Plastics Materials 7E塑料材料与材料科学1

Plastics Materials 7E塑料材料与材料科学1 PLASTICS MATERIALSSEVENTH EDITIONJ.A.Brydson FormerHead of the Departmentof PhysicalSciences andTechnology,Polytechnic ofNorth London(now knownas theUniversity ofNorth London)f EI NE MA NN OXFORDAUCKLAND BOSTONJOHANNESBURG MELBOURNENEW DELHIButterworth-Heinemann LinacreHouse,Jordan Hill,Oxford OX28DP225Wildwood Avenue,Wobum,MA01801-2041A divisionof ReedEducational andProfessional PublishingLtd Amember of the ReedElsevier plcgroup Firstpublished byIliffe BooksLtd1966Second edition1969Reprinted1970Third edition1975Reprinted withrevisions1977Reprinted1979Fourth editionpublished byButterworth-Heinemann1982Reprinted1985Fifth edition1989Reprinted1991,1993Sixth edition1995Reprinted1995,1996,1998Seventh edition19990J.A.Brydson1995,1999All rightsreserved.No part of this publication maybe reproducedin anymaterial form(including photocopyingor storingin anymedium byelectronic meansand whetheror nottransiently orincidentally tosome otheruse of this publication)without thewritten permissionof the copyright holderexcept in aordance with the provisionsof theCopyright Designsand PatentsAct1988or underthe terms of alicence issuedby theCopyright LicensingAgency Ltd,90Tottenham CourtRoad,London,England WlP9HE.Applications for thecopyrightholders writtenpermission toreproduce anypartof thispublicationshould beaddressed to the publisherBritish LibraryCataloguing in Publication Data Brydson,J.A.(John Andrew),1932-Plastics materials.-7th ed.1.Plastics I.Title668.4ISBN0750641320Library ofCongress CataloguinginPublicationDataBrydson,J.A.Plastics materia1slJ.A.Brydson.-7th ed.p.cm.Includes bibliographicalreferences and index.ISBN0750641320(hbk.)1.Plastics.I.Title.TP1120B799-30623668.4-dc21CIP Compositionby GenesisTypesetting,Laser Quay,Rochester,Kent Printedand boundin GreatBritain byBiddles Lt4Guildford andKings LynnContents Preface to the Seventh EditionPreface to the FirstEdition Acknowledgements forthe Seventh EditionAbbreviations for Plastics andRubbers1The HistoricalDevelopment of Plastics Materials1.1Natural Plastics1.2Parkesine andCelluloid1.41.5Developments since19391.6Raw Materialsfor Plastics1.7The Marketfor Plastics1.8The FutureforPlastics1.31900-1930The Evolutionof theVinyl Plastics2The ChemicalNature ofPlastics2.1Introduction2.2Thermoplastic andThermosetting Behaviour2.3Further Considerationof AdditionPolymerisation2.3.12.3.2Ionic polymerisation2.3.3Ziegler-Natta and metallocene polymerisationElementary kiicsof free-radical additionpolymerisation2.4Condensation Polymerisation3States ofAggregation inPolymers3.1Introduction3.2Linear AmorphousPolymers3.2.13.3Crystalline Polymers3.3.1Orientation andcrystallisation3.3.2Liquid crystalpolymers Orientationin linearamorphous polymers3.4Cross-linked Structures3.5Polyblends3.6Summary xviixix xxixxiii11346791115191923242933373943434347495253535557V viContents4Relation ofStructure toThermal andMechanical Properties4.1Introduction4.2Factors Affectingthe GlassTransition Temperature4.3Factors Affectingthe Abilityto Crystallise4.4Factors Affectingthe CrystallineMelting Point4.5Some IndividualProperties4.5.1Melt viscosity4.5.2Yield strengthand modulus4.5.3Density4.5.4Impact strength5Relation ofStructure toChemical Properties5.1Introduction5.2Chemical Bonds5.3Polymer Solubility5.3.1Plasticisers5.3.2Extenders5.3.3Determination ofsolubility parameter5.3.4Thermodynamics andsolubility Effectsof Thermal,Photochemical and High-energy Radiation5.4Chemical Reactivity5.55.6Aging andWeathering5.7Diffusion andPermeability5.8Toxicity5.9Fire andPlastics6Relation ofStructure toElectrical andOptical