浅谈如何全面突破化学平衡图像题.doc

to clean and repair, it is strictly forbidden to head reaches into the mechanical stroke range. 17th article: in overhead transmission line following work should blackout, cannot blackout Shi, due isolation protection measures, crane shall not in overhead transmission line following work, through overhead transmission line should will lifting arm falls, in overhead line side work Shi, regardless of in any situation Xia, lifting arm, and rope or weights, and overhead transmission line of recently distance should not is less than Xia table provides: transmission line voltage 1000 v following 1-15 kV 20-40 kV 60-110 kV 220,000 v Allow minimum distances with the transmission line (m) vertical 1.5 level 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 4 6 18th: lamp voltage may not exceed 36 volts, when working in a damp place or metal containers, lamp voltage may not exceed 12 volts. 19th: pressure vessel should have a safety valve, pressure gauge, and avoid sun exposure, collisions, oxygen cylinders to prevent contaminated oil; of acetylene gas, LPG, must have a safety device to prevent tempering. 20th: x-ray and gamma-ray flaw detector operation area, non-operator, not allowed to enter. Article 21st: corrosion, dust and radioactive and toxic work, protective measures are required, and to carry out regular inspection. Spider-man 22nd section III: Spider-man to regular medical examinations of the medical diagnosis, who suffer from high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, epilepsy and other discomfort in the Spider-man shall not engage in aerial work. 23rd: Spider-man dressed spirit, banned the wearing of hard bottom and easy slip-on shoe nail. 24th: Spider-man material stack stationary, tools should turn into a tool bag, transfer prohibited throwing of objects. 25th: in case of bad weather (such as wind in the above grade) construction safety, prohibition of the open air, lifting and piling. 26th article: ladder shall not deficiency document, no padded using, ladder cross document spacing to 30 cm suitable, using Shi top to tied prison, bottom should take anti-sliding measures, single ladder and ground angle to 60 degrees suitable, ban II people while in ladder Shang job, as needed received long using, should lashing firm, people Word ladder in end of feet pulled prison, in channel at using ladder, due guardianship or set fence. 27th: no security measures, prohibited in hip joints, supports, trusses of the roof truss cantilever beams, and choose the frame and half fixed widget or job to walk on, Spider-man and the ground . Nine, ten basic security to prevent vehicle damage claim 1, without legal training of qualified certified personnel not familiar with vehicle performance is not driving a car. 2, should insist on doing defense work, vehicle brake, Horn, steering systems, lighting and other safety components such as poor are not allowed out of the car. 3, dump truck, dump truck car hop is strictly prohibited, prohibited goods mixing, loading of vehicles should not overload,stavebn tm vdce mst een. een by mlo zahrnovat analzu rizik, monost nehod charakteristik a nouzovch postup, nouzov zpracovn a obsah opaten. 