课程习题及补充材料

课程习题及补充材料 课程习题及补充材料Topic:PronunciationThe Consonantsof English1.Organs of speech usea figureto introducethe organsofspeechupper lip上唇low erlip下唇upper teeth上齿low erteeth下齿alveolar ridge(teeth ridge)齿龈hard palate硬腭soft palate软腭uvula小舌the tipof the tongue舌尖the frontof thetongue前舌the bladeof thetongue舌面，舌叶the back of thetongue后舌larynx喉vocal cords声带w indpipe气管pharynx cavity咽腔mouth cavity口腔nasal cavity鼻腔齿龈紧挨着牙齿后边，我们可以感觉出一道硬的突起，包住了牙根，这片小区域叫做齿龈。 硬腭腭是齿龈的后部，在口腔的顶部上一个圆盖形的结构。 腭的前部是硬质，并且是固定的，不能活动，这就是硬腭。 软腭腭的后部的肌肉是可以活动的软组织，这就是软腭。 舌叶当舌头处于自然状态，舌尖停在下齿后面的时候，舌尖后面对着上齿龈的部分叫做舌叶。 前舌对着硬腭的部分叫做前舌。 后舌对着软腭的部分叫做后舌，也叫舌根。 小舌是连接着软腭的附属器官，悬在口腔后部中央，是肌肉软组织。 2.Friction consonants摩擦音/f/v/上齿轻抵下齿/?/舌尖夹在两齿之间/s/z/舌悬空，接近上齿龈/?/双唇轻微向前伸/h/r/翘舌头，舌头前部是凹的3Top consonants爆破音按口腔中气流受阻位置的不同，爆破音可分为/p/b/双唇爆破音/t/d/齿龈爆破音舌尖齿龈/k/g/软腭爆破音软腭后舌/舌根Classification ofConsonants Aording to theplace of articulation,consonants containbilabial,labiodental,dental,retroflex,palatal,velar,etc.Aording to the manner of articulation,consonants includeplosive,fricative,affricate,trill,tap/flap,lateral,nasal,etc.If thevibration ofvocal cordsis takenas thestandard,consonants can be dividedinto voicedand voiceless.9.18Topic PronunciationThe ConsonantsOf English,Exercises1.Review(go over)/f/v/?/s/z/?/?/h/r/t/d/p/b/k/g/2.Affricate consonants/t?/d?/ts/dz/tr/dr/Note:口型，舌位先放在/t/、/d/的位置，再向第二个音快速过渡,/t/、/d/属于不完全爆破Topic:Pronunciationthe vowels1.Vowels:a systemof voicedsounds thatinvolve noclosure,friction,or contactof thetongue orlips.元音的发音过程中气流是通畅的，没有受到唇或齿的任何形式的阻碍，并且元音是有声的voiced.声带是振动的。 2学习元音时应考虑的几个基本因素1)The positionof thetongue a.the heightof thetongue b.the positionof thetongue c.the heightof thetongue?2)The opennessof themouth口型大小3)The shapeof thelips唇型4)The lengthof thevowels元音的长短3.单元音4.Front vowelsThe frontpart of thetonguemaintains theheight position/i:/front,spread,close,long/i/front,spread,close,short/e/front,spread,semi-close,short/?/front,spread,semi-open,short5.Central vowels/?/central,neutral,semi-open,short/?:/central,neutral,semi-open,long/?/central,neutral,semi-open,short6.Back vowels(if theres enoughtime)/u:/back,rounded,close,long/u/back,rounded,close,short/?:/back,rounded,semi-open,long/?/back,rounded,semi-open,short/:/back,spread,open,long Fronti:Central BackClose Semi-close Semi-open OpenSpread NeutralSpread Rounded RoundedRoundedRounded ie?u:u?:Topic Vowelsback vowels,Exercises1.Review1)Front vowels2)Central vowelsAdditione?beg bagsaid sadpet patpen paniebit betlid ledhill helltin tencut catmuch matchbug bagcup capebut betduck decktun tendusk desk2.Back vowelsu:u?:?:Topic PronunciationConsonants(cont1.Nasal consonants发鼻音的过程中，气流在口腔中受到完全的阻碍，但气流可以畅通无阻的通过鼻腔。 根据口腔中气流阻塞位置的不同，鼻音可分为双唇鼻音，齿龈鼻音，软腭鼻音等。 m-双唇鼻音（双唇紧闭）n-齿龈鼻音（舌尖抵上齿龈）-软腭鼻音（后舌接触软腭）2.Lateral consonants（边音，舌侧音）气流受阻于口腔的中部，但是舌的两边离开上腭，因此气流从舌两侧的缝隙通过。 l舌的前部贴近上齿龈，略微有些压迫感，舌面是平的。 t舍间轻触上齿龈，舌中部凹，后部抬向软腭。 3.Glides(or semivowels)?d)它们的音发出后，马上滑动到紧随其后的元音上，话音与其后的元音是一体的，滑音不能脱离元音而单独在词语中存在，因此它们也被称作半元音。 ji-j抬舌尖，展唇wu-w圆唇9.29Topic:Stress,Rhythm andExercises1.Stress1)word stressmonosyllables单音节词primary stress主重音disyllables双音节词secondary stress次重音polysyllables多音节词double stress双重音There areat leastone stressedsyllable inwords of two or more syllables.For most Englishw ordsoftwo syllables,the stessusually falls on the first syllable.(on the second syllable;double stress)For wordsof threeor moresyllable,the stressusually fallson thirdsyllable from the end.