英语国家概况.ppt

englishspeakingcountries asurvey liumin 2 introduction thecourse 5partstheexam 150minutes multiplechoice briefanswerquestions termexplanationthearrangementforthissemester 3 partone 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 theunitedkingdomofgreatbritainandnorthernireland 4 contents chapter1landandpeoplechapter2 5thehistorychapter6theeconomychapter7governmentandadministrationchapter8justiceandthelawchapter9socialaffairschapter10culturalaffairs 5 chapter1landandpeople 6 geographicalfeatures 7 advantages nopartofbritainisveryfarfromthecoastanditprovidesavaluableresource thebritishcoastislongandhasgood deepharbours searoutesextendfarinland providingcheaptransportation 2 generalfeaturesa tilting risinginnorth westcausehighlandstheresinkinginsouth eastcauselowlandsb iceage responsibleforbritain sspectacularmountainscenery 8 3 england morethan130 000squarekilometreswhichtakesupnearly60 ofthewholeisland a pennines 奔宁山脉 principalmountainchain b scafell 斯科菲峰 978m thehighestpeakofengland c capital london 9 4 scotland 78 760squarekilometres a threezone highlandsinthenorth plateau 高原 centrallowlands mostimportantareainscotlandwhichcontainmostoftheindustryandpopulation southernuplands moorland 荒野 b bennevis 本尼维斯山 1 343m thehighestmountaininbritain c capital edinburgh 10 5 wales 20 761squarekilometreswhichtakesuplessthan9 ofthewholeislanda mostofwalesismountainous b 12 ofthelandisarable 耕地 c massif 断层 d snowdonia 1 085m highestmountaininwales e capital cardiff 加的夫 11 6 northernireland 14 147squarekilometreswhichtakesup1 5ofireland a ithasarockyandwildnortherncoastline b capital belfast 贝尔法斯特 12 riversandlakes 1 riversa importance greatports throughriver tosea riverstobotheuropeancontinentandfishinggrounds 渔场 rivers carryrawmaterials toinland b rivers severnriver 塞文河 338km longestriver thamesriver 泰晤士河 336km secondlargestandmostimportant watertransportation oxfordsite riverclyde 克莱德何 mostimportantriverinscotland 13 2 lakes a loughneagh 内伊湖 largestlakeinbritain locatedinnorthernireland b lakedistrict oneofthepopulartouristattractionsinbritain 15lakes thelargestonesarewindermere ullswater derwentwaterandconistonwater thehomeofthelakepoetsof19thcentury wordsworth coleridgeandsouthey 14 climate 1 maritime 海洋性 a favorableone wintersaremildnottoocoldandsummersarecoolnottoohot b steadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear c smallrangeoftemperature 15 2 factors a thesurroundingwaterstendtobalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer b thewesterlies 盛行西风 blowoverthecountryalltheyearroundbringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthetemperaturesmoderate c thenorthatlanticdrift 北大西洋洋流 whichisawarmcurrent passesthewesterncoastofthebritishislesandwarmsthem 16 3 rainfalla general britainhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear theaverageannualrainfallinbritainisover1 000mm b character watersurplusinnorthandwest waterdeficitinsouthandeast c reservoirshavetobebuiltinhighlandareassuchascentralwales thelakedistrictandthescottishhighlands 17 4 naturalcalamities 自然灾害 a in1952thesulphurdioxide 二氧化硫 inthefour daylondonsmog anunhealthyatmosphereformedbymixingsmokeanddirtwithfog left4 000peopledeadordying somostcitiesinbritainhaveintroduce cleanairzones wherebyfactoriesandhouseholdsareonlyallowtoburnsmokelessfuel b manyareasaresubjectedtoseveregales 厉风 whichcauseflooding shipwrecksandlossoflife especiallyinwinter 18 people britainhasapopulationof57 411 000in1990 61 400 000in2011 1 generalfeatures a denselypopulatedwithanaverageof237peoplepersquarekilometer b unevenlydistributed 90 inurban 10 inrural c concentration mostinengland mostinlondonandsouth easternengland d composition english81 