4, integrovan pohotovostn plny, speciln havarijn plny a mst een by mly bt mezi sebou a s ostatnmi jednotky zapojeny v nouzi, kter jsou vzjemn propojeny. 5, havarijn pln by ml zahrnovat havarijn personl a organizace kontakt, nouzov rezervn seznam a dal informace. Informace by mly bt pravideln aktualizovny a zajist, e informace jsou pesn a platn. tyi, havarijn pln revize 1, Recenze pohotovostn plny pezkoumn formul a prvky pezkumu a opaten pijatch dvma zpsoby. Kdy host slou pedevm pro havarijn plny pro zznam v podob Recenze, prvek hodnocen pro nouzov hodnocen. . Kd pro porn ochranu konstrukce budov a nsk republice ny exploze nebezpen oblasti elektrick bezpenostnch pedpis a pedpis o porn ochranu design rafinaci ropy a chemickch podnik, napklad poadavky na pedpisech a nazench. 2. pi provdn instalace me zpsobit por, exploze, kter sti by mly bt pln nastaven peht, petlaku, micch pstroj, alarm (zvuk a svtla). 3. kde je holav plyn (pra) me unikat , holav plyn koncentrac detekce, alarm by mla bt nastavena. 4. vechny komunikoval s holav, vbun zazen s inertnm plynem, plynov penosov potrub, by mla bt nastavena zabrnit holavch a vbunch ltek do zazen, ale nemla bt samostatn zptn ventil. 5. holav plyn (pra) nastavit plamen svodi odvzduovac vvod, snadno pracovat, kde se zastavit ventily, aby pi vstupn vtrac potrub je v plamenech, peruil por plynu odvzduovac potrub ml bt nainstalovn v nejni hasicho zazen. 6. kdy dopravu holavch materil by mla odpovdat prmru potrub a stedn mrn odpor, sprvn zen prtoku, co nejvce se vyhnout statick elektiny. Antistatick opaten, jako jsou zazen, potrub, by mlo bt v souladu s technickmi pedpisy pro uzemnn design pro chemick podniky pslunch ustanoven. 7. nhl vbun petlaku nebo rychlho rozkladu vrobnch zazen nebo skladovacch zazen by mly bt vybaveny vbuchu (nevbun membrna), vvoz nonel trubice smrem k bezpenosti a aby prevence sekundrnch exploz, protiporn opaten. 8. vrobnthe principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges, into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax, financial and other resources, and construct Government credit + business credit credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to raise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central eight rules and opposing the four winds and practicing three Suns, and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the partys political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the partys political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the partys political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the partys political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs further浅谈如何全面突破化学平衡图像题吕 旭 平广东省龙川县教育局教研室 517300摘 要：化学平衡图像题是近年高考化学的常考题型，它以图像的形式将一些相关量之间的关系通过形象直观的曲线表示出来，将化学原理抽象为数学问题，旨在考查学生的观察能力、类比能力和推理能力。