Properties6.1Introduction6.26.36.4Electronic Applications of Polymers6.5Electrically ConductivePolymers6.6Optical PropertiesAppendix-Electrical TestingDielectric Constant,Power Factorand StructureSome QuantitativeRelationships ofDielectrics7Additives forPlastics7.1Introduction7.2Fillers7.2.1Coupling agents7.3Plasticisers andSofteners7.4Lubricants andFlow Promoters7.5Anti-aging Additives7.5.1Antioxidants7.5.2Antiozonants7.5.3Stabilisers againstdehydrochlorination7.5.4Ultraviolet absorbersand relatedmaterials7.6Flame Retarders7.7Colorants7.8Blowing Agents7.9Cross-linking Agents7.10Photodegradants7.112-Oxazolines5959596470737374747476767680878989939596991001031041101101101171191xx0122124124126128131132134134143143143145149150153154155Contents vii8Principles of the Processing ofPlastics8.1Introduction8.2Melt Processing of Thermoplastics8.2.1Hygroscopic behaviour8.2.2Granule characteristics8.2.38.2.4Thermal stability8.2.5Flow properties8.2.5.1Terminology8.2.5.2Effect ofenvironmental andmolecular factorson viscousflow properties8.2.5.3Flow inan injectionmould8.2.5.4Elastic effectsin polymermelts8.2.6Thermal propertiesaffecting cooling8.2.7Crystallisation8.2.8Orientation andshrinkage MeltProcessing ofThermosetting PlasticsProcessing in the RubberyState Solution,Suspension andCasting ProcessesThermal propertiesinfluencing polymermelting8.38.48.58.6Summary9Principles ofProduct Design9.1Introduction9.2Rigidity ofPlastics Materials9.2.1The assessment of maximumservice temperature9.2.1.1Assessment of thermal stability9.2.1.2Assessment ofsoftening pointThe assessmentof impactstrength9.3Toughness9.3.19.4Stress-Strain-Time Behaviour9.4.1The WLFequations9.4.2Creep curves9.4.39.5Recovery fromDeformation9.6Distortion,Voids andFrozen-in Stress9.7Conclusions Practicalassessmentoflong-term behaviour10Polyethylene10.1Introduction10.2Preparation ofMonomer10.3Polymerisation10.3.1High-pressure polymerisation10.3.2Ziegler processes10.3.3The Phillipsprocess10.3.4Standard OilCompany(Indiana)process10.3.5Processes formaking linearlow-density polyethyleneandmetallocenepolyethylene Structure and Properties of Polyethylene10.5.1Mechanical properties10.5.2Thermal properties10.5.3Chemical properties10.5.4Electrical properties10.5.510.5.6Properties of metallocene-catalysed polyethylenes10.410.5Properties ofPolyethylene Properties of LLDPEand VLDPE15815815915915916116316316416717017117417.5175176179181182184184184186186188190192195196198200xx02204205205207208208209210211211212217217221223226227227viii Contents10.6Additives10.7Processing10.810.9Cross-linked Polyethylene10.10Chlorinated Polyethylene10.11Applications Polyethylenesof LowandHighMolecular Weight11Aliphatic Polyolefinsother thanPolyethylene,and Diene Rubbers11.1Polypropylene11.1.1Preparation of polypropylene11.1.211.1.3Properties ofisotactic polypropylene11.1.4Additives forisotactic polypropylene11.1.5Processing characteristics11.1.6Applications11.1.7Atactic andsyndiotactic polypropylene11.1.8Chlorinated polypropylene11.2.1Atactic polybut-1-ene Structure and properties of polypropylene11.2Polybut-1-ene11.3Polyisobutylene11.4Poly-(4-methylpent-l-ene)11.4.1Structure andproperties11.4.2General properties11.4.3Processing11.4.4Applications11.5Other Aliphatic Olefin Homopolymers11.6Copolymers ContainingEthylene11.6.111.6.2Ethylene-cyclo-olefin copolymers11.7DieneRubbersEthylene-carbon monoxidecopolymers(ECO)11.7.1Natural rubber11.7.2Synthetic polyisoprene(IR)11.7.3Polybutadiene11.7.4Styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR)11.7.4.1High styreneresins11.7.5Nitrile rubber(NBR)11.7.6Chloroprene rubbers(CR)11.7.7Butadiene-pentadiene