《词类、句子成分与句子类型》学案.doc

我总结我快乐 我记忆我提高 北京市师达中学 高三英语复习资料 词类、句子成分与句子类型学案班级_ 姓名_6一、词类(Part of Speech)1.词的分类 英语中的词根据其_、_以及在句子中的_可以分成十大类。词类英语名称缩写形式请举例说明名词Nounn.代词Pronounpron.形容词Adjectiveadj./a.数词Numeralnum动词Verbv.(vi./vt.)副词Adverbadv.冠词Articleart.介词Prepositionprep.连词Conjunctionconj.感叹词Interjectionint.其中，_、代词、_、数词、_、副词能在句子中_充当成分，称为_。其他成为虚词，不能在句子中独立充当成分。2. 请判断下列画线词的词类。同一个词在不同的场合可以作不同的词类。 I used to swim in the pond in front of my house. _ Id like to have a swim in the pond. _ Apples usually grow in the north. _ The weather in dry in summer in North China. _ The wild ducks are flying north. _ He gave me a photo album as a present. _ The present situation is good. _ He was present at the party. _ He eas badly hurt in the head. _ The ship was heading for the barbour. _二、句子（Sentence）的种类句子是具有一定的语法结构，表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。书面上，用标点符号断开。句首字母要大写，句末通常用句号、问号、感叹号。句子的分类如下：1按交际功能分为四类：_（肯定，否定）Declarative Sentence_（一般疑问，特殊疑问，选择疑问，反意疑问）Interrogative Sentence_ Imperative Sentence_ ExclamatorySentence2按句子的结构分为三类： _Simple Sentence _ Compound Sentence _ Complex Sentence三、句子成分句子一般可以分成几个部分，每个部分在句中具有一定的功能，称为句子成分。不同的句子成分由一定的词类或词组充当。1. 主语（Subject）主语是句子的_，是一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象。一般由_、_、_、_（不定式、动名词）或名词性从句中的_从句充当。请用下划线标出句子的主语，并在空格处写明其词类。The palne has just taken off at the airport. _ They are students from the United States. _ Twelve divided by three is four. _ To have the English news recorded takes up much of my spare time. _ Playing football is my hobby. _ What they said seems reasonable. _2. 谓语（Predicate）谓语是对句子主语加以说明，提供有关信息的部分。谓语通常由动词(_Link Verb，_Transitive Verb或_Intransitive Verb)充当，位于主语之后。 Eg. The man dived deep in the sea.谓语动词不只限于单个动词，也可以带有_。 Eg. We will have a medical examination next week. He has been away from home for months.句子一般都必须有谓语动词。谓语动词是不能被遗漏的，而且，其他词类不能充当谓语动词。请判断下列句子的正误，T代表正确，F代表错误。 The family fond of pop music. _ The family are fond of pop music. _ Helen past me in a hurry. _ Helen passed me in a hurry. _ He planned to across the lake in a boat. _ He planned to cross the lake in a boar. _3. 宾语（Object）宾语是_动词所表示动作的对象，或者是_词所表示的某种联系的对象。换句话说，及物动词和介词后都要带宾语。宾语一般由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、名词性从句中的_从句来充当。请用下划线标出句子的宾语，并在空格处写明其词类。 The waiter brought two coffees to us. _ The lady was looking at herself in the mirror. _ We hope to get some help grom them. _She hates troubling her classmates. _The book is about how pandas live in the mountain. _ 4. 定语(Attributive) 定语是对_或_加以修饰或限定。通常由形容词、副词、介词词组、非谓语形式或者_从句担当。请用下划线标出句子的定语，并在空格处写明其词类。 There is a long line waiting to get the new stamps. _Im sorry I dont know the man over there. _I wonder whom the books on the shelf belong to. _The theatre which will be completed in two months will be a modern one. _5. 状语(Adverbial) 状语主要用以修饰_、形容词、和副词，一般由副词、形容词、介词词组、_形式、_从句充当。请用下划线标出句子的状语，并在空格处写明其词类。The problem is pretty hard. _ After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired.（08北京卷) _ They managed to finish the job before Monday. _The old man sat on the bench, enjoying the afternoon sun. _As he was leaving the office, it started to rain. _6. 补语（Complement） 补语用来补充说明_语或_语的身份或特征。6.1. 位于系动词后的补语也称为_语(Predicate)，用来补充说明主语的身份或特征。名词、形容词充当、副词、介词词组、动词非谓语形式以及名词性从句中的_从句都可以充当表语。请用下划线标出句子的表语，并在空格处写明其词类。Al is a tailor. _ Things got worse and worse. _ Time is up. _ The girls are in the garden. _ All she did every day was raising the squerrels. _ That is where we first met. _6.2. 用以补充说明宾语的成分称为_补足语。一般由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式担当。当这种结构的主语和宾语互换，也就是变成被动语态时，宾语补语就变成了_补足语。