解答此类题目，一般要熟悉化学平衡移动的原理和化学平衡图象的基本类型，掌握解答该题型的原则、方法和步骤等。关键词：高考化学 化学平衡图像 解题原则 方法与步骤化学平衡图像题是近年高考化学试题中常见的一种题型。该类题型的特点是：图像是题目的主要组成部分，把所要考查的知识寓于坐标曲线上，简明、直观、形象，旨在考查学生的观察能力、类比能力和推理能力。综合性强，思维难度大，许多学生感到困难，备考时应给予重视。本文就如何解答化学平衡图像题，谈谈自己的看法，希望对同学们有所启发。一、化学平衡图像题的解题原则1先拐先平，数值大。即在化学平衡图像中，先出现拐点的曲线所对应的反应先达到平衡，同时，先出现拐点的曲线所对应的温度较高或压强较大。2定一议二。即当图像中有三个变量时，先确定一个量不变，再讨论另外两个量的关系（因为化学平衡移动原理只适用于外界“单因素”的改变而导致平衡移动的分析）。二、化学平衡图像题的解题方法1明确坐标轴的意义，即横坐标、纵坐标各表示什么。2弄清曲线上点的意义，特别是某些特殊的点(起点、拐点、交点等)所代表的含义。3弄清曲线斜率大小（即曲线“平”与“陡”）的含义以及函数的增减性。4适当时可作“等温线”、“等压线”等辅助线。三、化学平衡图象题的解题步骤1看图像 一看面(即纵坐标与横坐标的意义)；二看线(即线的走向和变化趋势)；三看点(即起点、拐点、交点、终点、最高点与最低点等)；四看辅助线(如等温线、等压线、平衡线等) ；五看量的变化(如浓度变化、温度变化、转化率变化等) 。2想规律联想外界条件对化学反应速率和化学平衡的影响规律。3作判断将图像中所表现出的关系与所学规律对比，作出正确的判断。四、化学平衡图象的基本类型及例析1物质的量（浓度）时间图像解题关键：（1）分清反应物和生成物。浓度减小的为反应物，浓度增大的为生成物。（2）分清消耗浓度和增加浓度。反应物的消耗浓度和生成物的增加浓度之比等于化学方程式中各物质的化学计量数之比。（3）分清曲线斜率大小。斜率大（即曲线“陡”），速率大。典型例析：已知：2NO2(g) N2O4(g),H0。在恒温恒容条件下，将一定量NO2和N2O4的混合气体通入容积为2升的密闭容器中，反应过程中各物质的物质的量浓度C随时间t的变化关系如下图所示:（1）a、b、c、d四个点中，化学反应处于平衡状态的是_点。（2）25min时，改变了什么条件会发生如图所示的变化？_。（3）a、b、c、d四个点中所表示的反应体系中，气体颜色由深到浅的顺序是_（填字母）解析：达到第一次平衡时，b点所处曲线代表的反应浓度从0.2mol/L增加到0.6mol/L，代表NO2，c点所处曲线代表的反应浓度从0.6mol/L减小到0.4mol/L，代表N2O4。水平线表示反应平衡，因此，反应处于平衡状态的为b、d；25min时，NO2的浓度从0.6mol/L突变到1.0mol/L，而N2O4瞬间未变，显然是加入了NO2，而且是加入了0.8mol的NO2；N2O4无色，NO2红棕色，而c点代表的反应还未达平衡，其所对应的NO2的浓度值大于d点，因此，正确的顺序应是c、d、b、a。2速率（体积分数）温度（压强）图像解题关键：（1）最高点（或最低点）为化学平衡点。（2）最高点（或最低点）的左端曲线，表示反应未达平衡，随温度（T）升高，纵坐标所表示的量递增(或递减)。（3）最高点(或最低点)的右端曲线，表示反应已达平衡，随温度升高平衡向吸热反应方向移动。典型例析：在5个容积相同的密闭容器中内，分别充入同量的N2和H2，在不同温度下，任其发生反应：3H2 + N2 2NH3，并分别在t秒时测定其中NH3的体积分数x(NH3)，绘成如图的曲线。 （1）A、B、C、D、E五点中，尚未达到化学平衡状态的点是_，已达到化学平衡状态的点是_。（2）此可逆反应的正反应是_反应（填吸热或放热）。（3）AC段的曲线是增函数，CE段的曲线是减函数，试从反应速率和平衡角度说明理由。_。解析：最高点为化学平衡点，最高点的右端曲线，表示反应已达平衡，最高点的左端曲线，表示反应未达平衡，因此，尚未达到化学平衡状态的点是A、B，已达到化学平衡状态的点是C、D、E；平衡后，随温度升高平衡向吸热反应方向移动，图中NH3的体积分数递减，因此，正反应是放热；AC段：反应开始，V正V逆，反应向右进行生成NH3，CE段：已达平衡，升温使平衡左移，NH3%变小。3速率时间图像解题关键：（1）分清正逆反应。一般正反应速率在上，平衡向正反应方向移动；逆反应速率在上，平衡向逆反应方向移动。（2）分清瞬间变化点。一般改变反应物或生成物浓度，图像一点保持连续（无断点）；改变反应体系的压强或改变反应体系的温度，两点突变（一大一小，有断点）。（3）若平衡无移动，则可能是由于以下原因所导致：反应前后气体分子个数不变；使用了催化剂。典型例析：1反应A(g)+B(g)C(g)+Q已达平衡，升高温度，平衡逆移，当反应一段时间后反应又达平衡，则速率对时间的曲线为（） 解析：首先要把握大方向，即升温使正、逆反应速率都变大，所以B不会是答案；再看起点和终点，由于原反应是平衡的(V逆=V正)，因而起点相同，又由于再次达到平衡(V正V逆)，因而终点相同，故A不是答案；由于正反应是放热反应，所以升温使V正和V逆都增大，但逆反应增大得更多，故V逆更大，即V逆的曲线斜率大，故答案为C。2向一定体积的密闭容器中加入2 mol A、0.6 mol C和一定量的B三种气体。一定条件下发生反应，各物质的量浓度随时间变化如图（）所示，其中t0t1阶段c（B）未画出。图（）为t2时刻后改变反应条件，化学反应速率随时间变化的情况，四个阶段改变的条件均不相同，每个阶段只改变浓度、压强、温度、催化剂中的一个条件，其中t3t4阶段为使用催化剂。请回答下列问题：（1）若t1=15 min，则t0t1阶段以C物质的浓度变化表示的反应速率为 mol L1min1。（2）t4t5阶段改变的条件为 ，B的起始物质的量浓度为 mol L1。（3）t5t6阶段保持容器内温度不变，若A的物质的量共变化了0.01mol，而此过程中容器与外界的热交换总量为a kJ，写出此温度下该反应的热化学方程式 。解析：本题是一道运用浓度-时间图像与速率-时间图像来确定化学方程式、条件改变和反应物的起始浓度的综合题。因图（）为t2时刻后改变反应条件，化学反应速率随时间变化的情况，四个阶段改变的条件均不相同，每个阶段只改变浓度、压强、温度、催化剂中的一个条件，其中t3t4阶段为使用催化剂。根据正逆反应速率变化与化学平衡的移动情况可推断：t2t3阶段和t5t6阶段平衡发生了移动， t4t5阶段平衡没有移动。由于改变浓度、温度化学平衡一定移动；而改变压强，对于反应前后气体体积不变的可逆反应，平衡不移动。