电大开放英语4学习笔记

开放英语4学习笔记 -中央电大英语的一致有三种：主谓一致，代词一致，肯定与否定一致一、主语与谓语的一致这里谈的主语与谓语的一致，是指谓语动词必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致有三个原则：语法一致，概念一致，就近一致。（一）、 语法一致英语语法要求，主语如果是单数，谓语动词也要用单数形式；主要若是复数，谓语动词也要用复数形式例如：She likes to eat well. 她好吃。We all like good food. 我们都喜欢好饭菜。Everybody was happy with the decision. 人人都对这个决定感到高兴。I am a doctor. 我是个医生。（二）、 概念一致 1And 连接的两个或多个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：His opinion and mine are different.他的观点和我的是不同的。Bob and Peter are deadly rivals. Bob 和Peter 是死对头。What she says and what she does are totally different. 她说的和做的完全不同。但是如果and连接的是指一个单一概念时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years.牛奶面包多年来一直是我的早餐。Her lawyer and old friend is going to marry her. 她的律师和老朋友要娶她。All this effort and sacrifice has come to nothing. 所有这些努力和牺牲都白费了。由and连接的单数主语分别有many a, every, each, no 修饰时，动词用单数。例如：During the holiday, every train and every plane was crowded.假期期间每列火车及每架飞机都非常拥挤。No boy and no girl has the right to refuse education.男孩和女孩都没有拒绝教育的权利。Many a man and many a woman was moved by this picture.许多男男女女都被这幅画感动。2 如果主语是一个抽象概念（如不定式、动名词、主语从句等）谓语动词用单数形式。如果主语是用and连接的两个或多个抽象概念，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Walking is a good form of exercise.散步是一种很好运动方式。Swimming, jogging and cycling are all good forms of sports exercises. 游泳、慢跑和骑自行车都是很好的运动形式。To live to eat is not a very good attitude toward life.活着就是为了吃不是好的生活态度。To live to eat and to eat to live are two different attitudes toward life.以what, who, why, how, whether等wh-词引起的从句做主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；由and 连接的两个主句如果指两件事，动词用复数。例如：What he is doing is not clear yet.他在干什么还不清楚What he is doing and whether I know him are two different things.他在干什么和我是否认识他是两件不同的事。What she told me is none of your business.她和我说的什么用不着你管。What she told me and what she told you are totally different things.她跟我说的和她跟你说的完全不一样。以 what从句为主语的“主-系-表SVC”句型中，如果主句的表语是复数，主句谓语动词用复数形式；what从句本身是复数意义，主句谓语动词也可用复数。例如：What I need buy now are four tea cups and a pair of sports shoes.我需要买的是四只茶杯和一双运动鞋。What were thought to be five dogs were actually five sheep.被认为是五条狗的东西实际上是五只羊。 3 集体名词family, class, crew(全体船员或机组人员), crowd, group, committee, audience, government, public, team, staff, population 等做主语时，若作为一个整体看待，后面谓语动词用单数；如就其中每一个成员来考虑时，则用复数。例如：My family is a big one. 我家人多。My family are all music lovers. 我全家人都爱好音乐。Eighty percent of Chinas population are peasants. 百分之八十的中国人口是农民。China has a huge population.中国有众多的人口。The population of China is the largest in the world. 中国的人口是世界上最多的。People, police, cattle,(牛)，militia（民兵）， poultry（家禽）, vermin（害虫）等作主语时，后面的动词要用复数。例如：There were people waiting outside.有许多人在外面等着。