如何撰写学术论文摘要.doc

如何撰写学术论文摘要。 许多国际会议都把论文摘要集作为会议的唯一出版物。文献情报人员也根据论文摘要编制索引资料。在更大的范围内流传。如果论文摘要被收人文摘刊物(全世界约有1300多种文摘性刊物)，那么其读者要比专业性学术刊物的读者扩大许多倍。因此，在国际学术刊物上或在国防学术会议上发表论文，掌握写论文摘要的技巧是很必要的。论文摘要是全文的高度概括与浓缩，使读者一目了然。根据不同的研究内容，通常分为概括型摘要和信息型摘要。概括型摘要多用于理论性较强的论文；信息型摘要是全篇论文或实验报告的浓缩(其长度相当于论文的115125)，不仅应简述论文的主要内容、要旨、重点，而且还应列出相关的数据、实验结果以及采用的方法如果是新方法，还要阐明其基本原理、操作范围以及准确度等数据资料。概括型摘要主要是从宏观上综合论文的核心内容，文体正式，篇幅较短，使用被动式较多；而信息型摘要则是从微观上阐述论文“包涵了什么”、“做了些什么”、文体灵活、句式变化多，篇幅较长。摘要可以写成一段，也可写成三段或更多一些段落。首句通常是主题句，开门见山地点出论文的主题。论文摘要一般用至少三个句子来完成，长度约为50200个词，其内容主要包括：研究的目的与范围；研究的方法；研究的结果；作者对研究的主要结论。写摘要的语言要求比较严格，一是用词要精确、简炼；二是句式要富有变化，例如长短句、主被动以及非谓语动词的交替使用等等。 下面请参看几例“摘要”的英、中文对照，： 1PLANT AND EQUIPMENT IN SURFACE MINING WORLDWIDEThis article presents world production figures for 2000-2001 to give an indication of the importance of this market for manufacturers who supply plant and equipment. Tables show the major equipment used by the UK coal industry, walking draglines operating or on order in Canada and draglines operating in Australia. Kelly, D. W. (Gwent Call of Higher Education, Newport, Wales.) Coal Int (Red hill Engl)v3n3Jul. 1984pp. 25-26.29-30 2. 002317 TRANSIENTS DUE TO SWITCHING-ON AN UNLOADED THREE-PHASE POWER LINE WITH RANDOM DELAY-TIME OF CIRCUIT-BREAKER POLES. The paper presents a mathematical model of a circuit breaker with random variation of parameters, applied in the analysis of transients due to switching-on an unloaded three-phase power line. The results of statistically elaborated computations are tabulated. 8 refs. Brulinski, Pawel(Research & Development Cent of Automat for Chemical for chemical & Oil Industry, Lodz, Poi); Zielinski, Jerzy Stanislaw.Arch Elektrotech ( Warsaw )v32nl-2 1983pp. 123-128. 3. This paper identifies certain classes of problems occurring in product development efforts. A discussion is presented on how a system may be established in which these problems can be easily resolved, or avoided entirely. 4. 004628 ORGANIZING FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT. The author discusses the factors which make “strategic management” effective. Among these, a dominant factor is the organization climate which, in its turn, is determined by the quality of the managers and the availability of alternatives. He suggests that to improve the organization climate in which strategic management can be effective, the quality of the managers is a crucial factor. The scope for alternatives is an important constraint. This article assesses common problems and failures in strategic management and gives some suggestions for organizing it, including the use of consultants and the role of formal procedures. 9 refs.Nagel, Arie (Eindhoven Univ of Technology, Eindhoven, Neth). Long Range Plan v17n5 Oct. 1984pp. 71-78. 5. 000724 DEVELOPING ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS FOR BOILER SYSTEMS WILL REDUCE OVERHEAD. Four steps: monitoring, assessment, planning and implementation are discussed. A computer program is presented to conserve energy, time and money through systematic energy management. Two case studies are presented. Anon (Dexter Corp, Mogul-Div, Pittsburgh, CA, USA ) Natl Eng v 88 n 3 Mar. 1984pp. 19-22 6. 001464 KEYBOARD DIAGNOSTIC METHOD. A microprocessor-controlled electronic keyboard is tested by comparing keyed data with a predetermined date stored in a ROS(read only store). The test result is indicated on a lamp located on the keyboard or otherwise. Cronk, J.H.; Curtis, C. S.; Price, R.W. IBM Tech Discl Bull v 27 n 5 Oct. 1984pp. 2847-2848. 7. ABSTRACT The productivity crisis in the United States and the rest of the world has been well documented. In order to compete successfully in the world market and gain benefits in the growth rate of productivity, it is important for different organizations to establish comprehensive productivity planning programs(CPPP). This paper presents a conceptual framework for productivity planning in manufacturing and service organizations. The importance of a CPPP is highlighted. A formalized approach for planning productivity is offered in a four-stage process described as the Comprehensive Productivity Planning Cycle (CPPC). The relationship between productivity planning and other components of the productivity management process is discussed. Measurement instruments and techniques are suggested for each of the four stages of the productivity planning cycle. An approach and checklist for setting up a formal productivity planning program(PPP) is offered. The common problems encountered in setting up a PPP are discussed, as well as ways to counter them.