(Exception:stress fallson thesyllable beforetionsion)W ordsof threeormore syllablesusually have a secondarystress besides the primarystress.Itusually fallson thefirst orsecondsyllable.2)sentence stressNouns,adjectives,numerals,demonstraue,pronouns and interrogative pronouns,verbs and adverbs arestressed.Auxiliary verbs,personal pronouns,conjunctions,articles andpreposition aregenerally unstressed.2.Rhythm Thereare somestressed syllables in asentence.There is a strongtendency inEnglish speechto make the stressedsyllables ourat fairlyregular intervals.Topic Thediphthongs1.Diphthong It is aglide fromone vowelto anotherthose endin/i/Three groups:those endin/u/those endin/2.Those endin/i/ei/e/i/ai/a/i/a/为前元音/?i/?/i/起始音介于/?/与/?:/之间，且圆唇roundedspread3.Those endin/u/?u/?/u/neutralslightly rounded/au/a/u/a/为前元音，音柔和4.Those endin/?/i?/i/?/?/?/?/?/为前元音介于/e/、/?/之间，更接近/?/u?/u/?/起始音圆唇slightly roundedneutral Intonationgroup(also namedtone group):intonation groupis thebasic unitof theEnglish intonationin speechflow.It isparatively petein meaning,and itcanbea word,a phrase,a clauseor asentence.Today?wewent to the cinema.(word)TheEnglish department?is onthesecond floor.(phrase)When itrains?Igo towork bybus.(clause)Thesun isred.(sentence)1Overview the American EducationSystem Primary school American children startschool at the ageof five years.The first year at school is called kindergarten.It isrequired of all Americanchildren enrolled in theAmerican education system.The second year atschool is considered thefirstyear of primary school and is referred to as first grade.In America,the wordgrade hastwo meanings: (1)the scoreachieved on an examor in a course,and (2)a yearof educationin primaryor secondary school.Primaryschoolmost monlyconsists offiveyearsof education,referred to asfirstthrough fifthgrades.Secondary schoolUpon pletionof fifthgrade(the lastyearofprimaryschool),Americanchildrenenrolledin theAmerican educationsystemadvance tosecondaryschool.Secondary schoolmost monlyconsists of a totalof sevenyears,referred toas sixththrough twelfthgrades.The ninththrough twelfthgrades aremost monlyreferred toas high school.Upon pletionof twelfthgrade,American students are awardeda certificatecalled the high school diploma.In theAmericaneducationsystem,students must have obtaineda high schooldiplomabefore theyare admittedinto collegeor university.Foreign students who wouldlike toattend an American collegeor universitymust have pleted courseworkthat isequivalent towhat istaught at anAmerican highschool.Foreign students,who wouldlike toattend anAmericanhighschool,need toconsider howthehighschool theyselect willgive themaess to the bestcolleges.Undergraduate schoolStudents whohavepletedhighschooland wouldlike toattend collegeor universitymust attendwhat isreferredtoas anundergraduate school.These areschools thatoffer eithera two-year degree(called anassociate degree)or afour-year degree(called a bachelors degree)in a specific courseof study.That courseof studyiscalledthe major.While mostschools thatoffer afour-year degreewill admitstudentswhohave notyet chosena major,all students are requiredto select(or declare)a majorby theirsecondyearatschool.Students whoplete anassociate degree can continuetheir education atafour-year schooland eventuallyplete abachelors degree.Graduate schoolStudents whohave obtainedabachelors degreecan continuetheir educationby pursuingone oftwo typesof degrees.The firstis a masters degree.This isusually atwo-year degreethat ishighly specializedin aspecific field.Students aresometimes admittedtoamasters degreeprogram onlyif they haveabachelors degree in aclosely relatedfield.However,there aremany exceptionsto