动词不定式的精讲与专项练习.doc

李 毅 - - - - - - 80小时突破语法动词不定式（The Infinitive）一、概述不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。它有两种形式：（1）带to的不定式；（2）不带to的不定式（即通常所说的动词原形），它可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语。不定式既有动词性质，又有名词性质。1）不等式具有动词性质，即它有时态和语态的变化；可有自己的宾语或状语并构成不等式短语。如： Would you like to tell me an interesting story? 你可不可以给我讲一个有趣的故事？ （不等式to tell有自己的宾语me和story） He was too clever a man to be fooled. 他这个人很机灵，不会被愚弄的。（不等式的被动语态） Im going to go there by bike. 我想骑自行车去那儿。 （不定式有状语there） They will set up more primary schools in the countryside. 他们将在乡村修建更多的小学。（不带to的不等式与助动词will一起构成谓语） 但是，不等式没有人称和数的变化，即不受人称和单数、复数的限定或影响。 She likes to play the accordion. 她喜欢弹奏手风琴。 She liked to play the accordion when she was young. 她很小就喜欢弹奏手风琴。 2）不等式具有名词性质，即它在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语等。如：To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。（作主语）This suit doesnt seem to fit me. 这件衣服似乎不适合我穿。（作表语）She wanted to see which shops offered the best service. 她想看看哪家商店提供最好的服务。 （作宾语）Theres no need to be worried. 不需要担心。 （作定语）He went there to see what would happen. 他去那儿是想看看会出什么事。 （作状语）3）不等式虽然在语法上不能有主语，但它表示的动作，在意思上是可以有自己的主语，在语法上这个主语称为不等式的逻辑主语。这个逻辑主语可能是整个句子的主语、宾语等，也可以用一个由for引起的短语表示。如：His friends tried to encourage him. 他的朋友设法鼓励他。 （不等式的逻辑主语His friends同时也是句子的主语）Every year, tobacco companies must persuade new people to start smoking cigarettes. 每年烟草公司要设法使一些比吸烟的人开始吸烟。 （不等式的逻辑主语new people是句子的宾语）Its very difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese. 外国人学汉语是很不容易的。（不等式的逻辑主语由for引起的短语表示）另外，不等式的否定形式一般在它的前面直接加not或never。The teacher has told me many times not to come late again. 老师多次告诉我不要再来晚了。She seems not to have a bright time with her new friends. 和新朋友在一起她似乎过得不是太好。二、不定式的主要用法动词不等式具有名词、形容词及副词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语（或主语）补足语、表语、定语、及状语等。1、不定式作主语 不等式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。To conquer English is not easy. 征服英语不容易。To make plan first is a good idea. 先制定计划是个好主意。To know everything is to know nothing. 事事皆通，无一精通。 不等式作主语时，常常用形式主语it替代，而将真正的主语不等式放在句子的后面。It is necessary to master a foreign language. 掌握一门外语很有必要。Its a great pleasure to see you again. 再次见到你真高兴。It is a bad manner to stare at a foreign guest. 盯着外宾看是一种不良的举动。 如果说明不等式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不等式的前面加一个for引起的短语，这就是常见的“It is adj./n. for sb. to do sth.”句式。如：It is good manners for an Arab to stand close to his friends when they are talking. 对阿拉伯人来说，交谈时站得离朋友近些是好的礼貌。It is a great honor for us to be presented at the party. 我们能来参加晚会，深感荣幸。It will be a regret for us not to help him. 我们没有帮助他是个遗憾。 在某些形容词（如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等）作表语时，不等式前常加一个以of引起的短语，来说明不等式指的是谁的情况。这就是常见的“It is adj. of sb to do sth.” 句式。如：Its very kind of you to think so much of us. 谢谢你替我们考虑这么多。It is unwise of them to do like that. 他们那样做是不明智的。Its impolite of you to gossip about others. 你们说别人的闲话是不礼貌的。Its careless of them to ignore this important point. 他们忽视了重点，只是粗心。2、不定式作宾语 英语中能以不等式作宾语的动词很多。常见的有：like, want, wish, hate, prefer, hope, manage, try, offer, start, ask, forget, promise, pretend, intend, begin, attempt, decide, desire, agree, learn, choose, expect等等。