5 scottish9 6 welsh1 9 irish2 4 northernirish1 8 immigrants2 8 19 2 englisha origin anglo saxonsb language southern bbc exceptcockney northern broader c cockney 伦敦腔 acockneyisalondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofbowbells 伦敦 thebellsofthechurchofstmary le bowbellsineastlondon d itwasfromtheunionofnormanconquerorsandthedefeatedanglo saxonsthattheenglishpeopleandtheenglishlanguagewereborn 20 3 welsh a origin celtsb language welsh anancientcelticlanguage 1 peopleonlyspeakwelsh itwasgivenequalitywithenglishforallofficialuseinwalesin1965 namesbeginningwith ll english c character emotional cheerful d culture eisteddfodau 威尔斯诗人音乐家大会 nationaleisteddfod withanpurposetokeepthewelshlanguageandculturealive 21 4 scots a origin celtsb scotsareproudthattheenglishneverconqueredthem c language gaelic 盖尔语 oldcelticlanguageofthescots itisstillheardinthehighlandsandthewesternislesandtheirnamesbeginningwithm mac mc whichmeans sonof ingaelic english d character saidtobeserious cautious thrifty infacttheyarehospitable generous friendly 22 5 irish a origin scotsandenglishprotestants 新教徒 b problem therehasbeenbitterfightingbetweentheprotestantswhoaredominantgroup andtheromancatholics whoareseekingmoresocial politicalandeconomicopportunities c language irishorerse aformofgaelic officialfirstlanguageoftherepublicofireland english second d character charm vivacity 活泼 beautygirls 23 6 immigrants a origin westindies indiaandpakistan b discrimination usuallythecoloredimmigrantshavetotakethelowestpaidjobs andwhenthereisunemploymenttheyareusuallythefirsttobesacked 24 chapter2theoriginsofanation 5000bc ad1066 settlers 5000bc 55bc 1 iberians 伊比利亚人 thefirstknownsettlers atabout3000bc theseshort darkandlong headedpeoplecametobritain probablyfromtheiberianpeninsula 伊比利亚半岛 nowspain longbarrowsinwiltshireanddorsetweretheircommunalburialmounds 古坟 stonehenge 巨石阵 inwiltshireismoredramaticmonuments whichmayhavereligiousandpoliticalmeans 25 2 beakerfolk 比克人 atabout2000bctheycomefromtheareasnowknownasholland 荷兰 andtherhineland theytookthenamefromtheirbell shapeddrinkingvesselswithwhichtheywereburiedincrouching 蜷缩 positionsinindividualgraves theybuilthillforts withthefinestexamplesofmaidencastle 26 3 celts atallerandfairerracebegantoarriveabout700bc theymayoriginallycomefromeasternandcentraleurope nowfrance belgiumandsoutherngermany theycameinthreemainwaves a gaelsat600bc gaelic b brythonsat400bc c belgaeat150bc industriousandvigorous theceltictribesareancestorsofhighlandscots theirishandthewelsh andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothwelshandgaelic thecelts religionwasdruidism 德鲁伊教 humansacrifices thedruidswerethewisemen astrologers 占星家 andsoothsayers 27 romanbritain 55bc 410ad 1 romanconquestbritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeromaninvasion juliuscaesar invadedbritainforthefirsttimein55bc hereturnedthefollowingyear buthedidn tsucceed thesuccessfulinvasionwastakeplaceinad43 headedbytheemperorclaudius 2 reasonsforuntotaloccupation a somepartsofthecountryresist b romantroopswereoftenwithdrawfrombritaintofightinotherpartsofromanempire 28 3 waystokeeppicts atribeofscotland theybuilttwogreatwallstokeepthepicts socalledbecauseoftheir paintedfaces outoftheareatheyhadconquered thesewerehadrian swallandantoninewall 4 threeproblemsa pictsstillattackedthemperiodically b saxonpirates 海盗 attackedtheminthesoutheast c controlwasonlyeffectiveinthesouth easternpartofthecountry 29 6 religion christianity 7 reasonsforwithdrawinad410 a barbariansfromeasterneuropeatthegatesofrome b repeatedattacksfrompictsandscots c needingtosetupanewmilitaryfrontontheeastcoasttoholdoffthegermanicsaxontribesinvadingfromeurope 30 5 achievementa