this,such aswith studentswho want to pursue a MastersinBusiness Administration(MBA)degree.Students whowant toadvance theireducation evenfurther in aspecificfield canpursue adoctorate degree,also calleda PhD.A PhDdegreecantake betweenthree andsix years to plete,depending onthe courseof studychosen,the abilityof the student,and thethesis that the studenthas selected.The thesisis a very intensiveresearch paperthat must be pletedprior toearning thedegree.It is always required of students pursuing aPhD,and maysometimes berequiredofstudentspursuingamasters degree(depending onthe school).Certain coursesof studyare onlyavailable at the graduateschool levelin America.The mostnotable of these arelaw,dentistry,and medicine.Students whowant to pursueadegreeinone of these fieldsmust firstobtain abachelors degree.2When ChristmasComes toTown Lala lala.Im wishingonastar Andtrying to believe That even thoughits farHell findme atChristmas EveI guessSanta isbusy Causehe neveres aroundI thinkof himwhen Christmases totown The best timeof theyear Wheneveryone eshome Withall thisChristmas tearIts hardto bealone Puttingup theChristmas treeWith friendsyou earound Its somuch funwhen Christmases totown Presentsfor thechildren wrappedin redand greenAll thethings Ive heardabout,but neverreally seeNo onewill besleeping onthe nightof Christmas Eve HopingSantasonhis wayWhen Santas sleighbells ringI listenall aroundThe heraldangels singI neverhear asound Andall thedreams of children Oncelies willall befound Thats allI wantwhen Christmases totown Thats allI wantwhen Christmases totown SilentNight平安夜Silent night,holy night!All iscalm,all isbright.Round yonVirgin,Mother andChild.Holy infantso tenderand mild,Sleep inheavenly peace,Sleep inheavenly peace.Silent night,holy night!Son ofGod loves purelight.Radiant beamsfrom Thyholy faceWith dawnof redeeminggrace,Christ theSavior isborn!Christ theSavior isborn.3Whitney HoustonBorn inNewark,New jersey,in1963,Whitney Houstongrew upinamusical family.Her motherCissy Houston isacelebrated gospelartist andbackground singer.Whitney Houstonstarted outas amodel,but decidedtopursueher long-held dreamof amusic career.Her1985self-titled debutalbum rocketedher tostardom,and remainsone of the biggest-selling debutsin musichistory.Her1987follow-up,Whitney,cemented hersuperstardom.And afterthe releaseof the1990album Im YourBaby Tonight,Houston decidedto branchout intoacting andwas tremendouslysuessful inher firstfilm TheBodyguard.The soundtrackto thatfilm was even moreofatriumph,spawning thesmash I Will Always Love Youand earningcountless awardsand aolades.She hassold more than120million albums,and her2000Greatest Hitssold morethan eightmillion copiesworldwide.Houston marriedformer NewEdition singerBobby brownin1992,and thefollowing yearshe gavebirth todaughter BobbiKristina Brown.Houston heldthe NumberOne spoton Billboards Hot100Char54t for14weeks withIWillAlwaysLoveYou in1993.She waschosen byPeople magazineas oneof the50Most BeautifulPeople in the worldin1991.Houston recentlywent into the studioto beginrecording aChristmas albumthat will be releasedin fall,xx.Despite all the controversysurrounding her,Houston toldthe pressthat she doesnt feelthe pressureof havingto topher pastefforts whenshe workson newmaterial.Houstonis not abig fanof the way thepress hasmade herprivate lifepublic,and she is veryhonest abouther resentmentof suchmedia intrusion.