艾灸足三里预防流感

非谓语动词 Non-predicate Verbs,一、什么叫非谓语动词？与谓语动词有什么区别？非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。 它不受人称和数的限制,非谓语动词有哪些不同的形式？,动词不定式,过去分词,to be done,to have been done,being done,having been done,及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表示动作已完成, 个别动词的过去分词只表示完成(多数为不及物动词),主动形式,被动形式,to do,to have done,doing,having done,不定式除一般式、完成式以外还有_,进行式,done,- ing 分词,非谓语动词功能表,.动词不定式 动词不定式的基本形式是“to动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。,1. 作主语。作主语的动词不定式常用it替代，动词不定式(或短语)放在后面。 Itbeadj.(for/of sb.)(not) to do 做某事怎么样。(在kind, good, nice, clever 等表示人的品质的形容词后，用of。)如： Its easy to get lost in a big city like Tokyo. 在东京这样的大城市容易迷路。 It is dangerous for children to swim alone. 对孩子来说，独自游泳是危险的。 It is kind of you to help me mend the computer. 帮我修电脑，你真好！,2. 作宾语。一些谓语动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语，常见的这类词有：would like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。 如：Indians like to eat hot food. 印度人喜欢吃辣味食品。 有的动词不定式在作带有补足语的宾语时，前面往往带有形式宾语it。 如：Do you think it necessary for us to learn to wait？ 你认为学会等待对我们来说有必要吗？,注：一些不带to的动词不定式有：why not do., had better(not) do., would rather do, could/would/will you please (not ) do.等。如： Youd better finish the work before Monday. 你最好星期一前完成工作。,2. 作宾语,A. 跟不定式作宾语的常见动词:（）hope, want , expect, wish, desire, like, love, dislike ,hate, plan, intend, mean, prepare, decide, determine, afford, fail, manage, try、dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget ,bother .,B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explaintell sb what to do,We think it important to obey the laws.,我认为不花费大量时间去记忆，要掌握一门外语是不可能的。,I think it impossible to master a foreign language without much memory work.,it 形式宾语 think, consider, suppose, believe, find, feel, make, etc.,We think to obey the laws important.,I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. There is nothing to do but wait. 注：不定式虽然起名词作用，但不能作介词宾语，只有在极少数介词如：about、but、except、besides、than等后面才可以作介词宾语。这时，有的不定式带to，有的不定式不带to。 about、but、except、besides后一般要带to,但句中如果有实意动词do的任意形式，不定式不带to。 在can (could) not but, can (could) not choose but，can (could) not help but, do nothing else than, do more (less) than, would (had) sooner than, would (had) rather than等固定习惯用法中，其后不定式不带to.,动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,3. 作表语,A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。 He is to marry Rose.B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。Her wish was to become an artist.C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)。The form is to be filled in and returned within a week.She is to blame.,（4）作宾语补足语常以动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词 advise allow ask warn wish beg cause choose dare encourage expect force get help invite lead (=cause) leave like love order mean (=intend) permit persuade prefer prepare remind request teach trouble want词宾语,1.Im trying to persuade my dad to give up smoking. 2.What has caused you to change your mind ？3.As a punishment, she was not permitted to attend any school activities.4.At the end of the lecture, Mr Smith invited the students to ask questions.,注意： 不带to的不定式作宾语补足语（一感二听三让五看）即：fell,hear、listen tohave、let、make，look、see、notice、observe、watch。 1.The sad movie made me cry. 2.The boy was made to practice piano every day. 3.The teacher had us write an eight-hundred 4.word essay. 5.Watch that boy jump!6.Did anyone hear John leave the house?7.We felt the house shake.8.They knew her very well. 9.They had seen her grow up from a child.,注意: 不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的句子为被动语态时, 句中的宾语补足语要加上to。1.We saw him get on the bus.-He was seen to get on the bus.2.We often hear her talk to herself. -She is often heard to talk to herself.,不定式作定语,1不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如： Its time to go to bed. He is not a man to bow before difficulties. Have you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. I want to get something to read during the vocation.2能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如： I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.,不定式主动表示被动,1. Do you have any clothes to be washed? I have some clothes to wash, so I cant go with you.With some clothes to wash, I cant go with you.2. Give me some novels to read. Please give me a piece of paper to write on.3. I cant get enough food for all of us to eat.4. There is nothing to worry about.5. This book is difficult (for sb) to read. 6. This house is to let. Who is to blame for it?,6. 不定式作状语,1)不定式作目的状语Tim sat near the fire to get warm.The athletes practised hard to win the match.强调作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。,2).不定式作结果状语作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中。如:too to, enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词+ as to do引导。Would you be so kind as to step this way, please?I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.,7. 和某些形容词连用。和动词不定式经常连用的形容词有sure, ready, happy, sorry, afraid等。 如：Im sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。,(8)不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,1.He didnt know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语) 2.How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语) 3.My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语),Practice,1 Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _ reduce unemployment pressures. A. help B. helped C. to help D. having helped,C,2 The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A. looked atB. to look at C. to looking atD. look at,B,3 We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding,A,4 _, you need to give all you have and try your best. A. Being a winner B. To be a winner C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner5. The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. A. produced B. being produced C.tobeproduced D.havingbeen produced,B,C,(一).