请用下划线标出句子的补足语， 如果是宾语补足语请写，如果是主语的补足语请写。Everyone calls him Uncle Ben. _ He is called Uncle Ben. _ Father expected his son to learn medicine. _ His son was expected to learn medicine. _ We found the bank robbed the night before. _ The bank was found robbed the night before. _ The mother left the boy crying alone. _ The boy was left crying alone. _四、句子的五大基本句型结构句子是由不同的_按一定的语言规则相互组合而成。不同的句子成分在句中有序排列，形成不同的句型结构。S-主语 V-谓语动词 O-宾语 C-补语 A-状语 P -表语 L-系动词请记录句型结构 谓语的特征例句 _ _谓语动词为不及物动词。The temperature dropped.They lived in the city ago. _/_-谓语动词为系动词。 The hall grew quiet. _ _谓语动词为及物动词。（少数动词可连接与他们同源的名词做宾语，称之为同源宾语。）He picked a rose.He died a heroic death.She put the teapot on the shelf. _谓语动词为能带双宾语的及物动词。.He showed me his new watch. _谓语动词为能带复合宾语的及物动词。She made her son behave well.注意：请听写出常用的系动词(Link Verb)：_变得_变得_ 觉得是_ 似乎是_变得_ 变得_ 听起来是_ 落下_变得_ 是_证明是、结果是_处于（某状态）_变得_闻起来是_仍然是_ 保持_变得_尝起来是_仍然是_显得常见的引导同源宾语的动词有：单词请写出其名词例句die_His grand father died a natural death.smile_She smiled a bitter smile.live_Tom and Mary lived a happy life.dream_She has never dreamed such a horrible dream before.fight_They were determined to fight a fight to death for their freedom.sleep_Did you sleep a sound sleep last night?请总结出所给例句的基本结构。1_Birds fly.My grandma is sleeping now.I will stay in Shanghai for a week.It rained hard last night.Lucy arrived in Beijing yesterday.Yellow leaves are falling in the autumn air.We have lived here for ten years.注意：不及物动词后不能直接接宾语，他后面所跟的成分都是对这些不及物动词或者整个句子的修饰或补充，充当句子的状语。2_Her father is a professor.She became angry at the words.He seems satisfied with the new job.He is very exciting.He is against our plan.His hobby is playing football.The truth is that he has never been abraod.注意：第一，系动词包括：be / sound / smell / taste / feel / get / become / keep / stay / fall等。第二，表语即系动词后的面的成分，可以由名词、形容词、过去分词、形容词、动名词、介宾短语、表语从句充当。3_Jane likes music very much.He studies poetry.My sister is writing a letter at this moment.He decided to give up smoking.She said that she would leave for Paris soon.注意：及物动词后必须接宾语。4_ 常见跟双宾语的动词有：bring, buy, ask, tell, show, give, fetch, make, take, pass, send, write, teachFather bought me a new cap.His father bought him a computer.I sent her a birthday gift yesterday.My mother taught me how to do it.The girl asked me where the book-store was.注意：间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物，两个成分都作前面谓语动词的宾语。直接宾语和间接宾语可以互换位置，这时间接宾语前必须加_。如：We gave her a gift.We gave a gift to her.I found the old man a seat.I found a seat for the old man.5_I found the book interesting.The teacher asked the students to hand in their papers.We must keep the classroom clean.They consider Jack a brave boy.Let the fresh air in.What he said made me very angry.Lucy will make herself known.I saw the little girl dancing.They elected him dean of the department.注意：宾语补足语对宾语作补充说明。五、相关练习I. 指出下列各句的基本结构：1. Mr. Black is English. _2. The teacher taught us some grammar rules. _3. The farmer dug up the soil. _4. She found her ring lost. _5. She left her job unfinished. _6. The great poet lived in the 18th century. _7. She introduced her friends to us. _8. The tape-recirder is on the desk. _9. The guests have just arrived. _10. She laid the baby on the bed. _II. 指列句出下子中画线词的词性，并写出其另外一个用法。1. The driver backed the car out of the garage. _ _2. Te man was fined 20 dollars for smoking in the theatre. _ _3. In the darkness we inched against the wall. _ _4. Harris learned how to milk a cow. _ _5. The hall can seat about one thousand people. _ _6. His debt totalled 20,000 dollars. _ _7. The old man like to walk his dog