“My daughterhas togo toschool,and shehas totalk toher friends,and theyre gonnaask herthings thatshedoesnt knowanything about.Because allshe knowsis mommyand daddyand love.She doesnt knowanything thatother crap,”Whitney said,“Its incrediblethat thepress hasa right to writefreely,but there are nominutes for our privacy.”4About HouseApartment house=apartment building公寓大楼Annex:a buildingjoined or added toa largeone(Br.E.:annexe)附属（增建）建筑物Bedsitter:a small one-room flat小的只有一间卧室的公寓套房Bungalow:a housewhich isallon one level只有一层的相当现代化的房屋Cottage:a smallhouse,esp.in the country小屋，村舍Caravan:（有食宿设备的）旅行拖车，（拖车式的）活动房屋，（英国）R.V.=Recreational Vehicle同上（美国）Detached:(ofahouse)not connectedon anyside withany otherbuilding独立的房屋Semi-detached:two housesshare onewall两户共用一面墙的房屋Duplex:having roomson twofloors ofa building占两层楼的公寓套房Flat:a set of roomsina building,esp.ononefloor,including akitchen andbathroom(英式英语)一套住房Apartment:一套住房（美）House:abuildingfor peopleto live in,usu.One thathas morethan onelevel(story)and isintended foruse by a singlefamily房屋；房子；住宅。 分为detached或semi-detached Hut:简陋的小屋，棚屋泥屋a mudhut小木屋a woodenhut Penthouse:a smallhouse orsetofrooms builton topof thetall building,often considereddesirable to livein楼顶公寓Shack:a smallroughly builthouse orhut棚屋；简陋的小木屋Shed:棚屋，小屋，小库房（通常为简陋的木质平房，尤指用于储藏物品者）Studio:studio flat（Br.E.）studio apartment(Am.E.)单室公寓房，又作BED-SITTER5Games onClass1Fast WordsThe classis arrangedinto rows.The firstperson in each rowis givena pieceof chalk.The blackboardis dividedinto sections.No morethan sixteams.The teachercalls aletter and the studentsmust writeas manywords as they canbeginning withthat letter,in theallocated time.Their team-mates cancall outhints,but bewarned,this isvery noisy.Next,thesecondmember getsthe chalkand goestothe board and the teachercalls outa newletter.The teamwith the most correctwords is the winner.2.Word AssociationThe teacherstarts the game bysaying aword,such asHotel.For example:Teacher:Hotel StudentA:Bed StudentB:Room StudentC:Service StudentD:Food StudentE:Restaurant StudentF:Chinese As you cansee,any association is ok.If thestudent cant answer(5second limit)he orshe muststand up.The laststudent seatedis thewinner.If the associationisnot obvious,thestudentis askedto explain theassociation.3.Chinese WhispersDivide the class intoeven rows.The lastmember ofeach row(atthebackof theclass)is takenout of the classroom.Akeyletter,word orsentence(depending onlevel)is given.The studentsrun backinside,and whisperthekeytothenext studentin theirrow.It iswhispered downthrough therow untilthe lastmember writesit ontheboard.The firststudent towrite itcorrectly onthe blackboardis thewinner!6Happiness Happinessistheart of living,the aimand objectof ourexistence.Without happiness,life isdry andmeaningless.With happiness,life immediatelybees fulfilledand wonderful.Happy peoplekeep themselveshappy becausethey knowthe waysto appreciatethemselves and to seethe humorand magicineachmoment.Those peoplewho takelife tooseriously maylose theirhappiness.Sometimes whenwe wonderwhat we are doingor pursuing,it ishelpful tojust ask,“Well,will thisbring mehappiness?”Because the ultimate searchof allhuman beings,theultimategoal in life is to behappy.We pursuethis goalin allmannerofways,whether itbe throughleisure,careers,wealth,or relationships.Another goodquestion toask is“Why dowe loseour happiness?”When wepursue limited,superficial orfalse goals,it isvery easyto losehappiness.We expecthappiness toe from the outside,fromtherelationships,from food,from possessions,from travel.Yes,thereareforms of happiness,however limited,yet theyare onlytemporary.The morewearedriven bysuch forcesas greedand desire,the