细胞作业答案If these bacteria used a proton gradient to make their A.doc

Q1:A. How do cells in plant roots survive, since theycontain no chloroplasts and are not exposed tolight?B. Unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts do not have atransporter that allows them to export ATP to thecytosol. How, then, do plant cells obtain the ATPthat they need to carry out energyrequiringmetabolic reactions in the cytosol?a在植物根系细胞如何生存,因为他们不含叶绿体和接触不到光吗?b .与线粒体、叶绿体没有运输机,允许它的出口ATP胞质。那么,做植物细胞获得ATP吗他们需要开展能源量要求在胞质代谢反应?Photosynthesis produces sugars, most importantly sucrose, that are transported from the photosynthetic cells through the sap to root cells. There, the sugars are oxidized by glycolysis in the root cell cytoplasm and by oxidative phosphorylation in the root cell mitochondria to produce ATP, as well as being used as the building blocks for many other metabolites.光合作用產生糖，最重要的是蔗糖，從光合細胞通過SAP進行運輸到根細胞。在那裡，糖氧化根細胞的細胞質中的糖酵解，通過氧化磷酸化的根細胞中線粒體產生ATP，以及被用作許多其他代謝物的積木。.光合作用产生的糖,最重要的是蔗糖,从光合细胞运输通过sap,根细胞。在那里,糖是糖酵解过程的氧化在根细胞胞浆和氧化磷酸化在根细胞线粒体产生ATP,以及被用作构建块对许多其他代谢物。Mitochondria are required even during daylight hours inchloroplast-containing cells to supply the cell with ATP derived by oxidative phosphorylation. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate made by photosynthesis in chloroplasts moves to the cytosol and is eventually used as a source of energy to drive ATP production in mitochondria.线粒体是要求甚至在白天inchloroplast-containing细胞供应细胞ATP导出了氧化磷酸化。甘油醛3 -磷酸在叶绿体的光合作用转移到胞质和最终作为能源驱动在线粒体ATP生产。Q2:A. Many, but not all, electrontransfer reactions involve metal ions.a .许多,但不是所有的电子转移反应涉及金属离子量。B. The electrontransport chain generates an electrical potential across themembrane because it moves electrons from the intermembrane spaceinto the matrix.b侧的电子传递链生成一个电势穿过膜,因为它移动电子从膜间隙到矩阵。C. The electrochemical proton gradient consists of two components: a pHdifference and an electrical potential.c .电化学质子梯度包含两个组件:一个pH差异和一个电势。D. Ubiquinone and cytochrome c are both diffusible electron carriers.d .泛醌和细胞色素c都是扩散性的电子载体。E. Plants have chloroplasts and therefore can live without mitochondria.大肠植物叶绿体,因此生活中可以没有线粒体。F. Both chlorophyll and heme contain an extensive system of double bondsthat allows them to absorb visible light.f .两叶绿素和血红素包含一个广泛的系统的双债券这允许它们吸收可见光。G. The role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is equivalent to that of heme inmitochondrial electron transport.g .角色中叶绿素的光合作用相当于血红素在线粒体电子传递。H. Most of the dry weight of a tree comes from the minerals that are takenup by the roots.h .大多数的干重树来自矿物所采取的连根。A.True. NAD+ and quinones are examples of compounds that do not have metal ions but can participate in electron transfer.一个真正的。NAD +和醌类化合物的例子有,没有金属离子但可以参与电子传递。B.False. The potential is due to protons (H+) that are pumped across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Electrons remain bound to electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane.b假。可能是由于质子(H +)的跨膜注入从矩阵到膜间隙。电子保持绑定到电子载体内线粒体膜。C.True. Both components add to the driving force that makes it energetically favorable for H+ to flow back into the matrix.c真实。这两个组件添加到驱动力,使其积极为H +流回矩阵。D.True. Both move rapidly in the plane of the membrane.维真。都在飞机上快速移动的膜。E.False. Not only do plants need mitochondria to make ATP in cells that do not have chloroplasts, such as root cells, but mitochondria make most of the cytosolic ATP in all plant cells.e假。不仅植物需要线粒体使ATP,细胞中没有叶绿体,如根细胞,但让大多数的胞质中线粒体ATP在所有植物细胞。F.True. Chlorophylls physiological function requires it to absorb light; heme just happens to be a colored compound from which blood derives its red color.f真实。叶绿素的生理机能需要它来吸收光线,血红素恰好是一个有色化合物,血液通过红色。G.False. Chlorophyll absorbs light and transfers energy in the form of an energized electron, whereas the iron in heme is a simple electron carrier.g假。叶绿素吸收光能量传递,在形式的能量的电子,而血红素铁是一个简单的电子载体。H.False. Most of the dry weight of a tree comes from carbon derived from the CO2 that has been fixed during photosynthesis.小时假。大多数的干重树来自碳来源于二氧化碳被固定在光合作用中Q3:In the following statement, choose the correct one ofthe alternatives in italics and justify your answer.“If no O2 is available, all components of themitochondrial electrontransport chain will accumulatein their reduced/oxidized form. If O2 is suddenly addedagain, the electron carriers in cytochrome oxidase willbecome reduced/oxidized before/after those in NADHdehydrogenase.”是下面的语句,选择正确的一个用斜体印出的词的选择和证明你的答案。“如果没有O2是可用的,所有的组件线粒体电子传递链就会积累量在他们减少/氧化形式。如果突然说O2再次,电子载体在细胞色素氧化酶将成为减少/氧化之前/之后那些NADH脱氢酶”。If no O2 is available, all components of the mitochondrial electron-transportchain will accumulate in their reduced form. This is the case because electrons derived from NADH enter the chain but cannot be transferred to O2. Theelectron-transport chain therefore stalls with all of its components in the reduced form. If O2 is suddenly added again, the electron carriers in cytochrome oxidase will become oxidized before those in NADH dehydrogenase. This is true because, after O2 addition, cytochrome oxidase will donate its electrons directly to O2, thereby becoming oxidized. A wave of increasing oxidation then passes backward with time from cytochrome oxidase through the components of the electron-transport chain, as each component regains the opportunity to pass on its electrons to downstream components.如果没有氧气可用,所有组件的线粒体electron-transportchain将积累在他们的简化形式。出现这种情况是因为电子来自NADH进入链但不能转给O2。Theelectron-transport链因此摊位与它的所有组件的简化形式。如果是突然再次添加O2,电子载体在细胞色素氧化酶将成为那些在NADH脱氢酶氧化之前。这是真的,因为在O2。此外,细胞色素氧化酶直接捐赠其电子O2,从而成为氧化。一波增加氧化然后向后传递与时间从细胞色素氧化酶通过电子传递链的组件,每个组件恢复机会转嫁到下游电子组件。Q4:Some bacteria have become specialized to live inan environment of high pH (pH10). Do yousuppose that these bacteria use a protongradient across their plasma membrane toproduce their ATP? (Hint: all cells must maintaintheir cytoplasm at a pH close to neutrality中性.)有些细菌已经成为专门的住一个环境的高pH(pH10)。你假设这些细菌使用一个质子在他们的等离子体膜,梯度生产他们的ATP吗?(提示:所有细胞必须保持他们的细胞质在pH值接近中立中性。)If these bacteria used a proton gradient to make their ATP in a fashion analogous to that in other bacteria (that is, fewer protons inside than outside), they would need to raise their cytoplasmic pH even higher than that of their environment (pH 10). Cells with a cytoplasmic pH greater than 10 would not be viable. These