rubbers11.8Thermoplastic DieneRubbers11.9AliphaticOlefinRubbers11.10Rubbery Cyclo-olefin(Cyclo-alkene)Polymers11.9.1Thermoplastic polyolefinrubbers11.10.1Aliphatic polyalkenamers11.10.2Polynorbomene11.10.3Chlorine-containing copolymers11.111,2-Polybutadiene11.I2Ethylene-styrene copolymers11.13Other elastomers12Vinyl ChloridePolymers12.1Introduction12.2Preparation ofVinyl Chloride12.3Polymerisation12.4Structure ofPoly(viny1chloride)12.4.1Characterisation ofmercial polymers2282322382392402412472472482512532602622652672682682692692702702722732732732752782802802852892902912942942952962962993023043043063073073083093113113133153173xx.512.612.712.812.9Compounding Ingredients12.5.1Stabilisers12.5.2Plasticisers12.5.3Extenders12.5.4Lubricants12.5.5Fillers12.5.6Pigments12.5.712.5.8Miscellaneous additives12.5.9Formulations Properties of PVCCompounds Processing12.7.1Plasticised PVC12.7.2Unplasticised PVC12.7.3Pastes12.7.4Copolymers12.7.5Latices ApplicationsMiscellaneous Products12.9.1Crystalline PVC12.9.2Chlorinated PVC12.9.3Graft polymersbased onPVC12.9.4Vinyl chloride-propylene copolymers12.9.5Vinyl chloride-N-cyclohexylmaleimide copolymersPolymeric impactmodifiers andprocessing aids13Fluorine-containing Polymers13.1Introduction13.2Polytetrafluoroethylene13.2.I Preparation of monomer13.2.2Polymerisation13.2.3Structure andproperties13.2.4General properties13.2.5Processing13.2.6Additives13.2.7Applications13.3Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymers13.4Tetrafluoroethylene-Ethylene Copolymers(ETFE)13.5Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polymers(PCTFE)13.6Poly(viny1fluoride)(PVF)13.7Poly(viny1idene fluoride)13.813.9Hexafluoroisobutylene-Vinylidene FluorideCopolymers13.10Fluorine-containing Rubbers13.11Thermoplastic fluoroelastomers13.12Miscellaneous FluoropolymersPoly(viny1acetate)and itsDerivatives14.1Introduction14.2Poly(viny1acetate)and Copolymerswith Ethylene(ECTFE)Other PlasticsMaterials ContainingTetrafluoroethylene1414.2.1Preparation of the monomer14.2.2Polymerisation14.2.3Properties and uses14.3.1Structure andproperties14.3.2Applications14.3Poly(viny1alcohol)Contents ix325325330336336337338338342342345346347349350354355355359359359360360360363363364364364365361369371372373374374376376377379379383384386386386386388389389390391x Contents14.4The Poly(viny1acetals)14.4.1Poly(viny1formal)14.4.2Poly(viny1acetal)14.4.3Poly(viny1butyral)14.5Ethylene-Vinyl AlcoholCopolymers14.6Poly(viny1cinnamate)14.7Other OrganicVinyl Ester Polymers15Acrylic Plastics15.i15.215.315.415.515.615.715.815.915.1015.11Introduction Poly(methy1methacrylate)15.2.1Preparation ofmonomer15.2.2Polymerisation15.2.3Structure andproperties15.2.415.2.5Additives15.2.6Processing15.2.7Applications MethylMethacrylate Polymerswith EnhancedImpact Resistanceand SofteningPoint NitrileResins AcrylateRubbers ThermosettingAcrylic PolymersAcrylic AdhesivesHydrophilic PolymersPoly(methacry1imide)Miscellaneous Methacrylateand ChloroacrylatePolymers andCopolymers OtherAcrylic PolymersGeneral properties ofpoly(methy1methacrylate)16Plastics Basedon Styrene16.116.216.316.416.516.616.716.816.916.1016.1116.1216.13Introduction Preparation of theMonomer16.2.1Laboratory preparation16.2.2Commercial preparationPolymerisation16.3.1Mass polymerisation16.3.2Solution polymerisation16.3.3Suspension polymerisation16.3.4Emulsion polymerisation16.3.5Grades availableProperties andStructure ofPolystyrene General Properties High-impact Polystyrenes(HIPS)(Toughened Polystyrenes(TPS)Styrene-Acrylonitrile CopolymersABS Plastics16.8.1Production ofABS materials16.8.2Processing ofABS materials16.8.3Miscellaneous