如： Dont forget to bring your dictionary. 不要忘记把你的字典带来。 He cant afford to buy a car. 他买不起小汽车。 I need to fetch a tape from a friend. 我需要去一个朋友处取一盒磁带回来。 Weve decided to put on a short play next week. 我们决定下一周演一个小话剧。Once you start to smoke, you cannot easily give it up. 一旦你抽上了烟，你就不容易戒掉。I really like to watch football matches. 我非常喜欢看足球比赛。 How I wish to see my old friends again. 我多么想再见到我的老朋友啊！ 当不等式作直接宾语，而后面还有宾语补足语时，通常把不等式放在补足语后面，而用形式宾语it来替代它。如： I found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given. 我发现在限定的时间内回答所有的问题是不可能的。 She thought it unnecessary to argue with him about it. 她觉得没有必要和他辩论这问题。 He made it a rule only to speak English in class. 他规定课上只能说英语。I find it necessary to speak about our shortcomings. 我觉得有必要谈谈我们的缺点。She feels it hardly to help others. 她认为帮助别人是她的责任。 英语中介词后面通常要用动词的动名词形式。但是下面的这些短语中的介词却例外：be about to +不等式，do nothing but, cannot help choose but, nothing except, nothing else than，cannot but 等。如： He is about to go aboard to study. 他将出国学习去了。 The patient can not but follow the doctors instructions, though he doesnt think it necessary. 病人只得遵照医生的嘱咐，尽管他们认为没有必要。 These children did nothing except play all day long. 这些孩子除了整天玩外，什么都没做。 He did nothing else than laugh. 他只是笑。 He does everything except go to school. 他怎么也不上学。 I had no choice but to give up this chance to go aboard. 我没有办法只好放弃了此次出国的机会。 I have got nothing to do but depend on myself. 我没有办法只好依靠自己。 注意 but、except用作介词（除之外）接不等式，如前面有do/does/did时，不等式不带to，否则要带to。 再如：The lady can do nothing but give in. = The lady has no choice but to give in.3、不定式作宾语补足语在很多句子中，不定式用作宾语（名词或代词）的补足语，从而构成复合结构，即复合宾语。句子的宾语与不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系。这坟种情况： 带to的不等式作宾语补足语。要求带这种结构的常见动词有：13 ask 要求 want 想要 order 命令 tell 告诉 like 喜欢 get 使allow 允许know 知道help 帮助persuade 说服advise 建议permit 允许teach 教beg 祈求warn 警告encourage 鼓励forbid 禁止cause 导致invite 邀请force 逼迫require 要求wish 希望warn 警告request 要求forbid 禁止invite 邀请cause 导致advise 劝告urge 敦促；促使 The teacher asked us to recite the texts. 老师要我们背诵课文。 We didnt want this to happen. 我们并不希望发生这样的事。 I told Jeff to join the club, but he wouldnt listen. 我告诉Jeff让他加入俱乐部，但他不听。 I expected her to arrive on Sunday. 我希望她星期天到。 They encouraged me to try again. 他们鼓励我再试一次。Ill get someone to repair your bike. 我去找个人来帮你修自行车。 不带to的不等式作宾语补足语。要求带这种结构的常见动词有（但这些动词的被动形式需要带to）：see 看见notice 注意watch 仔细看look at 看见discover 发现observe 观察hear 听见listen to 听feel 感觉make 使let 让have 让 Nothing will make me change my mind. 什么也改变不了我的注意。 Nobody saw him come in. 谁也没看见他进来。 We listened to the band play in the park. 我们在公园听乐队演奏。 She was seen to enter the room about the time he was leaving. 他走的时候看到她进入房间。 特别注意：上述这些动词的被动语态一定要加上to. 另外，主动语态动词help后的复合宾语中的不等式可带to，亦可不带to.而被动语态必须加to She often helps her parents (to) wash clothes. 她经常帮爸妈洗衣服。 = Her parents are often helped to wash clothes. I wont be made to change my mind by anything. He wasnt seen to come in by anyone. The band was listened to play in the bank. 有些成语动词后面的复合宾语中用带to的不等式；常见的有：wait for, call on, count on/upon, vote for, rely on, depend on/upon, long for, care for, prevail upon等。