托福基础写作词汇

词汇,词汇量比句法更重要。简单的句法，只要用词准确、生动，可以形成一流的文字。,一般功能性词汇和特殊背景词汇共同构成托福写作的词汇能力。一般功能性词汇。如：表示因果关系的词汇。特殊背景词汇，如：大学中的各种活动，模拟联合国（mock UN）。,一般功能性词汇,逻辑关系事物数量变化事物/事件属性,第一类:逻辑关系,表示由于,重点单词和搭配：单词：due to / because of/ owning to/thanks to词汇讲解：due to“由于，因造成”，引导的短语在句中除可作状语（此时不用于句首）外，也可作表语或定语。due to后面不能接句子。,表示由于,用法：例句 However, due to the stress from work, they can eat some extracted nutrition pills such as GNC series products to make up for losses of not cooking food.对应托福话题 People will spend less time on cooking food.,表示因此,重点单词和搭配：单词：therefore/ hence/ thus/ as a consequence/ as a result, consequently/ so that词汇讲解：therefore表示因此，可用在句首和句中都可以,表示因此,用法：例句 Therefore, young people should experience a variety of jobs to identify the job that most suits them. 对应托福话题 Young people should take different kinds of jobs before they take a career in a long term.,表示导致产生,重点单词和搭配：单词：lead to/ result in/ be responsible for/ give rise to/ cause/ generate词汇讲解：lead to:这个短语有两种解释，一是“通往、通向”：The path led to that village.第二种解释是“导致”：The leadership of my college closes their eyes to waste of water and electricity, leading the resources shortage.,表示导致产生,用法：例句 Therefore, better environment will lead to a profound effect on the development of our country.对应托福话题 Improving schools is the most factor in successful development of country.,表示转折,重点单词和搭配：单词：however/ but/yet/nonetheless/nevertheless词汇讲解：however:意为“可是，然而，尽管”，较 but 的意味弱，通常用作连接性状语。其位置可以在句首，句末或插入句中。当其被用来对照两个分句时，中间需要有一个逗号；当它被用作句子的插入语时，则前后应各有一个逗号。,表示转折,用法：例句 However, even though parents can help children get through the temporary situations at present, children still have to meet more challenging task in the future study and work.对应托福话题 Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their childrens future for them.,表示让步,重点单词和搭配：单词：although/though/even though/despite/despite the fact that/ in spite of词汇讲解：despite：意思是尽管，是介词，不是连词，所以不能用来引导句子，若其后要跟 that 从句，需插入 the fact,表示让步,用法：例句 However, we should concede that despite the fact that there are many merits for children not to study art or music, overextended highlighting its good aspects will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful.对应托福话题 Younger school children (ages five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, science, history and language.,第二类:事物数量,表示很多,重点单词和搭配：单词：a large/significant/vast number of/numerous/ a great/significant deal (amount) of/plenty of词汇讲解：a large/significant/vast number of/numerous接可数名词，表示很多个，a great/significant deal (amount) of/plenty of接不可数名词，表示很多，大量,表示很多,用法：例句 Nowadays technology has simplified the procedure of a large number of tasks and operations.对应托福话题 Technology has made children less creative than they were in the past.,表示很少,重点单词和搭配：单词：very little/ very few/ so little/ so few/ small quantity of 词汇讲解：little指的是几乎没有，接不可数名词，而a little表示有一点儿的意思。few有类似用法,表示很少,用法：例句 Once beyond a certain threshold, money has little or no effect on happiness. Many wealthy people have experienced this and are not happier any more In fact, some wealthy people are completely unhappy.对应托福话题 Most business people are motivated only by the desire for more money.,表示各种各样,重点单词和搭配：单词：diverse/ various/ unlike/ dissimilar/ distinct词汇讲解：diverse: 表示多样性的，各种不同属性的，名词形式diversity,表示各种各样,用法：例句 Moreover, for some people whose majors are general sciences, such as chemistry, physics and so forth, which means it is hard for them to select a clear-cut career, trying diverse jobs is not a rational option as well.对应托福话题 Young people should try several different jobs before they take a long term career.,表示相同的,重点单词和搭配：单词：identical/indistinguishable/same/ similar词汇讲解：diverse: 表示多样性的，各种不同属性的，名词形式diversity,表示相同的,用法：例句 As people all over a country all have the identical culture atmosphere, they share the same way of how to look at something and evaluate something.对应托福话题 People can benefit more from travelling in their own country than travelling in foreign countries.,第二课 一般功能性词汇,表示充足的,重点单词和搭配：单词：adequate /enough/ sufficient/ample/generous/ extensive词汇讲解：adequate: 足够的，指数量多，适合须要的数量,表示充足的,用法：例句 We human being all are equal since we were born and no doubt we share all the same rights and treatment with adequate dignity.对应托福话题 One should never judge a person by external appearances.,表示不足的,重点单词和搭配：单词：lack/insufficient/inadequate词汇讲解：lack：做动词的时候lack是及物动词，后面不能跟介词。