networkoftownsandroads casterandchestermeanscamp capital london londinium twocities yorkhadbeencreatedasanorthernstronghold bathrapidlydevelopedbecauseofitswaters b makeuseofbritain snaturalresources mininglead ironandtin 锡 andmanufacturingpottery 陶器 31 8 whywastheromaninfluenceonbritainsolimited theromansalwaystreatedthebritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass neverduringthe4centuriesdidtheromansandbritonsintermarry theromanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinarybritons 32 anglo saxons 446 871 1 anglo saxonsandthefoundofheptarchy 七国时代 theanglo saxonswerethreetribesofthegermanicpeoplewhooriginallylivedinthenorthwestofmoderngermany inthemid 5thcenturyanewwaveofinvaders jutes saxons andanglescametobritain theywerethreeteutonic 日耳曼 tribes theleaderofjutes hengist becamethekingofkentin449 thenthesaxonsestablishedtheirkingdomsinessex sussexandwessexfromtheendof5thcenturytothebeginningofthe6thcentury theanglessettledineastanglia merciaandnorthumbria thesesevenprincipalkingdomsofkent essex sussex wessex eastanglia merciaandnorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameofheptarchy 33 2 warsamongheptarchya offa kingofmercia builtthegreatearthworkknownasoffa sdyke controlforalongtimevirtuallyallcentral easternandsouth easternengland b in829 egbert kingofwessex becameanoverlordofalltheenglish 34 3 religion a teutonicreligion thenamestuesday wednesday thursdayandfridayderivefromtheirgods b christianity in597 popegregory sentst augustine thepriorofst andrew smonasteryinrome toenglandtoconverttheheathenenglishtochristianity c disagreement theromanmissionariesheldthatthepope sauthoritywassupreme andthecelticmissionariesheldthatchristianbeliefdidnotrequireafinalearthlyarbiter theyheldaconferenceatwhitbyin664 finally theromanmissionariesgainedtheupperhand 35 4 achievementstheanglo saxonslaidthefoundationsoftheenglishstate theydividedthecountryintoshires 郡 theydevisedthenarrow strip three fieldfarmingsystem 窄条三圃田农耕制 theyalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem 庄园制度 andtheycreatedthewitan 36 vikinganddanishinvasions 北欧海盗及丹麦人的入侵 1 thenorwegianvikingsandthedanesfromdenmarkattackedvariouspartsofenglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury theybecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury especiallybetween835and878 thevikingsandthedaneswereposingathreattothesaxonkingdom 37 alfred kingofwessexwasstrongenoughtodefeatthedanesandcametoarelativelyfriendlyagreementwiththemin879 a danesgainedcontrolofnorthandeastofengland i e thedanelawdanelaw b alfred kingofwessex ruletherest 38 3 alfred sachievements p23 4 successors kingethelredtheunready canute thedanishleader waschosenbywitanasking hemadeenglandpartofscandinavianempirewhichincludednorwayaswellasdenmark 39 thenormanconquest 1066 1 background kingisalsosaidtohavepromisedtheenglishthronetowilliam dukeofnormandy but whenedwardwasonhisdeathbed fourmenlaidclaimtotheenglishthrone finally thewitanchoseharoldasking 40 2 process 1066 10 14 thebattleonsenlacfield nearhastings whereharoldwaskilled 1066christmas williamcrownedkingofenglandbythearchbishopofyork 3 measuretofacesaxonrisingsinthenorth harryingofthenorth 41 4 significance thenormanconquestof1066isperhapsthebest knowneventinenglishhistory williamtheconquerorconfiscated 没收 almostallthelandandgaveittohisnormanfollowers hereplacedtheweaksaxonrulewithastrongnormangovernment sothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinengland relationswiththecontinentwereopened andcivilizationandcommercewereextended norman frenchculture language manners andarchitecturewereintroduced thechurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithrome andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts 42 chapter3theshapingofthenation 1066 1381 normanrule 1066 1381 1 william srule2 henry sreforms thegreatcharterandthebeginningofparliament1 thegreatcharter 大宪章 2 thebeginningofparliament议会的开端 43 normanrule 1066 1381 1 william srule 1066 1087 feudalsysteminenglandwascompletelyestablished accordingtothissystem thekingownedallthelandpersonally williamgavehisbaronslargeestatesinenglandinreturnformilitaryserviceandaproduce thebaronsparceledoutlandtothelessernobles knightsandfreemen alsoinreturnforgoodsandservices atthebottomwerethevillainsorserfs unfreepeasants 44 feature alllandownerstooktheoathofallegianceforthelandtheyheld notonlytotheirimmediatelord butalsototheking 45 underwilliam thefeudalsysteminenglandwascompletelyestablished 在威廉统治之下 英格兰的封建制度得到完全确立 46 atthebottomofthefeudalscale 等级 werethevilleinsorserfs unfreepeasantswhowerelittlebetterthanslaves 在封建等级底层的是农奴 和奴隶差不多的没有自由的农民 47 onepeculiarfeature 特色 ofthefeudalsystemofenglandwasthatalllandowners tooktheoathofallegianceforthelandtheyheld notonlytotheirimmediatelord butalsototheking 英国封建制度一个独有的特色就是所有的土地拥有者 都要为手中的土地 不仅要宣誓效忠于直接领主 而且要效忠于国王 48 williamreplacedthewitan 国会成员 thecouncil 参议会 oftheanglo saxonkings withthegrandcouncilofhisnewtenants in chief 封建领主 49 domesdaybook 末日审判书 1086 itwastheresultofageneralsurveyofenglandmadein1085 andstatedtheextent value thepopulation stateofcultivation andownershipoftheland 50 a 1 2thecultivatedlandinthecountrywasinthehandsof170tenants in chief 封建领主 b 1 5washeldpersonallybytheking c mostoftherestbybishopsandabbots 修道院院长 andotherheadsofreligioushouses 51 whydidwilliamsendhisclerkstocompilethepropertyrecordknownasthedomesdaybook inordertohaveareliablerecordofallhislands histenantsandtheirpossessionsandtodiscoverhowmuchtheycouldbecalledupontopaybywayoftaxes williamsenthisclerkstocompileapropertyrecordknownasdomesdaybook 为了可靠地记录所有的土地 佃 dian 户和他们的财产并查明他们能交多少税 威廉派官员写了一本财产清册 称为 末日审判书 52 hispolicytowardsthechurchwastokeepitcompletelyunderhiscontrol butatthesametimetoupholditspower 威廉对教会的政策是完全控制的同时 赞成它拥有权利 53 inthereignofthenormankingsthenormanculturefloweredontheenglishsoil 54 2 success threesons robertgainnormandy williamrufus william gainengland killed henrygainsalargesumofmoney afterwilliam sdeath hegainengland scrown henryhasnoson sokingstephentookthecrownwiththecompromiseofreceivehenry sonofhenry sdaughter asjointruler afterkingstephen sdeath henrybecamekinghenry 55 2 henry sreform henry founderoftheangevindynasty usuallyknownastheplantagenetdynasty 金雀花王朝 becameking henryii andwentontorulefor35years 56 金雀花王朝 1154 1485年 1154年 法国安茹伯爵以亨利一世的外孙的身份承袭了英国王位 是为亨利二世 开始了金雀花王朝的统治 亨利二世在位时进行了司法和兵役改革 强化了王权 亨利二世死后 英国强化王权的趋势中断 爱德华一世统治时期 英国国会制度正式确立 1337 1453年 同法国进行了 百年战争 百年战争结束后 国内陷入了 红白玫瑰战争 最后都铎家族的亨利取胜 夺得了英国王位 开始了都铎王朝的统治 57 howdidkinghenryiireformthecourtsandthelaw 58 1 henryiigreatlystrengthenedtheking scourtandextendeditsjudicialwork hedividedthecountryintosixcircuits acircuitisacountyconsistingofseveraltowns andappointeditinerantjustices travelingjudges toeachofthem 亨利二世极大地加强了国王法庭的权利 并扩大其司法工作 他还把国家分为六个巡回审判区 并任命巡回法官 59 2 inhenryii sreign acommonlawwasgraduallyestablishedinplaceofthecustomsofthemanor 亨利二世统治时期逐步建立起来了一部普通法 代替了原来庄园的一些惯例 60 3 inhenry sdaythejurysystemwasatlastreplacingoldenglishordeals 折磨 byfireandwaterandoldnormantrailsbybattle 亨利二世统治时期陪审团制度最终取代了古老的英格兰的神明裁判法 用水或火进行 和古诺曼的靠战争决定的裁判法 61 4 aspartofhislegalreforms henryii wishingtoreformcertainabusesinchurchgovernment insistedthatallclerkschargedwithcriminaloffencesshouldbetriedintheking scourtsinsteadofinthebishop scourts 作为法律改革的一部分 亨利二世想要改革存在于教会中的一些滥用职权的问题 要求所有被指控犯有刑事罪的神职人员必须在国王法庭受审而不是在教会法庭受审 62 whatcausedthequarrelbetweenkinghenryandthomasbecket