参考译文： 1“世界范围内的地表采矿装置和设备” 本文给出了2000-2001年间的世界生产数字。为提供装置和设备的生产厂家指出了这一市场的重要性。图表所列为英国煤炭工业使用的主要设备、加拿大使用或订购的手推式索斗铲和澳大利亚使用的索斗铲。(下略) 2“具有随机延迟时间断路器电极的无负载三相电源线通电后的瞬态分析” ，本文提出了一个具有随机参数变化的断路器的数学模型，适用于无负载三相电源线通电后的瞬态分析。用图表列出了精心统计计算的结果。(下略) 3本文认定了产品开发过程中出现的某些类型的问题。讨论了如何可以建立一个系统，使这些问题能很容易地得到解决或完全避免4“组织策略管理” -本文作者讨论了影响“策略管理”效力的诸因素。这些因素中；组织环境是一项主要因素，而这一因素又是由管理者的素质和是否有选择余地来决定的。作者认为，为了改进影响策略管理效率的组织环境，管理者的素质是一个关键因素。选择范围的大小则是一个重要的制约因素。本文探讨了策略管理中的共同问题和失误，并就如何组织策略管理提出了一些建议，包括聘用顾问和发挥正规程序的作用。(下略)5“开发锅炉系统能量管理程序得以减少管理费用” 本文讨论了四个步骤：监测、测评、规划和实施。提出了一个计算机程序以通过能量系统管理来节约能源、时间和资金。提出了两个研究实例。(下略)6“键盘诊断法” 通过将键盘输入的数据与只读存贮器中贮存的预定数据进行比较，来检测一种微机控制的电子键盘，测试结果由装在键盘上或其他地方的指示灯来指示。(下略) 7已有许多资料详尽记载美国和世界其他地区发生的生产力危机。为了使各公司机构在世界市场上成功地竞争并从生产率的提高中获利，重要的是要使这些公司机构建立一个综合的生产力规划程序。 本文为制造业和服务机构中的生产力规划提出了一个概念性框架。 本文突出了综合生产力规划程序的重要性。 提供了一种四阶段定形生产力规划法，称作综合生产率规划周期。 讨论了生产力规划与生产管理过程的其他部分的关系，还就生产力规划周期四个阶段的每个阶段使用的测量工具和技术提出了建议。 提出了建立一种正式的生产力规划程序的方法和一览表。讨论了在建立生产力规划程序中遇到的共同问题以及克服这些问题的方法。写摘要常用的句式 介绍论文内容或作者观点的句式 The authors present a principle that predicts作者阐述了一种原则，该原则能预测 The paper presents the data in terms of本文用阐述了的数据。 The brief history of is presented本文阐述了的简史。 The authors describe a configuration of作者描述了一种构造。 This paper describes the principle and techniques of本文描述了的原则和技术。Performance goals and various approaches to; are briefly described.简述了运行目标和达到的各种途径。 This paper addresses the problem of本文讨论问题。The first paper deals with第一篇论文论述了 This paper is devoted to assessments of本文专论如何评估This paper is concerned with the analysis of 本文对进行了分析。The article looks at本文考察了 介绍科技论文研讨的课题的句式 1The performance characteristics of are studied theoretically and experimentally.对的性能特征进行了理论和试验研究。2The paper examinesand considers本文研究了并考虑了，3The authors consider two specific subjects which作者考虑了两个的专门课题。 A principle of constructingis concerned in this paper本文考虑了建立的原则。4This article discusses the reasons forand offers an insight into本文研讨了的原因并阐明了对的观点。5The influence ofonis investigated研讨了对所产生的影响。6This paper analyzes some important characteristics of本文分析了的一些重要特性。 The process is analyzed using使用对这一过程进行了分析。 介绍论文涉及的范围的句式 Some of the specific topics discussed are:论述的专门课题包括 The article contains some practical recommendations on本文包含一些有关的实际建议。 The scope of the research covers本研究的范围涉及 Subjects covered include涉及的课题包括 综述与概括对某一个领域的研究课题的语句 This paper reviews, summarizes the theory fromview point, discussed, and presents本文综述了，从观点概述了这一理论，并讨论了，还阐述了 介绍论文重点的句式 This report concentrates on本报告的重点是 Attention is concentrated on重点是 Particular attention is/was paid to特别重视 There has been a focus onand attention is being paid to一直是重点，而且现在都重视 The greatest emphasis has been on极其重视The primary emphasis in this article is on本文的重点是 介绍论文的目的的句式 This paper seeks to justifyin terms of 本文追求的目标是从角度来论证 One of the purposes of this study is本研究的一个目的是 The aim of this study is to carry out analysis for本项研究的目的是对进行分析 The primary objective of the study was to determine本项研究的主要目标是确定 The work is aimed at examining本研究的目的是研讨 介绍成果的获取和开发的语句 This paper provides the quantitative back ground to本文为提供了量化基础。 The computed simulation ofis provided for为进行了计算摹拟。 The authors have developed two methods of作者制定了的两种方法。 A theoretical model has been developed to predict研制了一种理论模型来预测 A theoretical treatment of a new model ofis given本文给出了的理论处理方法。 Data pertinent toare given给出了有关的资料。 介绍观察和证明的语句 New evidence indicates that新的证据表明 In this paper, the authors show how文中作者们说明了是任何 Studies have shown that研究表明It is shown that已证明 In this paper it is demonstrated that本文已经证明 介绍运算和计量的语句 As part of, the authors have measured the minimum velocities作为的一部分，作者测量了的最小速度。 The main body orientation is measured by means of主体定位是通过计量的。 This paper determines the energetically rational range of本文确定了的能量合理范围。 介绍应用与用途的语句 Two basic technologies are used to lay down采用了两种基本技术来建立 Such a statistical method has been applied to已将这样一种统计法用于 介绍评估与比较的语句常用词语有evaluate, assess, compare, agree with等 The present work evaluates the low-temperature properties of本项研究评估了的低温性质。 The role ofhas been critically assessed by严格评审了的作用。 The calculated results agree with experimental results计算结果与实验结果完全一致。 介绍试验与实验的语句常用词语有test