四级作文的开篇与扩展.doc

开篇的写法 写好文章或段落的开头很重要。一般来讲， 文章开头既要写出文章的主题，又要能够引起读者阅读的兴趣。不同的文章开头的方式不同， 常见的有以下八种：引语法(Quotation)、设问法(Questions)、数据法(Figures and statistics)、背景法(Relevant background information)、定义法(Definition)、主题句法(Topic sentence)、对立法 : (Contrast)、比较法(Comparision)。一现象法/ 背景法/ 故事法1. 1现象法/ 背景法/Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists In recent years, tourists have frequently been seen walking around and taking photos on university campuses, especially in some famous universities, such as Beijing University and Qinghua University. This so-called “Academic Tourism” is becoming increasingly popular and is particularly attractive to high school students and their eager parents, who believe that in doing so, their children will be inspired to study harder. How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic Nowadays, heavy traffic has become the source of greatest complaint in many big cities. As it has seriously influenced peoples daily life and economic development, the highest priority of governments has been given to the problem and any experts have been called in for advice. The Growth of College Athletics In recent years there has been a big growth in the area of college athletics. Sports are so popular on campus that they have become an indispensable part of college education. The Development of a Private Car With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families can now afford a car. Yet opinions of the development of a private car vary from person to person.The Positive and Negative Aspects of Skyscrapers (l) In recent years with fast economicgrowth, many skyscrapers have appeared in big cities of China. (2) Peoples attitude towards the skyscrapers varies widely.现象法常用句型：1. Nowadays there is a growing concern over the issue/problem2. In recent years, manyhave been faced/ confronted with the problem 3. One of the most popular topics people often talk about today is4. With the (rapid) development of the society/ science and technology, more and more 5. With the improvement of peoples living condition/standard, more and more6. Recently the rise in problem of/（phenomenon of） has cause/aroused public/ popular/ wide/worldwide concern.7. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of has been brought into focus. （ has been brought to public attention）8. Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.1.2 故事法 A Boom in Adult Education(1) Every Tuesday and Friday evening sees Miss Li, my neighbor and a secretary in a company rush home after a hard days work, gulp down her meals and then hurry out to catch the bus for her English class. (2) Miss Lis case is not unique, and now more and more city adults spend their leisure time trying to improve themselves at school or college. Is Outer Space Worth Exploring? (1) Almost everyday we may see something in the newspaper or TV about the latest exciting developments in space exploration（太空探索）. (2) There is an immense（巨大的） pride in our science and technology and a sense of its importance for the welfare of mankind.Practice On Self- employment of College Graduates Students Pursuit for Famous Brands Should University Students Be allowed to Raise Pets Campus Certificate Craze CreditOn Self- employment of College Graduates Last week, Ling Bo, one of my neighbors set up his own company with the fund from the government, which is part of the plans to help graduates to get employed. Lings case is very common these days. In other words, if graduates can put forward a creative and original plan, he will get the financial aid from the governmentStudents Pursuit for Famous Brands If you just have a glance at what college students wear and what they using, you will find nowadays college students are armed with famous brands. Even the students from poor families begin to follow this consumption trend as well. This phenomenon has aroused wide attention.Should University Students Be allowed to Raise Pets Last weekend I paid a visit to my former desk-mate in high school. To my surprise, a pet dog greeted me after I pushed open the door. An hours talk with my desk-mate revealed that three of his classmates now raise pet dogs and most of the others are fond of them.Campus Certificate Craze If you just stop a student on campus and ask him what he is busy about, chances are that he will tell you he is preparing for a certificate of some kind. Investigation points to the facts that it has become a new craze for university and college students to get more certificate.Credit A few days ago, a news report said that a wallet was lying on the ground, but many passers-by dare not pick it up. When the wallet was finally picked up by a granny and handed to the police, it was found that there were several cards and cash in it. Then reporters talked randomly with the residents who replied that they dare not do so because they were not sure whether it was a trap. This kind of incidence is not rare. 二、引语法（Quotation）：指通过在开头段引用一些与主题相关的名人名言、成语或谚语等来开始一篇文章。引语法可应用于各种文体。 It is known to all that life is short. School life is still shorter. We can obtain many a thing more than once, but we cannot get back the lost time even once. An old saying goes, “Art is long, but life is short.” We have only limited time to learn unlimited knowledge. (Make the Most of Our School Days) A proverb says, “Time is money.” But in my opinion, time is even more precious than money. Because when money is spent, we can earn it back; but when time is gone, it will never return. Thus we must value time. (The Value of time)My View on Happy Life As a popular saying goes, “Health is more valuable than health.” A healthy person can always be energetic and enjoy his life and achieve what he hopes for in his career. On the other hand, poor in health, a person can not achieve much success though he is well-educated. Therefore, health is very important to ones happy life.