itwastheseexceptionalprivilegesenjoyedbytheclergythatbroughtkinghenryintocollisionwiththomasbecket thearchbishopofcanterbury 正是由于神职人员所享有的这些特权致使亨利国王卷入了与坎特伯雷大主教托马斯班克特之间的冲突 63 result a gravebecameaplaceofpilgrimage b chaucer thecanterburytales whichdescribesagroupofpilgrimstravelingtocanterburytovisitthomasbecket stomb c t s eliot murderinthecathedral 64 geoffreychaucerwasanenglishpoet hisbestknownworkisthecanterburytales whichdescribesagroupofpilgrimstravelingtocanterburytovisitthomasbecket stomb 乔叟是一位英国诗人 他最著名的代表作是 坎特伯雷故事集 该书描写的是一群朝圣者到坎特伯雷祭拜托马斯班别特墓地的事情 65 becket smartyrdomhasbeenthesubjectofseveraldramas byfarthemostnoteworthyofwhichist s eliot smurderinthecathedral 1935 贝克特的殉教的悲剧已被作为许多戏剧的主题 到现在为止最值得一提的是艾略特的 教堂谋杀案 66 艾略特 1888 1965 全名托马斯 斯特恩斯 艾略特 英国著名现代派诗人和文艺评论家 生于美国密苏里州 1906年入哈佛大学学哲学 续到英国上牛津大学 后留英教书和当职员 1908年开始创作 有诗集 普鲁弗洛克及其它观察到的事物 诗选 四个四重奏 等 代表作为长诗 荒原 表达了西方一代人精神上的幻灭 被认为是西方现代文学中具有划时代意义的作品 1948年因 革新现代诗 功绩卓著的先驱 获诺贝尔奖文学奖 67 3 thegreatcharter 1 background threecrusadesandwarsagainstfrancedrainuponfinancialresourcesofengland andbarons 男爵 complainedthatthekinghadfailedtoprotectthenormanlandsfromtheadvancesofthefrenchkingandhehadimposedhightaxes 68 thebaron scharter or magnacarta asitcametobeknown waspresentedbyadelegationoftheirclasstothekingandhisadvisersinthesummerof1215 1215年夏天 贵族代表团把他们的宪章 就是后来众所周知的大宪章递交给了国王和他的顾问们 69 whatwerethecontentsofthegreatcharter magnacartahadaltogether63clauses ofwhichthemostimportantmatterswerethese notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthegrandcouncil nofreemanshouldbearrested imprisoned ordeprivedofhispropertyexceptbythelawoftheland thechurchshouldpossessallitsrights togetherwithfreedomofelections londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirancientrightsandprivileges andthereshouldbethesameweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry 没有大议会批准不准征税 不得随意逮捕 拘禁自由民 不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产 教会拥有权利和选举自由 伦敦和其他城市应保留其古老的权利和特权 全国应统一度量衡 70 whatwasthesignificanceofmagnacarta magnacartawasregardedasthefoundationofenglishliberties itwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweenthecrownandthebarons aguaranteeofthefreedomofthechurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking 大宪章被认为是英国自由的基础 它陈述的是国王和贵族之间的封建关系和法律关系 保证了教会的自由 限制了国王的权利 71 whatdoyouknowaboutthespiritofthemagnacarta thespiritofmagnacartawasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking keepingthemwithinthebounds 约束 ofthefeudallawoftheland 大宪章的实质是限制王权 置王权于封建法律约束下 72 4 thebeginningofparliament 1 henry anexpensivewarwithfrancewhichendedwiththelossofthewholeofpoitou demandsformoneytoenablehissontobecrownedkingofsicilywhichbroughtthematterswithparliamenttoahead 73 2 barons undersimondemontfortforcedthekingtosweartoaccepttheprovisionsofoxford henryshouldappointanewgrandcounciloftwenty fourmembers halfofwhomweretobenominatedbythebaronsthemselves thekingshouldhaveapermanentbodyoffifteennoblesandbishopstoadvisehim withoutwhoseauthoritythekingcouldnotact 74 3 civilwarbetweenhenry andbaronscometothefirstparliamentin1265 75 thelordsandthecommons in1265 simondemontfort theking sbrother in law summoned 召集 thegreatcounciltomeetatwestminster eachcountywasaskedtosendtwoknightsandeachtowntosendtworepresentativestothegreatcouncil thegreatcouncildevelopedlaterintothelords 上院 andthecommons 下院 knownasaparliament 76 theparliamentof1265whichisknownasthe allestates 阶层 parliament isgenerallyconsideredthe beginningofparliament 77 in1295 edwardsummonedthe allestatesparliament whichincludedmorethan400members thiscametobelookeduponasamodelforallsucceedingones andithasbeenknowninhistoryasthe modelparliament 78 underedwardi henryiii sson waleswasconqueredandcameundertheenglishcrown 在亨利三世的儿子爱德华一世的统治下 征服了威尔士 edwa