The police are searching for the murderer. 警察在搜捕凶手。The cattle are grazing in the fields. 一群牛在田野里吃草。Foliage（树叶）, machinery（机械）, equipment（设备）, furniture（家具）, merchandise（商品） 等通常做不可数名词，动词用单数，如：The machinery has arrived undamaged.商品已经到达，毫无损坏。All the machinery in the factory is made in China.本工厂里的所有机械都是中国制造的，4 不定代词either, neither, every, each, one, the other, another 以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词只用单数，包括“every/each/noand every/each/no”作主语时。例如：Every/Each plane and every/each pilot is ready to take off. 每架飞机和每个飞行员都已准备好起飞。No plane and no pilot is ready to take off. 没有一架飞机、没有一个飞行员已准备好起飞。Here are two books. Either of them is worth reading. 这有两本书，都值得一读。Neither of these two dictionaries contains this word. 这两本词典都没收入这个字Everyone is here. No one is absent.大家都到了，没有人缺席。Somebody is using the phone.有人在用电话。I have two sisters. One is here, and the other is not here. 我有两个姐妹，一个在这儿，一个不在这儿。Each day is better than the one before.一天比一天好。Either day is OK.两天中哪一天都行。5 what , who, which, any, more, some, half, most, all, none.等代词可以是单数，也可以是复数，主要靠意思决定。但指不可数名词时作单数看待。例如：Which is your book? Which are your books?Heres some more (coffee). Herere some more (tomatoes).None of the books are/is easy enough for us.None of the coffee is good enough.Most o f the money was stolen. Most of the members were there.All of All of . Some of Some of Half of Half of None of None of Two thirds of Two thirds of 由Many a或 more than one 所修饰的词做主语时，意义上虽然是复数，但谓语动词用单数形式。none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数。如：Many a person is for his plan.很多人赞成他的计划。More than one people is against his plan.不止一个人反对他的计划。None of this worries me.这事我一点也不着急。6 表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的单位名词，尽管是复数形式，如果作整体看待，动词都用单数形式。如果看作组成该数量的一个一个的个体，则动词用复数。例如：Twenty miles is a long way to walk.走二十英里可是很长的一段路。Wheres that five pounds? 那五英镑在哪儿？Ten years is a long time. 十年很长。Eight minutes is enough. 八分钟够了。Twelve dollars is too dear. 十二美圆太贵了。There are six silver dollars in each of the stocking. 每只袜子里有六个一美元的银币。7 “the+形容词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。表示抽象概念或指个别事物时谓语动词用单数。例如：The old are well taken care of. 老人得到很好的照顾。The beautiful is loved by all. 人人都爱美，The difficult we do at once. The impossible takes a little longer 困难的事情我们马上做。不可能的事情需要稍微长一点的时间。还有the unknown(未知的事物)，the unexpected（出乎意料的事），等等。8 如果主语由“a kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of +名词”组成，不管名词是单数还是复数，动词通常用单数。例如：This kind of man annoys me. =This kind of men annoys me.这种人让我烦。This kind of apple is very expensive. = This kind of apples is这种苹果很贵。类似的还有：a portion of（一部分）, a series of（一系列）, a pile of（一堆）, a panel of（一个小组委员会），如：A series of accidents has happened here. 