但是在listen to, look at后面的复合宾语的不等式则不带to. Im counting on him to help me through. 我指望他能我度过难关。Well vote for Mike to be our monitor. 我们将头迈克的票，选他当班长。Dont count on us to give you any help. 别指望我们能给你任何帮助。We are interested in looking at him play football. 我们看到他们踢足球感到很有趣。We are longing for the new season to begin soon. 我们都渴望新的赛季快的开始。 有些动词后跟复合宾语，但这种宾语中的不定式多由to be + adj构成，常见的有think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, feel, understand, declare, take等。但在think，consider, find后又可以直接加形容词，而不用to be。 如：She felt that to be the highest praise. 她认为这是最高的赞扬。She considered that to be important. 她认为这很重要。I know that not to be true. 我知道这不是真的。They find the answer (to be) quite satisfactory. 他们对答复感到很满意。We dont consider his plan (to be) practical. 我们并不认为他的计划是可行的。 She imagined herself to be cleverer than others. 她自以为自己比别人都要聪明。4、不定式作主语补足语 含有宾语补足语的句子变成被动结构时，原句中的宾语变成了被动语态的主语，原先宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。 He asked me to be patient. 他要我耐心点。 me为宾语，不等式作宾补 I was asked to be patient. 我被要求耐心点。I为主语，不等式作主补 The answer was found to be quite satisfactory. 答复看来令人很满意。 Who can be depend upon to do such a job? 能靠谁来做这样的工作哪？ Before liberation, workers were made to work day and night. 解放前，工人们被迫日夜干活。 在下列结构中用不等式作主语补足语，它们是：sb./sth be said/believed/reported/considered/found等+不等式。如： He is said to have gone abroad. (= It is said that he has gone abroad.) Heat is considered to be a form of energy. 热被看成是一种能量。 在be likely, be certain, be sure, be unlikely, be destined等加不等式的复合结构中，不等式也是用作主语的补足语。 Victory is sure to be ours. 胜利一定是属于我们的。5、不定式作表语不等式作表语时常用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可以用来表示未来的可能性或假设；不等式作表语还可以用来说明主语的内容，此时不等式只是单纯的表语，而不具有未来的意义。His wish is to become a scientist. 他的是当一名科学家。To the doctor, the most important thing is to save peoples lives. 对医生来说，最重要的是拯救生命。Our main task now is to develop the students abilities to carry on independent work. 培养学生进行独立的能力是我们现在的主要任务。He was to leave when I walked into the room. 我走进房间时，他正想离开。What we have to do first is to find a solution. 我们要做的第一件事找一个解决的办法。The important thing is to win at any cost. 重要的是不惜一切代价取得胜利。Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood. 生活中没有可怕的东西，只有需要理解的东西。 摘自高二英语上P1 Perhaps the most important thing if we want to make a difference is to find something that we like to do and that we are good at. 如果我们想有所成就，最重要的或许就是找到我们喜欢做的和擅长做的事情。摘自高二英语上P76、不定式作定语和同位语不等式作定语或同位语须放在被修饰词的后面. He was very busy and had no time to visit his friends. 他很忙，根本没有时间看望朋友们。 The farmers thought of the ways to protect their crops. 农民们想出了保护庄稼的方法。 No investigation, no right to speak. 没有调查就没有发言权。 They had no chance to go to school in those years. 那时候他们没有机会上学。 Her desire to succeed let her study hard. 对成功的渴望促使她努力学习。 Have you got anything to do this evening? 今晚你有事吗？ 不定式作定语或同位语时应注意两种现象：1、 如果不等式是一个不及物动词，它后面就应带有必要的介词，但是修饰的名词是time、place、way时，其后习惯上常省略介词。 I have a lot of things to do. 我有许多工作要做。 Lets first find a room to find to put the things in. 我们先找一个房间把东西搁在里面。 She is a very nice person to work with. 她是一个很好共事的人。 