引语法常用句型 There is a famous saying/proverb As an old saying goes As a proverb says As we all know As is known to all In my opinion From my point of view In other words三、设问法（Questions）: 用提出问题的方法来引出文章的主题，以激起读者的兴趣。设问法可用于各种文体。What Is Success What is success? Different people might give different answers to this question. Some people think that one is successful if he can make a great deal of money. Other people believe that success means holding an important government post. Still others consider one who has got a high academic title as success Going abroad to get successIs going abroad the only way to get success? Since more and more people have gone and are going abroad to pursue their study or career, this is a question frequently haunting people who stay home. My answer to it is an affirmative/ a negative one. Reading Selectively or Extensively How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.四、图表法 (drawings)/ 数据法数据法就是用数字或数据开头来引出文章的主题。数据法多用于描写文、说明文和议论文。 According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. Honesty:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Living off Campus:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，35%的学生不住宿舍，而是在学校外面租房子住。 Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。 The latest statistics show that 常用句型 According to the figures/statistics/numbers in the table/chart/diagram/line graph/bar graph, it can be seen/found easily that there is a sharp (slow/sudden) increase/climb/decrease/ drop/ fall/ development) in From the table/chart/diagram/bar graph, we can see/find clearly that This bar chart/graph displays/demonstrates the number of. The chart reflects several trends. The idea conveyed by the cartoon is apparent: It goes without saying that the drawings aim at revealing a common and serious problem in China: As depicted in the pictures, .五、定义法（Definition) 用一句或几句话来说明题中的关键词，给出关键词的定义Self-confidenceSelf-confidence means trust in ones own ability. From my point of view, as a very important psychological quality, it brings your creative power to play, arouses your enthusiasm for work and helps you overcome difficulties. When asked for the secret of her success, Mme. Curie answered: “My success lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular.” On PatriotismPatriotism means the love of ones country. It makes one ready to sacrifice ones life for ones country and to do many other deeds which can bring benefits to the people. The effect is very great when it is exercised by all the people of a country. It makes a country strong, and her history glorious. It also improves a mans character and secures for him a widespread fame. 六、主题句法（Topic sentence) 即开门见山，开章明义，指书主题On Happiness Happiness is easy to find and easy to miss. It depends on the way you look at life. It is true for most people that, for most of life, nothing wonderful happens. If you do not enjoy getting up and studying, and finishing your work and sitting down to a meal with family or friends, then the chances are you are not going to be very happy. If someone bases his happiness or unhappiness on major events like a great new job, huge amount of money, a flawless lover or spouse or an American passport, that person is not going to be happy much of the time. If, on the other hand, happiness depends on a good breakfast, flowers in the garden, a drink or a nap, then we are more likely to live with quite a bit of happiness.Practice Should Men and Women Be Equal Men and women should be equal either at home or in society, for both of them are essential to the existence and prosperity of the family and society.七 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,适用于有争议性的主题. When asked about， the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that But I think/view a bit differently. When it comes to ， some people believe that Othersargue/ claim that the opposite/ reverse is true . There is probably some truthin both arguments/statements ， but （I tend to former/latter ） Now， it is commonly/generally/widely believed/ held/acknowledgedthat They claim/ believe/ argue that But I wonder/doubt whether八 比较法 - 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. For years， had been viewed as But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ， people . People used to think that （In the past， ） But people now share this new view that Eg. Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future. 扩展段的写法 扩展段是一篇文章的主体段。文章的主题在扩展段展开，常用的展开段落的方法有下面几种： 列举法（Listing） 举例说明法（Examples） 因果关系法（Cause and effect） 分类法（Classification） 比较对照法（Comparison and contrast） 时间顺序记叙法（Time order） 空间顺序描述法（Space order） 过程描述法（Process description）一、列举法（Listing）列举法 列举法是指在主题句之后列举一些足以支持主题句观点的具体细节。这种具体细节一般是事实描述、数据、例子等。一般来讲， 所列举的具体细节按照重要性递增的顺序排列。列举法常常和举例法结合起来使用。列举法常用的过渡词有以下几组。一般要相对呼应，不混用。 1.First, second, third, last 2.firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 3.the first , the second , the third , the last 4.to begin with/ to start with/ in the first place, then, next, in addition (to), besides, also, moreover, furthermore, what is more, finally 二、举例说明法（Examples） 举例说明法是指用具体的事例来阐述主题句中的中心思想，举例说明法常与列举法结合使用。使用这种写作方法要注意所选事例应与文章主题密切相关，具有典型性和代表性。举例法常用的句型句式和词语有： This can be illustrated by An example of this is/involves can be illustrated/ shown by the following examples/instances. There are many examples to show that One example is . Another example is The shows/illustrates For example, for instance, say, suppose, such as, such as, to provide a specific example, as an illustration 三、分类法（Classification） 当要说明的事物比较复杂或包括的内容比较多时， 常常将其分成更小的类别， 这便是分类法。