由图可知： t2t3阶段为改变浓度；t5t6阶段为升高温度，且化学平衡正移，故该反应的正反应为吸热反应； t4t5阶段为改变压强，且改变压强平衡不移动，故该反应为反应前后气体体积不变的反应。由图（I）可知：t1时刻达到平衡，c（A）消耗0.2 molL1, c（C）增加了0.3 molL1，只有当c（B）消耗0.1molL1时，才满足该反应为反应前后气体体积不变的反应这一条件，故B的起始物质的量浓度为0.5mol L1，该反应的化学方程式为：2A(g) + B(g) 3C(g) 。正确答案：0.02 mol L1min1；减小压强，0.5 mol L1； 2A(g) + B(g) 3C(g) H= +200a kJmol14含量（转化率）时间温度（压强）图像解题关键：（1）由曲线的拐点作垂直于时间轴（t线）的垂线，其交点即为该条件下达到平衡的时间。（2）由达到平衡的时间长短，根据“先拐先平，数值大”的原则，推断P1 与 P2、T1 与T2的相对大小。典型例析：已知某可逆反应mA(g) + n B(g) pC(g) = Q在密闭容器中进行，图中表示在不同反应时间t时，温度T和压强P与反应物B在混合气体中的百分含量B%的关系曲线，由曲线分析下列判断正确的（ ）A. T1 P2 m + n p Q T2P1 pQ 0 C. T1 P2 m + n 0 D. T1 T2P1 P2 m + n 0 解析：根据达到平衡的时间长短，可以断定：压强均为P2时，T2T1，温度均为T1时，P2P1；根据“平台”高低，可断定低温有利于B%增大，说明逆反应是放热反应，即正反应为吸热，Q0；高压有利于B%增大，说明增大压强，平衡逆移，故mnp。故本题答案：D。5受两个变量（P、T）影响的图像解题关键：（1）根据“定一议二”的原则，固定温度T（或压强p），即作横坐标轴的垂线，观察分析图中所示各物理量随压强p（或温度T）的变化结果。（2）准确判断所作垂线与原温度（或压强）曲线的交点的纵坐标。（3）纵坐标可以是某物质的质量分数、转化率、浓度、浓度比值、体积分数、物质的量分数等。典型例析：可逆反应aA(g)+ bB(g)=dD(g)+eE(g)+Q在一定条件下达平衡状态时，A的转化率与温度、压强的关系如下图所示。则在下列空格处填写“大于”、“小于”或“等于”。 (1)a+b _ c+d； (2)Q _ 0。 解析：看任一根曲线，可知温度升高，A的转化率变大，送说明升温使平衡正移，故正反应为吸热反应，即Q0；垂直于横坐标画一直线，可知：温度相同时，压强越大，A的转化率越小。这说明增大压强使平衡逆移，即(a+b)(c+d) 。参考文献1 王路全.解答化学平衡图象题的方法和技巧.中学生数理化(高考版) .2005（13）2 邵国光.例谈化学反应速率与化学平衡图像题的考查方式.人教网.2011-3-24to clean and repair, it is strictly forbidden to head reaches into the mechanical stroke range. 17th article: in overhead transmission line following work should blackout, cannot blackout Shi, due isolation protection measures, crane shall not in overhead transmission line following work, through overhead transmission line should will lifting arm falls, in overhead line side work Shi, regardless of in any situation Xia, lifting arm, and rope or weights, and overhead transmission line of recently distance should not is less than Xia table provides: transmission line voltage 1000 v following 1-15 kV 20-40 kV 60-110 kV 220,000 v Allow minimum distances with the transmission line (m) vertical 1.5 level 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 4 6 18th: lamp voltage may not exceed 36 volts, when working in a damp place or metal containers, lamp voltage may not exceed 12 volts. 19th: pressure vessel should have a safety valve, pressure gauge, and avoid sun exposure, collisions, oxygen cylinders to prevent contaminated oil; of acetylene gas, LPG, must have a safety device to prevent tempering. 20th: x-ray and gamma-ray flaw detector operation area, non-operator, not allowed to enter. Article 21st: corrosion, dust and radioactive and toxic work, protective measures are required, and to carry out regular inspection. Spider-man 22nd section III: Spider-man to regular medical examinations of the medical diagnosis, who suffer from high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, epilepsy and other discomfort in the Spider-man shall not engage in aerial work. 23rd: Spider-man dressed spirit, banned the wearing of hard bottom and easy slip-on shoe nail. 24th: Spider-man material stack stationary, tools should turn into a tool bag, transfer prohibited throwing of objects. 