I havent got a chair to sit on. 我没有可坐的椅子。 There is nothing to worry about. 没什么值得发愁的。 I have never seen a zoo that was suitable for animals to live in. 摘自Go for it P120 There is no reason to give up. 没有理由放弃。 This is the best way to make friends (with). 这就是最好的交朋友的最好方法。 We are looking for a place to lie (in). 我们在找躺的地方。 She had no place to live. 她没地方住。 We have only a short time to decide. 我们只有很少的时间来决定。 Zoos are terrible places for animals to live. (省略in) 摘自Go for it P120 Is this a good way for animals to live? (省略in) 摘自Go for it P1202、不等式和它所修饰的词之间有主谓关系，且此不等式短语相当于一个定语从句。 We need someone to help him with the typing. 我们需要一个人帮他打字。 We need someone （who will help him with the typing,）The meeting to take place next month is bound to be a great success. 下月举行的会议一定会很成功。The meeting (which will take place next month) is bound to be a great success.She is always the first to come to school. 她总是第一个到校。7、不定式作状语不定式作状语修饰动词，表示目的、原因、结果、独立成分等。表示结果、原因时，不可置于句首。1、不等式表示目的，其逻辑主语通常亦是全句的主语。有时为了强调这种目的，在不等式前加in order或so as，也可以将不等式或“in order+不等式”置于句首（so as不用于句首）The Greens went to Hong Kong to spend their holiday. 格林全家去香港度假了。Lets hurry not to be late for class. 咱们快点走，免得上课迟到。To make things easier, some people would rather just give money. 为了让事情简单些，一些人宁愿只送钱。摘自Go for it P108We went to the village to buy some food from the village shop. 我们到那个村庄，从商店里购买了一些食物。Ill write down his telephone number in order to call him when necessary. 我要把他的电话号码记下来，已备必要时打电话给他。I stayed there so as to see what would happen. 我留在那儿，为的是想看看会发生什么事。To do a good job, we must have the right ways. 要做好工作，我们要有正确的方法。In order to help him, we would do everything we can. 为了帮助他，我们愿意尽一切力量。In order not to be late, we took a taxi instead of a bus. 为了不迟到，我们没有乘公交车，而是打的。To master a foreign language, one must study hard. 要掌握一门外语，就必须努力学习。We do that so as to save time. 我们那样做是为了节省时间。She shut the window in order to keep the rain out. 她关上窗户，把雨挡在外面。In order to get married, I needed a job, and in order to get a job, I needed a Ph D. 为了结婚，我需要一份工作；为了找到工作，我需要哲学博士学位。 摘自高二英语上P3To explain what they have seen, they build a theory about the way in which things happen and the causes and effects. 为了解释他们的观察所得，它们会建立一个关于事物发生、起因和结果的理论。摘自高二英语上P42、不等式表原因，常用在表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情感形容词后面。其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。如：Im glad to meet you. 见到你我很高兴。Im sorry to hear that. 听到这个消息我很难过。We jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到这个消息，我们都高兴得跳了起来。We are proud to be young people of China. 作为中国的青年，我们感到自豪。She trembled to think of the terrible accident. 想到那可怕的车祸,她就不寒而栗。She seemed surprised to meet us. 见到我们，她看上去很惊讶。Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 不好意思，让你久等了。3、不等式表结果，其逻辑主语通常也是句子的主语。在“soas to”, “suchas to”, “enough to”, “only to”, 以及 “tooto”等结构中的不等式皆表示结果。He was too exited to keep still. 他太兴奋，无法保持平静。I dont know him well enough to borrow money from him. 我跟他还没有熟到可以向他借钱的地步。What have I said to make you so sad? 我说了什么话是你如此伤心?She was not old enough to understand all that. 她年纪不够大，无法理解这一切。The smoke from the fire was too thick for the helicopters to be able to land on the roof. 