使用这种写作方法要注意分类的标准一定要明确，而且标准只有一个。分类法常用的句型句式有： may be classified/ divided/put/ categorized into several types/the following kinds/ two categories according to / on the basis of / depending upon consists of/ comprises The classification is based upon may be divided / sub-divided /further sub-divided 四、比较对照法（Comparison and contrast） 比较法是将人们熟悉的事物与其他事物放在一起分析其相似之处， 比较的目的在于表现不同事物的相似之处；对照法则是将人们熟悉的事物与其他事物放在一起分析其不同之处，其目的在于表现同类事物的不同方面。两者强调的重点不同，但结构相似。常用的结构有两种：第一种称之为块式结构， 假如比较的事物为A和B，文章首先把有关事物A的全部要讨论的内容讨论完， 再转入B事物。第二种结构称之为点式结构， 即首先就事物A和事物B的要比较的内容的第一方面进行比较或对照，然后在比较或对照A和B的第二个方面， 比较： Both A and B are A and B seem to have much in common. A and B seem to have some features in common. A is similar to B in There are a lot of similarities between A and B. A has something in common with B. A and B share similar A shares some common features with B. A is like B in A is the same as B in Both, too, compare with, similarly, likewise, also, in comparison, just like, just as, also, both and, similar to 对照： A is different from B in A differs from B in There are many differences between A and B. A has nothing (little) in common with B. The difference between A and B lies in Compared with A, B Unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, while, whereas, however, although 五、因果关系法 (Cause and effect) 因果关系法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。如果是一果多因的情况，一般先写结果后分析多种原因；如果是一因多果， 一般时先写原因后写结果。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在开头，这种段落展开方法的结构常见的有两种：即分块法和连环法。 分块法指的是先说原因后说结果（一个原因引起一个或多个结果）；或者先说结果后说原因（多个原因引起一个结果）。连环法指的是先叙述的一个原因及结果，再叙述第二个原因及结果，以此类推。 因果关系常用的句型句式和词语有： 原因： The explanation is that There are several reasons why/ for The cause of is The reasons for are is the result of is caused by/ due to/ because of because, since, now that, because of , as a result of , on account of , for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, thanks to, result from 结果： The result/ effect/ consequence of is will result in Therefore, As a result (of), Lead to, result in, contribute to, so that, thus, hence, consequently, so, accordingly, in view of Samples:Large Companies and Small Companies1. 大学毕业后有的人希望在大公司工作。2.有的人则认为在小供词工作更能锻炼人。3.我的看法 Upon graduation from college, young men and women face the first choice in their career life: to go to a large company or a small one? Although many graduates are attracted by the prestige of large companies, I believe the small one will afford more chances of success and more opportunities to develop your ability. There are two basic differences between the large and the small enterprises. First, working in the small company you operate primarily through personal contacts, you have more chance to develop your communication ability and the ability to handle various kinds of personalities. In contrast, in the large company there are established policies and fairly rigid procedures. Even the man at the top is only a cog in a big machine: you neednt make any decision and cant see the effect of your work. Second, in a small business you are normally exposed to all kinds of experiences and expected to do a great many things without too much help or guidance. Thus, you may acquire much more skills and experience, and develop the ability to handle different, complicated things. But in the large company, since you are normally taught one thing and limited to one procedure, you may become the man who knows more and more about less and less. Obviously if you want to gain more experience and ability needed in business and to become an excellent manager or executive in your future career, working in a small company is your best choice.Advantages of a Job InterviewA job interview, a formal meeting between the employer and the applicant, is an efficient way for the interviewer to know about the applicant and the interviewee to know about the job he is applying for. It is advantageous to both the interviewer and the interviewee. To an interviewer, in the interview, he can tell directly to the interviewee about the characters and the conditions of the work, and also the salary for the work. He can also get the chance to know the interviewees appearance, manner, character, background, oral speaking ability etc. To the interviewee, in the interview, he can get the chance to show his confidence, his working ability, and his educational background. On the other hand, he can see the working conditions with his own eyes.Positive and Negative Aspects of sports1. 体育运动的好处2. 体育运动可能带来的副作用Playing sports is a part of peoples life. Sometimes people take exercise to keep fit, sometimes people play sports and games just for fun. People spend a lot of money and time on sport. Sports are conducive to health. First, they stimulate blood circulation. As a Chinese saying going, “Running water is never stale and a door-hinge never gets worm-eaten.” Good blood circulation can prevent diseases. Besides sport help digestion. If one often takes exercise, he will not suffer dyspepsia. Most important of all, sports make one energetic. One who takes exercises everyday is always full of vigor and will never be listless. However, there are also disadvantages for doing exercises. First, its harmful to health if people take exercise without good habits. If he takes exercise immediately after meals, it does harm to health. If one takes exercise in the morning, he will sweat. If, as happens often, he is in such a hurry that he has to go to wo