Rubber-modified Styrene-Acrylonitrile andRelated CopolymersStyrene-Maleic AnhydrideCopolymers Butadiene-Styrene Block Copolymers MiscellaneousPolymers andCopolymers StereoregularPolystyrene16.13.1Syndiotactic polystyreneProperties andapplications ofABS plastics39139239339339439539739839840040040140540540940941I413415417418419420420421423425425426426427429429431431432432433434437441441442447447448450450452454454Contents xi16.14Processing ofPolystyrene16.15Expanded Polystyrene16.15.1Structural foams16.16Oriented Polystyrene16.17Applications17Miscellaneous VinylThermoplastics17.1Introduction17.2Vinylidene ChloridePolymers andCopolymers17.2.117.2.2Vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymersProperties andapplications ofvinylidene chloride-vinyl chloridecopolymers17.3Coumarone-Indene resins17.4Poly(viny1carbazole)17.5Poly(viny1pyrrolidone)17.6Poly(viny1ethers)17.7Other VinylPolymers18Polyamides andPolyimides18.118.218.318.418.518.618.718.818.918.1018.1118.1218.1318.1418.1518.16Polyamides:Introduction Intermediatesfor Aliphatic Polyamides18.2.1Adipic acid18.2.2Hexamethylenediamine18.2.318.2.4Caprolactam18.2.5w-Aminoundecanoic acid18.2.6w-Aminoenanthic acid18.2.7Dodecanelactam Polymerisation of Aliphatic Polyamides18.3.118.3.2Nylon618.3.3Nylon1118.3.4Nylon1218.3.5Nylon7Structure andProperties ofAliphaticPolyamidesGeneral Properties of the Nylons AdditivesGlass-filled Nylons18.7.1Processing of theNylonsApplications Polyamidesof EnhancedSolubility OtherAliphaticPolyamidesAromatic Polyamides18.12.1Glass-clear polyamides18.12.2Crystalline aromaticpolyamides Sebacicacid andAzelaic acidNylons46,66,69,610and612Comparison ofnylons6and66in glass-filled positions18.12.2.1Poly-rn-xylylene adipamide18.12.2.2Aromatic polyamidefibres18.12.2.3Polyphthalamide plasticsPolyimides ModifiedPolyimides18.14.1Polyamide-imides18.14.2Polyetherimides ElastomericPolyamides4554574.59461462466466466468470471472474475476478478480480481481482483484485486486486487487487487490496498500500502505507509509513513514516516521524525526Polyesteramides-528xii Contents19Polyacetals andRelated Materials19.1Introduction19.2Preparation ofFormaldehyde19.3Acetal Resins19.3.1Polymerisationofformaldehyde19.3.219.3.3Properties of acetal resins19.3.4Processing19.3.5Additives19.3.6Acetal-polyurethane alloys19.3.7Polyethers fromGlycols andAlkylene Oxides19.5.1Elastomeric polyethersStructure andproperties ofacetal resinsApplications of the acetalpolymers andcopolymers19.4Miscellaneous AldehydePolymers19.519.6Oxetane Polymers19.7Polysulphides20.1Introduction20.2Production ofIntermediates20.3Polymer Preparation20Polycarbonates20.3.1Ester exchange20.3.2Phosgenation processRelation ofStructure andProperties20.4.1Variations inmercial grades20.420.5GeneralProperties20.6Processing Characteristics20.720.820.920.10Miscellaneous CarbonicEsterPolymersOther ThermoplasticsContaining p-Phenylene GroupsApplications ofBis-phenol APolycarbonates Alloysbased onBis-phenol APolycarbonates PolyesterCarbonates andBlockCopolymers2121.121.221.321.421.521.621.721.821.921.10Introduction PolyphenylenesPol y-p-xylylene Poly(pheny1ene oxides)and HalogenatedDerivatives AlkylSubstituted Poly(pheny1ene oxides)including PPO21.5.1Structure andproperties of21.5.221.5.321.5.4Styrenic PPOs21.5.5Processingofstyrenic PPOs21.5.6Polyamide PPOs2157Poly(2,6-dibromo-l,4-phenylene oxide)Polyphenylene Sulphides21.6.1Amorphous polyarylenesulphides Polysulphones21.7.121.7.2General properties of polysulphones21.7.3Processingofpolysulphones21.7.4Applications21.7.5Blends based on polysulphonesPolyarylether KetonesPhenoxy ResinsLinear AromaticPolyesters