这里发生过一系列事故。9 Means作“方法、手段”讲时，单复数同形，其前面有 each, every, neither, either,等单数概念的定语时，谓语动词用单数；若有all, both, these等复数概念的定语时谓语动词用复数。 “None ofthemeans” 作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：There is/are no means of learning what is happening. 没法知道正在发生什么事。No means is /are left untried. 没有没试过的方法了。Every means is to an end. 每一种手段都能达到一种目的。A bicycle is a means o f transport. 自行车是一种交通手段。All possible means have/Every possible means has been tried.所有/每一种方法都了。（三）、就近一致1 当主语由eitheror, neithernor, not only but(also) 或or连接时，谓语动词通常和最临近的那个主语一致。例如：Either you or he is to do the work.不是你就是他来做这件事。Not only you but also Tom often comes late to class.不光是你，汤姆上课也迟到。Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.孩子们和老师都不知道这件事。2 当there be结构后面有并列主语时，谓语也和最临近的那个一致。例如：There is a dictionary and many books on the table. 桌子上有一本词典和许多本书。Therere ten chairs and a table in the house. 屋子里有十把椅子和一张桌子。Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you. 这儿有一支笔，几个信封和一些纸给你。这种就近一致的情况在非正式文体中越来越普遍。但在下列情况不提倡模仿。例如：Where is your mother and sisters? 你妈妈和你姐妹到哪儿去了？Is your sister and her husband coming to see you? 你姐姐和姐夫要来看你吗？One in ten are expected t take part in the contest.预计每十个人就有一个要来参加这次比赛。3 做主语的名词或代词后接with, together with, along with, as well as等短语时，谓语动词一般和前面名词或代词一致。这些短语前后可用可不用逗号。例如：A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital. 一个妇女抱着个婴儿正向医院走来。The girl, as well as the boys , has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和那些那孩子一样也学会了开汽车。 二、代词一致代词一致是指句子中代词应在数、性、人称等方面彼此保持一致。例如：One must do ones best to increase production.Everybody talked at the top of his/their voice.If anyone calls, tell him Ill be back in a moment. (him 也可用him or her代替)在写作中，如果表示不定的人，可以用you, we, one等，需要注意的是：同一篇文章中，只用同一个不定代词，而且所有格要与其一致。三、肯定与否定一致下列形容词、副词、代词从肯定句变成否定句时，须作相应的变化：肯定句 否定句Weve had some money. We havent had any money.I was talking to someone. I wasnt talking to anyone.They sometimes visit us. They rarely (never, seldom) visit us.He has arrived already. He hasnt arrived yet.Li is coming too. Li isnt coming either.Both of us are going. Neither of us are going.He likes both of them. He doesnt like either of them.注意：“so/neither + 助动词/情态动词 名词/代词”结构中须用倒装语序，例如：My wife likes classical music very much and so do I.She doesnt like jazz and neither do I.关于倒装，我们后面会详细讲述。