大火产生的浓烟使直升机不能在屋顶降落。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。He grew up to be a famous scholar. 他长大后成了著名的学者。She woke up suddenly to see the house on fire. 她突然醒来，发现房子着火了。You are old enough to take care of yourself now. 现在你已经长了，能够照顾自己了。It is too late to do anything now. 现在做什么事都太晚了。We were lucky enough to catch the last bus. 我们幸运地搭上了末班车。He worked hard so as to pass the exam. 他学习努力以便通过考试。The test questions are kept secret, so as to prevent cheating. 试题保密是为了防止作弊。Who can be so mean as to do such a thing like that? 谁这么小气，做出这样的事？I went about my job in such a way as to kill two birds with one stone. 我如此工作是为了想要一箭双雕。 go about:着手；从事 kill two birds with one stone：一箭双雕4、做独立成分。这种不等式独立于句子之外，表示说话者的态度、语气等，又称评论性状语。通常置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，需要用逗号同句子的其他成分隔开。 To tell the truth, I dont know what the answer is. 老实说，我不知道答案是什么。 To be honest, I thought the purse was really ugly! 说实在的，我认为那个钱包实在难看。摘自Go for it P108 Todays writers should turn a real life into a piece of literature, to be frank. 坦白地说，现在的作家应该将真实的生活写成文学。 常见作独立成分的不等式还有： to speak frankly 坦率地说 to be honest 诚实说 to tell (you) the truth 说实话 to be frank 坦率地说 to begin with 首先 to start with 首先 to put it briefly 简言之 三、“疑问词+不定式”结构不等式短语在某些情况下可以在前面带一个疑问词（连接代词/副词）。why除外这种结构的作用接近于一个名词从句，在句中用作主语、表语、宾语或介词宾语。When to start hasnt been decided yet. 何时动身尚未决定。 作主语The question is where to go. 问题是到哪儿去。作表语Life is long if you know how to live it. 若知如何利用，生命就能长久。作宾语I was thinking of how to tell him the truth. 我正在想要怎么告诉她这个事实。作介词的宾语Do you know how to write a letter in English? 你知道如何用英语写信吗？作宾语They want to have a vacation, but they havent decided where to go. 他们想去度假，但还没有决定去哪儿。作宾语 He told the actors where to stand and where to move. 他告诉演员们该站在哪儿，该往哪儿走。 I dont know which to choose because there isnt any difference between the two. 因为这两者之间毫无区别，所以我这不知道该选哪一个。 We must decide whether to go or stay. 我们必须决定是去还是留。 I so hope youll advise me what to do. 我真希望你会建议我该怎么办？ The teacher will teach us how to learn English well. 老师会教我们如何才能学好英语。四、省略to的不定式to是动词不定式常常带有的小品词，是不等式的标志。但在下列情况下它常常被省略掉。1、在情态动词之后 Can I have a look at your new computer? 我能看看你的新电脑吗？ May I take this seat? 我可以坐在这里吗？2、在had better, had best, why（not），would rather, would ratherthan, would sooner, would soonerthan, do nothing but, cannot but, cannot help but等等后面的不等式要省略to。Youd better look over your paper before you hand it in. 交卷前你最好仔细检查一下。Youd better not ask such silly questions again. 你最好不要再问这样愚蠢的问题。Why leave the light on? 为什么开着灯？Why stand here in the cold? 这么冷，站在这里干什么？I would rather stay at home. 我宁愿呆在家里。We would rather fail than do nothing at all. 我们宁愿失败也不愿无所事事。I would sooner take a taxi than walk. 我宁愿坐出租车而不是走着去。The students could do nothing but wait for the teacher to come. 学生们没有别的方法，只好等老师来。Why spend so much money? 为什么要花这么多钱？Why not have a try? 为什么不试一试呢？I cannot but think so. 我很难不这样想。I cannot help but agree to what he said. 我不得不同意他所说的。3、在某些感官动词后的宾语补足语之前。这些感官动词有：see、watch、hear、feel、listen to、notice、look at等。I didnt notice her go out. 我没注意她出去了。Did you hear him go downstairs