morelikely it is we will loseour stockofhappiness.7A SpeechToday wecelebrate ourindependence day!Mankind,that wordshould havenew meaningfor allof ustoday.We cantbeconsumed byour pettydifferences anymore.wewillbe unitedin ourmon interests.you willonce againbe fightingfor ourfreedom.Not fromtyranny,oppression orpersecution,but from annihilation.Were fightingforourrighttolive,to exist.as theday whenthe worlddeclared inone voiceWe willnot goquietly intothe night.We willnot vanishwithout afight.Were goingtoliveon.Were goingto survive.Today wecelebrate ourindependence day!8.Stress Noones life is withoutstress,certainly notyours.Being ateen intodays timesis filledwith upsand downs-awesome,terrific,thrilling,exciting,tense,embarrassing,“bummer”and downright“Omigosh-I-couldnt-believe-it-happened”experiences.Its timecharacterized byhopes and expectations:“Will Ibe liked,considered cooland askedto bea friend?”“Will Ipass thisclass,get aeptedto college,decide whatwork isbest andright forme,and finda greatjob?”Being ateen is also filledwith“first-times”:realizing youhave“feelings”for someone;going ona firstdate witha specialsomeone;learning todrive acar,even passingyour drivers test.Itsthestrain-filled timeof all-important decisions:After highschool,should youenter thejob market,get intoa specializedjob trainingprogram orhead offfor college?Should you“change”some of your friendshipsmake somenew ones,and leavebehind others?Should youget apart-time jobor concentratesolely onmaking goodgrades?Itsalsoa timeofafeeling thatso manyof youractions have“do ordie”consequences:doing wellon thosegrueling SATsso you can fulfillyour dreamsof goingoff tocollege,finding ajob,or findingout whoyou areand thening toterms with your identity-and yet,making thegrade withyour friendsso youre oneof the crowd.Its timeof growingup andlearning howyoucaneventually makeyour wayinlife.Asyoulearn howto standon yourown twofeet,you knowthe importanceof honoringthe“rules andrituals”that makeyour homerun smoothly;of livingup to your responsibilitieswithin yourfamily-even thoughyou might like tohave moretime aloo beindependent oruse itto bewithyourfriends.Itsa time when,while meetingthe wishesandexpectationsof your parents,you arediscovering-and clarifying-a voiceof yourown.“bummer”and downright“Omigosh-I-couldnt-believe-it-happened”experiences不愉快和真正是“天哪，简直不敢相信”的经历。 Do ordie不成功毋宁死，拼命干，不畏艰险Grueling SATs累死人的SAT测试。 SAT ScholasticAssessment Test是由美国大学委员会委托考试中心定期举办的测验，结果将作为美国各大学申请入学的参考条件之一。 9.Youth Youthisnot atimeof life;it isa stateof mind;it isnota matter ofrosy cheeks,red lipsand supplekneels;it isa matterof thewill,a qualityoftheimagination,a vigoroftheemotions;itisthe freshnessofthedeep springsof life.Youth meansa temperamentalpredominance ofcourage overtimidity ofthe appetite,of adventureover thelove ofease.This oftenexists ina manof60morethana boyof20.Nobody growsold merelybyanumber ofyears.We growold bydeserting ourideals.Years maywrinkle theskin.But togive upenthusiasm wrinklesthe soul.Worry,fear,self-distrust bowsthe heartand turnsthe spiritback todust.Whether60or16,there isin everyhuman beings heartthe lureof wonder,the unfailingchildlike appetiteof whats nextandthejoy ofthegameofliving.In thecenter ofyour heartand myheart there isawireless station;so long as itreceives messagesof beauty,hope,cheer,courage andpower frommen andfromtheInfinite,so longare youyoung.When theaerials aredown,and yourspirit iscovered withsnows ofcynicism andthe iceof pessimism,then youare grownold,even at20,but aslong as your