动名词的语法形式动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.,二、动名词,1. 动名词作主语,Seeing is believing.Playing chess is fun.Its no use waiting here.动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:,1） 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. It is no use talking too much.,2） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如：It is nice playing chess after supper.,3） 动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如：There is no denying that she is very efficient.,2. 动名词作表语,动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。The nurses job is looking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurses job. Four skills of English learning are listening, speaking, reading and writing.= listening, speaking, reading and writing are four skills of English learning .,注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。,3.动名词作宾语,动词+doing 介词+doing,doing,动名词,只能接-ing作宾语的动词口诀：,喜欢花费忙着想象忍不住想要结束练习 错过建议保持介意值得考虑 （押韵）,喜欢花费忙着想象忍不住想要结束练习,enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 spend.doing sth. 花费做某事 be busy doing sth. 忙于做 imagine sb. doing sth. 想象做某事 cant help doing sth. 忍不住做某事 feel like doing sth. 想要做某事 finish doing sth. 完成做某事 practice doing sth. 练习做某事,miss doing sth. 错过做某事 suggest doing sth. 建议做某事 keep (on) doing sth. 保持（继续）做某事 mind doing sth. 介意做某事 be worth doing sth. 值得做某事 consider doing sth. 考虑做某事,错过建议保持介意值得考虑,介词+doing,常考介词: at, in, on of, off, for, from up, about, without to 等等,be good at doing sth 擅长做某事 be interested in doing sth. 对做某事感兴趣 insist on doing 坚持做某事 be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事 thank sb. for doing sth. 谢谢某人做某事 be tired of doing sth. 厌烦做某事 be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事,put off doing 推迟做某事stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事give up doing sth. 放弃做某事without doing sth. 没有做某事think about doing sth. 考虑做某事What How about doing 做某事怎么样?,此to 非彼to,look forward to doing sth. （盼望） pay attention to doing sth. （注意） be used to doing sth. （习惯于） prefer doing sth to doing sth.（更喜欢） devote to doing sth （致力于） make a contribution to doing （做贡献）,（4）want（需要）, need（需要）, deserve（值得）, require（需要）等词后，我们用动名词的主动形式表达被动意思。,Your car needs filling. 你这车要充气了。This city deserves visiting.这座城市值得光顾一下。The problem requires studying carefully.这个问题需要认真研究。The trees want watering.这些树需要浇水了。,1. The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding2. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having,Practice,3. I really cant understand _ her like that. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost,有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做） forget doing 忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生） 2）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做） remember doing 记得做过某事(已做) 3) regret to do 对要做的事遗憾 regret doing 对做过的事遗憾4）try to do 努力、企图做 try doing 试验、试一试5) mean to do 打算，有意要 mean doing 意味着 6) stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 7）go on to do 继续（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）,有些动词接动名词或不定式差别不大love, like, hate, dislike, prefer, start, continue, bear 用法注意1. 当 like, love, prefer 与 would, should 连用时，用不定式Id like to go with them. 2. 当begin, start, continue 本身为-ing形式时，用不定式Were beginning to realize the importance of knowledge. 3. 当begin, start, continue与see, know, realize, understand等表示心理活动的动词连用时，用不定式I began to know I was wrong.,注意,在带有宾补的结构中，往往用it作形式宾语而将真正宾语（动名词）放在句尾。,I consider it a waste of time arguing about it.We found it useless discussing it again.I dong think it worthwhile doing it right now.,think consider useless S + find it+ no use + doing feel like no good etc.,4.现在分词作宾语补足语,用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；A.作感官动词的宾补, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel 表示正在进行的意义We found them reading in the classroom.,5.分词作定语,分词短语作后置定语，一般可用定从替代。Whos the girl dancing with him? Whos the girl who is dancing with him? Will you find us a man who can drive a truck? Will you find us a man driving a truck? The Amber Room was a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the best artist more than ten years to make.,1. After long and hard work, they at last discovered the identity of the baby found in the subway station.2. One such course was World Literature given by Professor Jayne.3. These countries are listed in a small book called a passport. 4. People invited to the party were all VIPs.5. Jews caught by the German Nazis would probably be killed.,6. Children travelling with their parents are included in one parents book. 7. Scientists working here are well paid.8. The little girl crying over there might be a lost child. 9. School boys wearing long hairs are made to have a hair cut. 10. People living in the countryside live longer that those who live in the cities.,结论：doing 和done做后置定语规则1. 当被修饰名词与分词为主动关系时， 用doing2.当被修饰名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时用being done3. 当被修饰名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时用done,The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road.(08hunan) A being blown down B blown down C blowing down D to blow down2. It is one of the funniest things_on the Internet so far this year. (08zhejinang) A finding B being found C to find D found3. The flowers _ sweet in the garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.(08shanghai0 A to smell B smelling C smelt D to be smelt,4. The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most famous building at that time. A to be completed B having been completed C completed D being completed5. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C., did not include Olympic women players until 1912.(97) A first playing B to be first played C first played D to be first playing,6. When I got back, I saw a message pinned (订) to the door_ “sorry to miss you; will call later.” (99) A read B reads C to read D reading7. As soon as she entered the room