lack另外的一个正确用法是它还可以用作名词，这时候名词后面必须跟lack of,表示不足的,用法：例句 Due to the problems of the children always follow their parents direction, an increasing number of young adults are suffering a defect lack of capability to make their own choice, in an other words, insufficient creativity and independence will result in students somehow depend their parents in future life and lose the ability to live on their own .,表示不足的,对应托福话题 Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (say 15-18 year-old) teenage children.,第三类:变化,表示增加,重点单词和搭配：单词：boost increase/rise/mushroom/skyrocket词汇讲解：boost: 表示提高，提升，但是有迅速提高的含义，课用于数量的提高或者抽象意义比如职业生涯的提高,表示增加,用法：例句 Enabling children to make own decisions can boost the enthusiasm to study.对应托福话题 Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their childrens future for them.,表示减少,重点单词和搭配：单词：decrease/dwindle/ reduce /cut / trim/slash/ deplete,表示减少,词汇讲解：decrease:做不及物动词使用时常用结构为，名词+decrease， 常用的名词有temperature, pressure, price, rate, efficiency, volume等。短语decrease to表示“减少到”。decrease做及物动词使用时常用结构为decrease+名词, 后面常用的搭配词有number, amount, rate, speed, pressure, concentration, capacity, power等。,表示减少,用法：例句 This is the best chance for children had parents to decrease the generation gap.对应托福话题 Is it important for families to regularly eat their meals together?,第四类:事物/事件属性,表示重要的,重点单词和搭配：单词：significant, crucial，essential, vital, integral, fundamental, basic, high priority搭配：be of significance to, play a role in, it is high time to do, 词汇讲解：significant，名词形式是significance，表示“重要性”，因此significant是重要的意思。,表示重要的,用法：例句 I hold the view that increasing teachers salaries are significant because teachers play the most important part in the process of education.对应托福话题 The best way to improve the quality of education in a country is to increase teachers salaries,表示次要的,重点单词和搭配：单词：secondary, minor, negligible, slight, , trivial, low priority词汇讲解：secondary，由名词形式second，位居二位的，次要的，因此“secondary”就是次要不重要的意思。,表示次要的,用法：例句 Admittedly, some commercial advertisements can provide a certain amount of information which consumers might find useful. But compared with the hypes and deceptions of advertisements, these benefits are secondary.对应托福话题 Advertising is the most important cause of unhealthy eating habits.,表示昂贵的,重点单词和搭配：单词：costly/expensive/valuable/ precious搭配：be to, make sb/sth, 词汇讲解：costly, 由动词形式cost（花费）变过来，加ly后是形容词，表示昂贵的,表示昂贵的,用法：例句 Watching movies in the cinema is more costly than watching at home. Nowadays, the ticket fee is about 8-10 USD, which is still exceeding students ability to way. 对应托福话题 It is more fun to see a movie in the cinema with other people than see a movie at home.,表示便宜的,重点单词和搭配：单词：cheap, inexpensive, moderate, reasonable, valueless, worthless, discounted用法：例句Life being very short, and the quiet hours of it few, we ought to waste none of them in reading valueless books.,表示必要性,重点单词和搭配：单词：necessary, indispensable, essential, imperative, integral搭配：be necessary for sth./to do sth. Be essential to/ for sth, it is essential to do sth.词汇讲解：indispensable: dispensable是可有可无的的意思，加前缀in后，变为必要的，必须的,表示必要性,用法：例句 There are many aspects to improve the quality of education, such as constructing modernized school buildings, adding new advanced teaching facilities and making rational education systems. All of these ways are indispensable and increasing teachers salaries is only one of the necessary methods of this issue.,表示必要性,对应托福话题 The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers salaries.,表示非必要性,重点单词和搭配：单词：dispensable, inessential, needless, unnecessary用法：例句Truly, food is indispensable to every human being, but with the modern commodity system, cooking could be virtually dispensable. 对应托福话题People will spend less time cooking and preparing food in twenty years.,表示合适的,重点单词和搭配：单词：appropriate, fitting, proper, suitable词汇讲解：appropriate：意为“恰当”、“恰如其分”，强调与某事物、某场合极为适应，如：Write in a style appropriate to your subject；The eighteenthcentury gentleman spoke with a refined accent，quoted the classics on appropriate occasions,表示合适的,用法：例句 We must not only engage in thorough discussion, but also put theory into practice in order to acquire a better sense of the most appropriate and effective way to improve the quality of the education in a country.对应托福话题 The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers salaries.,表示不合适的,重点单词和搭配：单词：improper, inappropriate, offensive, unseemly, unsuitable搭配：be inappropriate to/for sb./sth., be unsuitable for/to sb./sth.词汇讲解：inappropriate: appropriate是合适的意思，加前缀in后，变为不合适的。