因的人为友。因此正确答案为 D。19.【C】结合上文，人们普遍希望和有相似基因背景的人。因而 C 项“种族的”最合题意。 20.【A】句意判断。前一句是“尽管所有的研究对象都选自某个有欧洲血统的族群，但研究这还是 所有研究对象，互为朋友的人和互为陌生人的人都来自同一族群。”四个选项中，只有 see that“确保，务必”1大师兄英语2015 年考研英语一的意思符合。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1原文标题：Is the writing on the wall for all European royals? 来源：The Guardian（卫报） 原文链接：/commentisfree/2014/jun/04/european-royals-juan-carlos-abdication-spain-monarchy-prince-charles大师兄英语点评：此文来自英国著名报纸卫报，讲述的西班牙国王辞职的事件以及欧洲君主制的缺点 和所面临的问题，并提及英国王储查尔斯对君主制的认识，指出其未能认识到君主的真正作用。原文一共 10 段， 命题人对原文部分段落内容进行了删减，本文的难点在于第 34 题，会有一定的争议，该题需要一定的政治常识。21.【D】第一段第二句话提到“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down”（但是令皇室颜面扫地的丑闻和近期欧洲议会选举 中共和左派的得势使他不得不食言，并且走下王位）。D 项中“stand down”是“end his reign”的同义，且“eat his words”说明了“embarrassment”。故 D 是正确答案。A、B、C 项均未提及。22.【A】从第三段最后一句话“most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure”（大多数欧洲王室家族得以存续是因为他们能让选民不 需要费心去寻找一位无争议且广受尊重的公众人物来取代他们）可推断出，君主们本身就是“没有争议且受尊 敬的人物。”A 项正确。B 和 C 未提及，而根据第三段第一句“It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state”（正是君主这种显然能超越政治的作用才解释了君主作为国家 元首一直都受到欢迎的原因）可知 D 项“永久的政治化身”错误。23.【B】根据第四段最后一句“it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.”（那些有钱的王室家族竟然还能是现代民主国家的象征，这真是奇怪）可知 B 项“王室贵族在现代民主国家的角色”正确。根据第四段第二句“their very historyand sometimes the way they behave todayembodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.”（但正是他们的历史有时是他们如今的 行事方式体现出了过时的和说不过去的特权和各种不平等）可知 C 项错误；A 项未提及；而 D 项并不奇怪。24.【D】回答这题需要一定的政治常识，即：伊丽莎白二世女王仍是的英国君主，查尔斯还尚未继位，所 以文中用了“the danger will come with Charles”。这句表明英国君主是查尔斯的未来角色。根据第七段第三句“He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a serviceas non-controve-rsial and non-political heads of state”（他没