常见语法难点.doc

常见语法难点一：主谓一致1. 动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2. 主语带有(together/along)with, such as, as well as, accompanied by, including, rather than 等附加成分, 谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。如：The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.3. 表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。4、某些固定结构中谓语的数：a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数a number of +可数名词复数 谓语用复数the number of +可数名词复数 谓语用单数the majority of +可数名词复数 谓语用复数each/every +可数名词单数 谓语用单数neither/either of +可数名词复数 谓语用单数more than one +可数名词单数 谓语用单数one and a half +可数名词复数 谓语用单数the greater part of / a large proportion of / 50% of / one third of / plenty of / the rest of 谓语的数与of后面的名词一致可数皆可不可数A large number ofA large quaintity of(quaintise of口语中)A great amount ofA great manyA lot of(lots of)A great deal ofMany a siater+ is 意为“许多”Plenty ofManysomemuchA fewA littleFewlittleNumorousCountless二比较级1. 形容词与副词比较等级的基本用法as +原级+as not as as或 not so as变体：1) as + much/many + 名词+ as 2) as +形原级 + a + 名词 +as3) as + 形+ 不可数名词+ as 4) 名词复数+as +形 + as5) the same as/ be similar to 2. 比较级 “比较级+than”变体：1）形比较级 + 名 + than 2）名 + 形比较级 + than3）the + 形比较级 + of + the two 4）superior/ inferior to 3.最高级 “the +最高级+比较范围” 变体：1) more than any other 2) Not + 比较等级4.关于比较结构用法的补充说明1）morethan是而不是，与其说是不如说是eg. She is more been than wise. He is more a writer than an artist.2） not so much as与其说是不如说是eg. It wasnt so much that I disliked her as that I just wasnt interested.3)not more/er than与 no more/er thaneg. He is no richer than I= as poor asHe is not richer than I4) more and moreeg. He is becoming fatter and fatter.5). The more the moreeg. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.6）more than 多于eg. More than 1000 people attended the meeting.7）more than 不止， 超过 eg. She is more than pretty.8) more than 简直不eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.9)no/not any morethan两者一样都不The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.10)no /not any lessthan两者一样都She is no less beautiful than her sister.11)just asso.正如，也(用倒装结构)Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.三倒装结构1. 含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒2 .以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point，many a time。4.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out, down, in, up, away, on。如：Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.(2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then。如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell.5.让步从句的倒装(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他, come what may中。如：Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledgebe it scientific or artistic.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. Come what may, Ill be on your side.6.比较从句的倒装as, than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如：Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body. 四平行结构1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：It is better to die on ones feet than to live on ones knees.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。 (1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style. (2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：3）并列结构both and 只连接词与词组Not only but also; either or ; neithernor 不但连接词与词组，还可连接句子Both.and , not onlybut also 必须连接对等结构either or ; neithernor可连接不对等结构I neither like novels nor (like) poems.五、非谓语动词1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做的事) remember to do记得(要做某事) forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember doing记得(已做过的事)go on to do继而(做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔 2.不定式的习惯用法句型：cannot help but do cannot but do cannot choose but do can do nothing but do have no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。 3.动名词的习惯用法句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. Its no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.I know it isnt important but I cant help thinking about it.Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.There is no use crying over spilt milk. 4.there be 非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.(for there to be在句中做目的状语)It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.(for there to be在句中做程度状语)There being no further questions, well stop here today. (there being做原因状语)(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.六、虚拟语气 1.主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配: 主句 从句 与现在事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do were (不分人称)/did 与过去事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+have done had done 与将来事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do should do / were to do 如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实) I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. (前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实) 2.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉： (1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：John Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：(1)连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened; otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt. 4.常用虚拟形式的句型(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：would rather would as soon as though supposehad rather would sooner as if supposingIf only It is (high) time that(从句中动词只用过去式)如：His wife would