,表示不合适的,用法：例句 This significant psychological feeling is difficult to obtain by following parents decisions. It is inappropriate for parents to take their control over children for granted.对应托福话题 Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their childrens future for them.,表示可疑的,重点单词和搭配：单词：doubtful, unbelievable, questionable, unconvincing, suspicious搭配：It is doubtful (that)/ whether/ if, be doubtful about sth. It is incredible that, be suspicious of sth.词汇讲解：doubtful: doubt是名词，意思是怀疑，加ful后，变为形容词，表示令人怀疑的,表示可疑的,用法：例句 One wishing to be admitted to the university will have to take several tests. It is doubtful that someone will be so lucky that knowing nothing, he could pass the test with a high score.对应托福话题 When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success.,表示确信的,重点单词和搭配：单词：convinced, certain, positive, sure用法：例句 From where I stand I firmly convinced that not only can sports makes our bodies better, but it can also teaches us something significant that cannot be replaced by other things.对应托福话题 Playing sports teaches people more lessons about the life,表示清楚的,重点单词和搭配：单词：explicit , accurate, clear, definite, specific词汇讲解：explicit, 详尽的;清楚的;明确的The doctor gave me explicit instructions on when and how to take the medicine,表示清楚的,用法：例句 Many sports require us to cooperate with others ,such as basketball, the missions for forward, guard and center are all very explicit, so the members in the team should have an ingenious cooperation.对应托福话题 Playing sports teaches people more lessons about the life,表示模糊的,重点单词和搭配：单词：unclear, vague, indefinite, obscure, indistinct搭配：be unclear about sth. be vague about sth.词汇讲解：vague: 意思为模糊的,不清楚的,朦胧的，通常指抽象意义的模糊，比如概念等等。,表示模糊的,用法：例句 Many people just have a vague conception that they want to be rich men and have more money than others. To realize their blind aim, they begin to do the endless work though it is boring or even illogic.对应托福话题 Being happy of job is more important than high salary.,表示模糊的,用法：例句 Many people just have a vague conception that they want to be rich men and have more money than others. To realize their blind aim, they begin to do the endless work though it is boring or even illogic.对应托福话题 Being happy of job is more important than high salary.,表示不寻常的,重点单词和搭配：单词：unconventional, unusual, odd, peculiar词汇讲解：unconventional：由conventional变过来，表示非传统的，有独创性的,表示不寻常的,用法：例句 An unconventional energy was introduced to the local government to tackle the severe environmental problems.对应托福话题 The government should give priority to improving healthcare than to solving environmental problems.,表示传统的,重点单词和搭配：单词： conventional, traditional, prescriptive词汇讲解：conventional: 形容词1.习惯的，常例的 2.普通的，常见的 3.符合习俗的，因袭的，陈腐的,表示传统的,用法：例句 Acting on some conventional notions, parents could offer few planning which is very suitable for modern society. Thus, parents decisions condemn children to miss out on many great opportunities in career.对应托福话题 Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their childrens future for them.,表示临时的,重点单词和搭配：单词：temporary, transitory, impermanent, momentary, short-term词汇讲解：temporary: 1. 临时的, 暂时的, 短时间的2. 无常的,短暂的,表示临时的,用法：例句 Now, this temporary traffic regulation has been fixed and an increasing number of citizens, like me, believe that similar policies will be spread out the country over the few years.对应托福话题 Cars will disappear in 20 years.,表示长久的,重点单词和搭配：单词：permanent, long-term用法：例句 The well-know example is that when we learn some new knowledge, we are forget it fast, however after practice after the class, in other world get the knowledge form different resources, we can get a permanent knowledge in our mind.,表示长久的,对应托福话题 To be well-informed people should get information from many different sources.,表示可能的,重点单词和搭配：单词：conceivable ,possible, probable, likely, potential词汇讲解：conceivable: 由动词conceive变过来，表示可能的，可想而知的。搭配：It is conceivable that,表示可能的,用法：例句 It is conceivable for the parents that children are out of control. Meanwhile, most of the movies content something violence, bloody or sexual which seems have no effect for adults.对应托福话题 Parents find it hard to control their children for the children are now influenced by many things outside home like television or movie.,表示不可能的,重点单词和搭配：单词： impossible, impracticable, infeasible, unattainable,表示不可能的,用法：例句 In a football game, it is impossible not to cooperate with your teammates. If you try to play alone, you will become exhausted and will fail.