练习Now lets do multiple choice exercises:1) _ great number of people visit the Palace Museum every day.a. There are a b. While a c. They are d. A2) The disabled _ trades in special schools.a. is taught b. are taught c. be taught d. have taught3) The captain, as well as the coaches, _ by Xiao Zhous performance in the match.a. was impressed b. had impressed c. impressed d. be impressed4) Every means _ been tried ever since the machine broke down.a. has b. have c. are d. is5) The number of motorcycles _ lest the roads become too crowded. a. are to be limited b. is to be limited c. have to be limited d. to be limited6) You as well as he _ to blame for the accident.a. are b. is c. have d. has7) Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else _ the answer.a. is knowing b. are knowing c. know d. knows8) The high standard of the nations literature, art, and science _ widespread attention.a. was captured b. have captured c. has captured d. were captured9) No one except his parents _ where the boy has gone.a. know b. knows c. has known d. have known10) Neither my wife nor I myself _ able to teach my daughter to sing English songs.a. has been b. is c. are d. am11) My father seldom watches television in the evening. _.a. So does my mother b. My mother does eitherc. My mother doesnt too d. Nor does my mother12) “I am going to visit the Marco Polo Bridge tomorrow.” “_.”a. I am so b. So am I c. So go I d. So I go13) I havent read todays Peoples Daily yet, and I havent read todays China Daily, _.a. both b. too c. either d. neither14) Mary has lived in London and Manchester, but doesnt like _ very much.a. both b. either c. the two d. both of15) Li Hong and I can go to the beach with you, _.a. but either can Xiao Wang b. and so Xiao Wang canc. but Xiao Wang cant d. and Xiao Wang also can16) If Bobs wife wont agree to go on holiday in winter, _.a. neither he will b. neither wont he c. neither will he d. he wont neither17) “Do you want to have coffee or tea?” “Oh, _.”a. either does well b. either will do c. each is good d. each will be fine18) “Xiao Zhou plays computer games all the time.” “_ does Li Hong.”a. So b. Either c. Neither d. Also19) I havent finished my homework yet, _.a. So has he b. Neither he has c. He has too d. He hasnt either20) I would like another drink and _.a. so does John b. so would John c. John does too d. John will too.当我被上帝造出来时，上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人，我不假思索的说，我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。于是，我降临在了人间。我出生在一个官僚知识分子之家，父亲在朝中做官，精读诗书，母亲知书答礼，温柔体贴，父母给我去了一个好听的名字：李清照。小时侯，受父母影响的我饱读诗书，聪明伶俐，在朝中享有“神童”的称号。小时候的我天真活泼，才思敏捷，小河畔，花丛边撒满了我的诗我的笑，无可置疑，小时侯的我快乐无虑。“兴尽晚回舟，误入藕花深处。争渡，争渡，惊起一滩鸥鹭。”青春的我如同一只小鸟，自由自在，没有约束，少女纯净的心灵常在朝阳小，流水也被自然洗礼，纤细的手指拈一束花，轻抛入水，随波荡漾，发髻上沾着晶莹的露水，双脚任水流轻抚。身影轻飘而过，留下一阵清风。可是晚年的我却生活在一片黑暗之中，家庭的衰败，社会的改变，消磨着我那柔弱的心。我几乎对生活绝望，每天在痛苦中消磨时光，一切都好象是灰暗的。“寻寻觅觅冷冷清清凄凄惨惨戚戚”这千古叠词句就是我当时心情的写照。最后，香消玉殒，我在痛苦和哀怨中凄凉的死去。在天堂里，我又见到了上帝。上帝问我过的怎么样，我摇摇头又点点头，我的一生有欢乐也有坎坷，有笑声也有泪水，有鼎盛也有衰落。我始终无法客观的评价我的一生。我原以为做一个着名的人，一生应该是被欢乐荣誉所包围，可我发现我错了。