25th: in case of bad weather (such as wind in the above grade) construction safety, prohibition of the open air, lifting and piling. 26th article: ladder shall not deficiency document, no padded using, ladder cross document spacing to 30 cm suitable, using Shi top to tied prison, bottom should take anti-sliding measures, single ladder and ground angle to 60 degrees suitable, ban II people while in ladder Shang job, as needed received long using, should lashing firm, people Word ladder in end of feet pulled prison, in channel at using ladder, due guardianship or set fence. 27th: no security measures, prohibited in hip joints, supports, trusses of the roof truss cantilever beams, and choose the frame and half fixed widget or job to walk on, Spider-man and the ground . Nine, ten basic security to prevent vehicle damage claim 1, without legal training of qualified certified personnel not familiar with vehicle performance is not driving a car. 2, should insist on doing defense work, vehicle brake, Horn, steering systems, lighting and other safety components such as poor are not allowed out of the car. 3, dump truck, dump truck car hop is strictly prohibited, prohibited goods mixing, loading of vehicles should not overload,ch zazen, budov a konstrukc, tanky a jin zsuvky prmyslov vody, krom ustanoven vodu tak, by mlo bt instalovno v oblasti s vodou k utsnn vrtu, uzavrac ventil, aby se zabrnilo velk mnostv holavch a vbunch materil do kanalizace. 9. pouit v holavch, vbunch plyn pojistn ventil a vtrac potrub, je nutn export trubice je umstn mimo a vy ne 2 metry nad budovou. (B) pouvn ohn, ohe (viz systm sprvy prce) (c) porn zazen a organizac 1. realizace prevence prvn a integrovan prevence ohe politiku, pijmout modern technologie poru a vbuchu prevence a pomoci, provdn zen podle cl. 2. zzen veden spolenosti a vedouc jednotlivch oddlen Porn bezpenost vboru, workshop zaloena porn ochrany, vedouc skupiny a nastavit dobrovolnch hasi. 3. spolenost tvaru ochrany spotebitele na pln vazek hasii, hasii formulovat pln protiporn prevence a akn pln, provdn zen podle cl, pravideln proveden publicitu porn prevence a vzdlvn a kolen, v kombinaci s oekvan porn cvien. 4. soubor stacionrn ohn uvnit spolenosti zazen, protiporn zazen mus bt v Sprva slueb, rozvoj provozn postupy a systmy zen. 5. porn zazen na serveru nastavit jasn, pstup k pohodln a bezpen msto, pravideln kontroly drby, ti (to je, pevn, fixn typ a mnostv, podle odbornk), a nem nikdo nenapadal, pachatel dle systmu ke zpracovn. 6. vechny holav a vbun ltky ve spolenosti a potenciln ped porem a vbuchem nebezpen vroby, skladovn, prodej a pouvn procesu a jeho souvisejc vybaven, psn zen. 7. kdy je ohe, pole tby okamit uspodejte do boje s ohnm, a ohledn vroby, plnovn, alarmy a ohn a adresu urit sti ohn a pinastreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improve news reporting, for propaganda w