杨忠--语言学概论__课后综合测试题及中文版答案.doc

综合测试题（一）V. Consider the following words and fill in the form: (10 points)Words analyzed number of morphemes free morphemes troublesomestepmotherpsycholinguistics understatementantidisestablishmentarianismVI. Interpretate the following ambiguous sentences: (10 points)1. The duck is too hot to eat.(1) _(2) _2. Visiting friends can be boring.(1) _(2) _VII. Explain the following terms: (10 points)1. derivation2. learner factorsVIII. Answer the following questions? (30 points)1. What is the difference between “a red and a redcoat” ?2. What are the features of modern linguistics? 3. According to Austin, what does a speech act consist of? 综合测试题（二）III. Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given: (10 points)1. Specially, there are four m_ under cooperative principle generalized by Grice.2. M_ is unanimously acknowledged by researchers and language teachers as an important factor in second language acquisition. 3. A speech act consists of three dimensions. The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called l_ act. The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed i_ act. The act of bringing about an effect is known as p_ act.4. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as m_ .5. C_ is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables. 6. A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called a_, 7. The term language a_ refers to the natural process of children language development. 8. A d_ is a variety of a language that is distinctive from other regional varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. VI. Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, “He found his book on Wall Street”: (10 points) lain the following terms: (10 points)1. language and linguistics2. semantics and pragmatics VII. Answer the following questions:(40%)1. How do you understand creativity, one of the features of human language? 2. What do Taboo and Euphemism mean? What is the relationship between them?3. What are the general roles language plays according to Halliday? 综合测试题（三）IVI. Explain the following terms: (10 points)1. arbitrariness2. voicing VIII. Answer the following questions? (30 points)1. What is the difference between a greenhouse and a greenhouse?2. What is conversion in terms of word formation? Illustrate it with examples.3. What are the components of metaphor综合测试题（四）VII. Explain the following terms with examples. (10 points)1. Compounding2. Free variationVII. Answer the following questions? (30 points)1. What is the distinction between semantics and pragmatics? 2. What are the four parameters that underlie a speakers communicative competence according to Hymes (1972)?3. What are the three types of antonyms (lexical opposition) in English? tention.( ) 17. Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the object and the finite.( ) 18. Relational processes are linguistic processes that represent a relation being set up between two separate.( ) 19. Mental processes are processes of sensing.( ) 20. A TG grammar must account for all or only grammatical sentences. Write out at least ten structure rules that each of the following rules abbreviate. (5 points)VPV (NP) (PP) (Adv)NP(Det) (Adj) N (PP) .Draw phrase structure trees for the following sentences: (10 points)a) The man found the letter.b) The students put the books in the classroom. Write the semantic feature shared by the given words. (5 points)1. Bull, rooster, bachelor, boy2. Milk, water, alcohol, oil3. Squash, tennis, cricket, fencing, boxing4. Idea, concept, love, clarity, democracy5. Pine, elm, willow, birch, poplar.Each of the following words is a basic level term. Write its superordinate in the left blank and one of its subordinate in the right blank. (10 points)1. table 2. willow 3. cat 4. blue 5. dictionary 6. painting 7. driver 8. verb 9. chemistry 10. juice . The opposite of analytic is contradictory. A sentence that is false due to the meaning of its words alone is contradictory. Kings are female is an example. Write a C by the contradictory sentences and S for situational by sentences that are not contradictory. (10 points)1. My sister is a man.2. Witches are wicked3. My sister is an only child.4. The evening star isnt the morning star.5. The evening star isnt the evening star.6. Babies are adults.7. Babies can lift one ton.8. Puppies are human.9. My bachelor friends are all married.10. My bachelor friends are all lonely. Pig Latin is a common language game of English; but even Pig Latin has dialects, forms of the “language game” with different rules. (10 points)Consider the following data from three dialects of Pig Latin, each with its own rule applied to words beginning with vowels:Dialect 1 Dialect 2 Dialect 3“eat” itme ithe ite“arc” arkme arkhe arke State the rule that accounts for the Pig Latin forms in each dialect.Dialect 1:Dialect 2:Dialect 3: How would you say honest, admire, and illegal in each dialect? Give the phonetic transcription of the Pig Latin forms.honest 1. 2. 3. admire 1. 2. 3. illegal 1. 2. 3. . Answer the following questions: (20 points) 1. What is the function of phonological knowledge? 