于是在下一轮回中，我选择做一个平凡的人。我来到人间，我是一个平凡的人，我既不着名也不出众，但我拥有一切的幸福：我有温馨的家，我有可亲可爱的同学和老师，我每天平凡而快乐的活着，这就够了。天儿蓝蓝风儿轻轻，暖和的春风带着春的气息吹进明亮的教室，我坐在教室的窗前，望着我拥有的一切，我甜甜的笑了。我拿起手中的笔，不禁想起曾经作诗的李清照，我虽然没有横溢的才华，但我还是拿起手中的笔，用最朴实的语言，写下了一时的感受：人生并不总是完美的，每个人都会有不如意的地方。这就需要我们静下心来阅读自己的人生，体会其中无尽的快乐和与众不同。“富不读书富不久，穷不读书终究穷。”为什么从古到今都那么看重有学识之人？那是因为有学识之人可以为社会做出更大的贡献。那时因为读书能给人带来快乐。自从看了丑小鸭这篇童话之后，我变了，变得开朗起来，变得乐意同别人交往，变得自信了因为我知道：即使现在我是只“丑小鸭”，但只要有自信，总有一天我会变成“白天鹅”的，而且会是一只世界上最美丽的“白天鹅”我读完了这篇美丽的童话故事，深深被丑小鸭的自信和乐观所折服，并把故事讲给了外婆听，外婆也对童话带给我们的深刻道理而惊讶不已。还吵着闹着多看几本名着。于是我给外婆又买了几本名着故事，她起先自己读，读到不认识的字我就告诉她，如果这一面生字较多，我就读给她听整个一面。渐渐的，自己的语文阅读能力也提高了不少，与此同时我也发现一个人读书的乐趣远不及两个人读的乐趣大，而两个人读书的乐趣远不及全家一起读的乐趣大。于是，我便发展“业务”带动全家一起读书现在，每每遇到好书大家也不分男女老少都一拥而上，争先恐后“抢书”，当我说起我最小应该让我的时候，却没有人搭理我。最后还把书给撕坏了，我生气地哭了，妈妈一边安慰我一边对外婆说：“孩子小，应该让着点。”外婆却不服气的说：“我这一把年纪的了，怎么没人让我呀？”大家人你一言我一语，谁也不肯相让读书让我明白了善恶美丑、悲欢离合，读一本好书，犹如同智者谈心、谈理想，教你辨别善恶，教你弘扬正义。读一本好书，如品一杯香茶，余香缭绕。读一本好书，能使人心灵得到净化。书是我的老师，把知识传递给了我；书是我的伙伴，跟我诉说心里话；书是一把钥匙，给我敞开了知识的大门；书更是一艘不会沉的船，引领我航行在人生的长河中。其实读书的真真乐趣也就在于此处，不是一个人闷头苦读书；也不是读到好处不与他人分享，独自品位；更不是一个人如痴如醉地沉浸在书的海洋中不能自拔。而是懂得与朋友，家人一起分享其中的乐趣。这才是读书真正之乐趣呢！这所有的一切，不正是我从书中受到的教益吗？我阅读，故我美丽；我思考，故我存在。我从内心深处真切地感到：我从读书中受到了教益。当看见有些同学宁可买玩具亦不肯买书时，我便想到培根所说的话：“世界上最庸俗的人是不读书的人，最吝啬的人是不买书的人，最可怜的人是与书无缘的人。”许许多多的作家、伟人都十分喜欢看书，例如毛泽东主席，他半边床上都是书，一读起书来便进入忘我的境界。书是我生活中的好朋友，是我人生道路上的航标，读书，读好书，是我无怨无悔的追求。一个人的谈吐有没有“味道”，完全要看他的读书方法。如果读者获得书中的“味”，他便会在谈吐中把这种风味表现出来；如果他的谈吐中有风味，他在写作中也免不了会表现出风味来。所以，我认为风味或嗜好是阅读一切书籍的关键。这种嗜好跟对食物的嗜好一样，必然是有选择性的，属于个人的。吃一个人所喜欢吃的东西终究是最合卫生的吃法，因为他知道吃这些东西在消化方面一定很顺利。读书跟吃东西一样，“此人吃来是蜜糖，他人吃来是砒霜”。教师不能以其所好强迫学生去读，父母也不能希望子女的嗜好和他们一样。如果读者对他所读的东西感不到趣味，那么所有的时间全都浪费了。所以，永远记得，这世间上没有什么一个人必读的书，只有在某时某地，某种环境，和生命中的某个时期必读的书。读书和婚姻一样，是命运注定的或阴阳注定的。纵使某一本书，如圣经之类，是人人必读的，读这种书也一定应当在合适的时候。当一个人的思想和经验还没有达到阅读一本杰作的程度时，那本杰作只会留下不好的滋味。孔子曰：“五十以学易。”便是说，四十五岁时候尚不可读易经。孔子在论语中的训言的冲淡温和的味道，以及他的成熟的智慧，非到读者自己成熟的时候是不能欣赏的。四十学易是一种味道，到五十岁，看过更多的人世变故的时候再去学易，又是一种味道。所以，一切好书重读起来都可以获得益处和新乐趣。 多读书，可以让你觉得有许多的写作灵感。可以让你在写作文的方法上用的更好。在写作的时候，我们往往可以运用一些书中的好词好句和生活哲理。让别人觉得你更富有文采，美感。 多读书，可以让你全身都有礼节。俗话说：“第一印象最重要。”从你留给别人的第一印象中，就可以让别人看出你是什么样的人。所以多读书可以让人感觉你知书答礼，颇有风度。 多读书，可以让你多增加一些课外知识。培根先生说过：“知识就是力量。”不错，多读书，增长了课外知识，可以让你感到浑身充满了一股力量。这种力量可以激励着你不断地前进，不断地成长。从书中，你往往可以发现自己身上的不足之处，使你不断地改正错误，摆正自己前进的方向。所以，书也是我们的良师益友。 多读书，可以让你变聪明，变得有智慧去战胜对手。书让你变得更聪明，你就可以勇敢地面对困难。让你用自己的方法来解决这个问题。这样，你又向你自己的人生道路上迈出了一步。 多读书，也能使你的心情便得快乐。读书也是一种休闲，一种娱乐的方式。读书可以调节身体的血管流动，使你身心健康。所以在书的海洋里遨游也是一种无限快乐的事情。用读书来为自己放松心情也是一种十分明智的。读书能陶冶人的情操，给人知识和智慧。所以，我们应该多读书，为我们以后的人生道路打下好的、扎实的基础！“书籍是全世界的营养品, 生活里没有书籍, 就好象没有阳光; 智慧里没有书籍, 就好象鸟儿没有翅膀。”（英 莎士比亚）。“一本新书象一艘船, 带领着我们从狭隘的地方, 驶向生活的无限广阔的海洋。”（瑞士 凯勒）。“不读书就没有真正的学问,没有也不可能有欣赏能力、文采和广博的见识。不读书的人就不是一个完人。”（俄 赫尔岑）。多读书, 可以开阔视野, 增长见识, 启迪智慧, 可以使自己在工作中有所创造, 有所成就; 多读书, 可以丰富自己的知识宝库, 进一步懂得生活, 可以提高自己的文采和对艺术的欣赏能力, 可以变“下里巴人”为“阳春白雪”, 从而使自己的生活