poly-(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide)(PPO)Processing andapplication ofPPO Blendsbased inpolyphenylene oxidesProperties andstructure ofpolysulphones531531532533533536538542543544544546546547549551556556557558558560561564567573575578579580584584584586586586587589589590591592592593596596599600601601602602607607Contents xiii21.11Polyhydantoin Resins21.12Poly(parabanic acids)21.13Summary22Cellulose Plastics22.122.2Cellulose EstersNature andOurrence ofCellulose22.2.1Cellulose nitrate22.2.2Cellulose acetate22.2.3Other celluloseesters22.3.1Ethyl cellulose22.3.2Miscellaneous ethers22.3Cellulose Ethers22.4Regenerated Cellulose22.5Vulcanised Fibre60961061161361361661662162762962963263263423Phenolic Resins63523.1Introduction63523.2Raw Materials63523.2.1Phenol63623.2.2Other phenols63823.2.3Aldehydes63923.3Chemical Aspects63923.3.1Novolaks63923.3.2Resols64123.4Resin Manufacture64323.5Moulding Powders64523.5.1Compounding ingredients64623.5.2Compounding ofphenol-formaldehyde mouldingpositions64823.5.3Processing characteristics64923.5.4Propertiesof phenolic mouldings65223.5.5Applications65265423.6.1The propertiesofphenolic laminates65623.6.2Applications ofphenoliclaminates65823.7Miscellaneous Applications65923.8Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Adhesives66266223.9Friedel-Crafts andRelated Polymers66623.10Phenolic ResinFibres23.11Polybenzoxazines66624Aminoplastics66866824.1Introduction66924.2Urea-Formaldehyde Resins66924.2.1Raw materials24.2.2Theories ofresinification67024.2.3U-F mouldingmaterials67167724.2.4Adhesives andrelated uses24.2.5Foams andfirelighters67924.2.6Other applications67968024.3.1Melamine68068224.3.2Resinification24.3.3Moulding powders68424.3.4Laminates containingmelamine-formaldehyde resin68824.3.5Miscellaneous applications68823.3.3Hardening64123.6Phenolic Laminates24.3Melamine-Formaldehyde Resinsxiv Contents24.4Melamine-Phenolic Resins24.5Aniline-Formaldehyde Resins24.6Resins ContainingThiourea25Polyesters25.i25.225.325.425.525.625.725.825.925.1025.1125.1225.13Introduction UnsaturatedPolyester LaminatingResins25.2.1Selection ofraw materials25.2.2Production ofresins25.2.3Curing systems25.2.4Structureandproperties25.2.5Polyester-glass fibrelaminates25.2.6Water-extended polyesters25.2.7Allyl resinsPolyester MouldingCompositions Fibre-forming andFilm-forming PolyestersPoly(ethy1ene terephthalate)Moulding Materials25.5.1Poly(ethy1ene naphthalate)(PEN)Poly(buty1ene terephthalate)Poly(trimethy1ene terephthalate)Poly-(1,4-yclohexylenedimethyleerephthalate)(PCT)25.8.1Poly-(1,4-yclohexylenedimethyleerephthalate-co-isophthalate)Highly AromaticLinear Polyesters25.9.1Liquid crystalpolyesters PolyesterThermoplastic ElastomersPoly(pivalo1actone)Polycaprolactones SurfaceCoatings,Plasticisers andRubbers26Epoxide Resins26.1Introduction26.226.3Preparation ofResins fromBis-phenol ACuring ofGlycidyl EtherResins26.3.1Amine hardening systems26.3.2Acid hardeningsystems26.3.3Miscelfaneous hardenersystems26.3.4Comparison ofhardeningsystems26.4.1Miscellaneous glycidyl ether resins26.4.2Non-glycidyletherepoxides Diluents,Flexibilisers and other AdditivesStructureandPropertiesofCured Resins26.4Miscellaneous EpoxideResins26.526.626.7Applications27.1Introduction27.2Isocyanates27.327.4Rubbers27Polyurethanes andPolyisocyanurates Fibresand CrystallineMoulding Compounds27.4.1Cast polyurethanerubbers27.4.2Millable gums27.4.3Properties andapplications ofcross-linked polyurethanerubbers27.4.4Thermoplastic polyurethanerubbers andSpandex fibres27.5Flexible Foams27.5.1One-shot polyesterfoams27.5.2Polyether prepolymers689690691694694696696701702704704708708709713720723724