对应托福话题 Playing sports teaches people lessons about life.,表示明显的,重点单词和搭配：单词：apparent, obvious, visible, , distinct, evident, perceptible词汇讲解：apparent: 清晰可见的，显然的搭配：be conspicuous for sth., be visible to sb./sth., be evident to sth., be perceptible to sb.,表示明显的,用法：例句 It is apparent that the fantastic invention of transportation like bikes and cars has made it possible for people to live more convenient and colorful than ever possible before.对应托福话题 People should be allowed to use cell phones on public transportation such as buses and trains.,表示模糊的,重点单词和搭配：单词：ambiguous, indistinct, mysterious, obscure, unapparent, unclear,表示模糊的,用法：例句 It is ambiguous that the rewards of educational investment will appear soon.对应托福话题 Improving schools is the most effective factor in successful development of country.,表示普遍存在,重点单词和搭配：单词：widespread , everywhere, ubiquitous, pervasive, universal, worldwide词汇讲解：widespread: wide是广泛的，spread是扩散的意思，故widespread是分布广泛的，普遍的意思,表示普遍存在,用法：例句 Few issues are as likely to provoke widespread interest as that education of children. Some people think that paying more is not always the best policy when dealing with improving educational quality.对应托福话题 The best way to improve the quality of education in a country is to increase teachers salaries,表示罕见的,重点单词和搭配：单词：rare, extraordinary, infrequent, seldom, uncommon, unfamiliar, unusual,表示罕见的,用法：例句 Einstein received rare high grades in senior high school. The low grades even sent him to a second class college.对应托福话题 Do you prefer to finish one project completely then to another one or do two or several projects at a time?,表示强制的,重点单词和搭配：单词：mandatory, required, obligatory, compulsory, demanded词汇讲解：compulsory: 必须做的，强制性的，（课程）必修的。compulsory education 义务教育；compulsory service system义务兵役制；compulsory subjects必修课目,表示强制的,用法：例句 After taken every aspect into deliberation, I am of the point that history should become a compulsory subjects.对应托福话题 University students should be required to take history classes even they are not part of the field of the study.,表示可选择的,重点单词和搭配：单词：elective, optional, voluntary 用法：例句 As long as we can make art and music courses as elective courses, the problem can be addressed.对应托福话题 Young school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.,第三课 ：特殊背景词汇,教育类环境类大众传媒类城市生活类现代科技类工作类经济类,教育类,重点单词和搭配：关键词汇：subject/discipline/area/关键搭配：core subject, main subject, additional subject, arts/science subject, academic subject关键词汇：curriculum 关键搭配：diverse curriculum, wide curriculum, broad curriculum, areas of curriculum,关键词汇： high school关键搭配：junior high ,senior high关键词汇： education关键搭配：a liberal arts education, a vocational education, tertiary education, compulsory education, test-oriented education,关键词汇： college, university , institution of higher education关键搭配： go to a college (university, an institution of higher education) attend a college (university, an institution of higher education), college (university) studentsgraduate from college (university) ,finish college (university), school (university, college) authorities,关键词汇： undergraduate关键搭配：a second year undergraduate, undergraduate students (courses, degrees)关键词汇： fresh man关键搭配： fresh man year, first year, fresh man,关键词汇： sophomore 关键搭配：sophomore year, second year, a sophomore关键词汇：junior 关键搭配：junior year, the third year, a junior 关键词汇： senior 关键搭配：senior year, the fourth year, a senior,关键词汇： degree, diploma, certificate关键搭配： a bachelors degree, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Sciences, postgraduate, graduate a masters degree, a doctorial candidate, a Ph. D degree, confer a degree, receive a degree关键词汇：paper, thesis, dissertation 关键搭配：draft( prepare, produce, write, issue, publish, release) a paper/thesis/dissertation,关键词汇： homework, assignment关键搭配：academic assignment, a history assignment (an assignment on history) , heavy (a heavy load of) assignments hand out (set) an assignment on a particular subject, assign homework to students, complete (finish) an assignment,关键词汇： campus关键搭配：college (university campus), live on the campus, live off the campus 关键词汇： school, faculty, department关键搭配：a medical or law school, the Faculty of Law, the Engineering Faculty,关键词汇： concentration关键搭配：a field of specialization , concentrate in architecture(business, journalism, law, medicine)关键词汇：organization, group关键搭配：student organizations, a students union (student government, student council) , extracurricular groups newspapers, singing groups, political groups, v