2. Exemplify the differences between anaphoric and cataphoric reference综合测试题（七）. Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given: (10 points)1. The term l a refers to the natural process of childrens language development.2. It is found that children all undergo certain stages of language development, namely the b stage, holophrastic stage, the two-word stage, and the telegraphic speech stage.3. The practice of error analysis is divided into i , describing and explaining.4. S refers to the analysis of meaning.5. In the aspect of affective meaning, statesman is commending in sense while politician is d .6. D synonyms are words which are similar in meaning but used in different dialects of the language.7. In order to avoid repetition the writer needs to use a s to replace a word used in the previous co-text when he/she wants to continue to address that idea.8. The sentence “The bachelor is unmarried” is it t .9. The domain to be conceptualized is called t domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.10. P deixis specifies the locations relative to the speech event. Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions: (5 points)1. tense front mid vowel2. lateral liquid3. lax high back vowel4. voiced bilabial oral stop5. mid central lax vowel. A phonetic symbol is actually a “cover term” for a composite of distinct phonetic properties or features. Define each of the symbols below by marking a “+”or a “-” for each given feature: a “+”, if the property is present, a “-”,if it is absent: (10 points) soundsegmentsphoneticfeaturesuouiu:HighLowBackTenseRound. Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can: (10 points)(1) Minimal pair (2) phoneme. Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it. (5 points)1. Weight2. Orange3. Veil4. Hair5. Team. For each of the following sentences, draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules: (10 points)1. She speaks good Japanese.2. The problem would be solved by them. Interprete the grammatical relations in the following sentences and then paraphrase them: (10 points)1. Girls are eager to please.2. Girls are easy to please. Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the homophones: (5 points)style/stile hear/here bank/bank know/no hare/hairear/ear tale/tail bear/bear soul/sole one/won. Here are some Japanese words in phonetic transcription. is the voiceless palatal affricate that occurs in the English word church. ts is an alveolar affricate and should be taken as a single symbol. It is pronounced as the final sound(s) in cats. Japanese words (except for certain loan words) never contain the phonetic sequences. *ti or *tu: (20 points)1. Based on these data. Are t, ,and tsin complementary distribution?2. State the distribution-first in words, then using features-of these phones.3. Give a phonemic analysis of these data insofar as t, ,andts are concerned. That is, identify the phonemes, and the allophones.4. Give the phonemic representation of the phonetically transcribed Japanese words given below. Assume phonemic and phonetic representations are the same except for t, , and ts.tatami_ tsukue_ tsutsumu_Tomodai_ tetsudau_ izu.Exemplify the differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes: (10 points)综合测试题（八）. Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given: (10 points) 1. Every syllable has a n , which is usually a vowel.2. Native speakers of any language intuitively know what s can be put together.3. Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are systematic g .4. Features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called s f .5. Some morphemes like water, desire constitute words by themselves. They are f m_ when they are components of words.6. D forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.7. The ideational function (sometimes also referred to as experiential function) is realized by the t system of language.8. Associative meaning is actually an u term. It is based on the associationist theory of psychology.9. Synonyms of different r are words similar in meaning but used in different spheres.10. The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called a , and the initial expression called antecedent. Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it. (5 points)1. Hit2. Met3. Car4. Tool5. Football. Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes. (5 points)1. Psychology2. Unpalatable3. Holiday4. Grandmother5. Morphemic. Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions: (5 points)1. voiceless labiodental fricative2. low front vowel3. palatal glide4. voiced interdental fricative5. voiceless alveolar fricative . Write the semantic feature shared by the given words. (5 points)1. Spanner, hammer, saw, pliers, jack2. Rose, lotus, lilac, orchid, chrysanthemum3. Walk, run, jump, hop, skip4. Pencil, pen, chalk, rubber, ruler5. Cheerful, excited, drunk, sober, dizzy. Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can： (15 points)(1) segmental phonemes (2) free variations (3) assimilation rule. Draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules： (10 points)Behave yourself!. What are the main types of utterances suggested by Searle? (15 points). What are the main components of the Standard Theory? How does each of them work in the whole process of generating and transforming sentences? (10 points)综合测试题（九）I. Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby. (10 points)II. What is deixis? Please give examples to show the different types of deixis.III. Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences: (10 points)a) Those who went there quickly made a fortune.b) Flying planes can be dangerous.c) They can fish.d) The design is full of big squares and circles.e) I saw the couple in the cafeteria.IV. What maxim of the cooperative principle is violated by B? And what is the implicature? (5 points)A: Dont you think the hostess was abnormal?B: What another cup of coffee?V. Whats wrong with the following two sentences:1) Bring this here.2) Take that there.Please give an explanation in English. (10 points)VI. Answer the following questions: (30 points)a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis?b) Give an example to show the components of metaphors. c) How do you distinguish homonyms from polysemes? 综合测试题 （五）. Tell whether polarity or modality is expressed in the following sentences if modality, then identify the type (modalization or modulation). (10 points)1. I have not finished the task.2. He often comes to my office.3. I will show you how to make up the bed.4. He hardly came back to see his mother5. The company ought to cut the price of the products. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved: (15 points)a). The professors appointment was shocking.b). The design has big squares and circles.c). The governor is a dirty street fighter. What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature? (5 points)a). The dress is lovely, isnt it?b). The material is nice. Draw two phrase structure trees representing the two meanings of the sentence the magician touched the child with the wand. Be sure you indicate which meaning goes with which tree. (10 points). Answer the following question: (20 points)1. What is the functioning of stress and intonation in English?2. How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonology综合测试题（十）I. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. (5 points)Example: vowel front high i:1. bilabial nasal2. voiced labiovelar glide3. back high lax4. literal liquid5. voiced bilabial stopII. Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences: (10 points)1. This is a beautiful girls dress.2. Tom hates his boss and so do I.3. They finally decided on the boat.4. Can you see the man with a pair of binoculars?III. Give the words in American English equivalent in meaning to the ones given from British English: (10 points)a. lorry b. lift C. pavement d. tin e. sweetsIV. What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature? (5 points)A: The dress is lovely, isnt it?B: The material is nice.V. Draw tree diagrams for the following sentence: (5 points)The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VI. How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? (10 points)Column I Column IIa. The White House a white houseb. a redcoat a red coatC. a bluebird a blue birdd. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeperVII. Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute). (5 points)VIII. Answer the following questions (30 points):1. What are the features of metaphors?2. How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?综合测试题答案综合测试题（一）答案I. 1-5 T F F T T 6-10 T T F F T II. 1-5 a d b c c 6-10 c b a b b III. 1-5 g e h j i 6-10 a f b d c IV. 1.affricates 2. nasals 3. voiceless fricatives 4. voiced alveolars 5. high vowelsV. Words analyzed the number of morphemes free morphemes troublesome2troublestepmother2motherpsycholinguistics 4linguiunderstatement3stateantidisestablishmentarianism7establishVI. 1. (1) The duck is so hot that it can not be eaten. (2) The duck is so hot that it can not eat something.2. (1) The friends who are visiting can be boring.(2) To visit friends can be boring.VII. 1. Derivation is one type of word formation. It forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme. The majority of English suffixes change the part of speech when added to a free morpheme or a word, and most prefixes don not. 2. Learner factors are the factors that are involved in second language acquisition. They generally include learners motivation, age and learning strategy. VII. 1. “Redcoat is a compound word, while “red coad” is a noun phrase. The stress of the word, redcoat, is on red, but the stress of the noun phrase, red coat, is on coat. Redcoat refers to British soldiers and a red coat means a coat whose color is red. 2. Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1) Priority is given to spoken language. (2) Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language. (3) Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature. Linguists endeavour to state objectively the regularities of a language. They aim at finding out how a language is spoken; they do not attempt to tell people how it should be spoken. (4) Modern linguistics is theoretically than pedagogically oriente