雅思-句子构成成分回顾.doc

雅思培训 /句子构成成分回顾(一)句子构成句子构成的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。一、主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。在写作中常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing、To do五种。1名词：Computersare now being widely used in almost all fields.2代词：Weare now living in an information-explosion era.3主语从句：Whether sports stars should earn a high salaryis still discussed heatedly.4V-ing:Surfing the Internetoffers a new way for people to relax themselves.5To do:To protect the environmentis everybodys business.二、谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。1表状态用系动词：As I see it, movie starsearning a high salaryisunfair and unjustified.2表动作用及物或不及物动词：The Internethas revolutionizedpeoples way of life. Tastediffers.3表拥有：人或物时用：have has无生命的东西：there bePeoplehavedifferent views on this question.There isno absolute agreement on this question.4情态动词动词原形：In this way, teacherscan never be replacedby computers.三、宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。在写作中常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、V-ing、To do五种。1名词作宾语：International tourism promotesthe economic development.2宾语从句作宾语：Some people holdthat air travel should be restricted.3复合结构：The advanced medical technology has madeit possible for people to live longer than ever possible before.4 V-ing: Nobody can avoidbeing influencedby media.5 To do: Some people wantto work for a big companywhile others chooseto work for a small one.四、表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。在写作中常做表语的有名词、形容词、V-ing、To do、从句五种。1名词：The environmental problem isa serious problemin modern society.2形容词：Time isfleetingand art islong.3V-ing: The argument isconvincing.4To do: A possible solution isto set down effective laws.5从句：One advantage of computersutilized in education isthat they can enrich the traditional teaching method to a great extent.五、定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“.的”，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。在写作中常做定语的有形容词、名词、V-ing、To do、从句五种。1形容词：Taking part-time jobs exertsprofoundimpacts on ones future career development.2名词：Generationgap is now a problem we have to face.名词做定语(名词修饰名词重要原则：第一个名词一般用单数 以下为雅思写作常用名词修饰名词词组)1 Information technology2 Information center3Credit card4Generation gap5Beauty contest6Communication skills7Information age8Knowledge economy9Peace talks10Service industry11Water scarcity12Survival skills13Press conference14Safety standard15Life insurance16Weather forecast17Reception desk18Coffee break19Body guard20 Heart attack21 Department store22 Stock market23 Office building24 Science fiction3 V-ing:Clearly, we are now living in anupdatingsociety and the world is now witnessing somebreath-takingchanges.4To do: Studying abroad provides students with a good opportunityto experience a totally different culture.5定语从句：That is a good bookwhich is opened with expectation and closed with profit.六、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。在写作中常做状语的有副词 、状语从句 、状语从句省略结构 、To do、V-ing、V-ed从句六种。1副词 ：Honestly, I cannot give a yes-no answer to this question.2状语从句 ：Where there is an open mind, there will always be frontier.3状语从句省略结构 ：If so, the conclusion still remains questionable.4To do：To solve this problem, people think up various solutions.5V-ing：Technology is developing by leaps and bounds,making it possible for people to live better than ever before.6V-ed：Encouraged to do so, children will experience better development.七、补语：主语补足语(补充说明主语的情况，又称表语)、宾语补足语(补充说明宾语的情况)在写作中常做宾语补足语的有形容词和To do 两种。1形容词：Many people find this experienceawful. 2To do: Advertisements often urge peopleto buy goods they do not need.八、同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B称之为同位语。在写作中常做同位语的有名词和从句两种。1名词：We should learn from the past,the mirror of the present and the hope of the future.2从句：University students should bear total expenses for their tuition on the generalizationthat university students usually earn much more than people without a degree.九插入语插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与其它成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。书面表达要求语言连贯、地道，恰当使用插入语，可以给文章增色不少。在写作中常用的插入语如下。1Indeed的确，2Surely无疑，3However然而，4Obviously显然，5Frankly坦率地说，6Naturally自然，7Luckily (或happily)for somebody,算某人幸运，8Fortunately/Luckily幸好，9Honestly真的，10Briefly简单地说,11Strange to say说也奇怪，12 Needless to say不用说，13Most important of all最为重要是，13Worse still更糟糕的是，14Ina few words(或in sum，in short)简而言之，15Inother words换句话说，(二)句子分类回顾：根据类型句子可分为四种：简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句。一简单句：一个句子中只包含一个主谓或者由并列连接词来连接两个或两个以上的谓语或主语。International tourismindeedgives rise tosome problems.Ambition and perseveranceare two substantial factors to success.Learning this coursecan stimulateones imagination andcultivateones independence.二并列句：由并列连词连接的两个简单句。(and but or so for)Life is hopeandhope is life.Problems never stopbutpeople stop problems.三复合句：由从属连词引导的从句修饰主句，根据意义可分为：名词从句(主、宾、表、同)、形容词从句(定语从句)、副词从句(状语从句)。It goes without saying thatchange is an unavoidable trend.Some people argue thatthis practice is unjustified.四并列复合句：在并列句当中出现了复合句。Not onlydo teachers teach us knowledge,butthey teach us many other thingswhich can never be taught by computers.B:六类从句句型归纳总结从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句(包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式和比较九种。)(1) 形式主语从句句型形式主语从句是写作中非常常用的一种从句。我们先来看一下它是如何构成的。(That+一个完整的句子可做主语)。比如说：(That education is important ) is clear.这就是主语从句的基本形式。但如果句子要是这样，主语过长。所以，我们习惯于用it来代替原来的主语。而把原来的主语放在句子的最后。这句话可改为：It is clear that education is important.这就叫做形式主语从句。1It is often the case that2It is a fact that(2) 宾语从句句型宾语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句。它一般用来提出观点。1Some people think that2 Some people believe that(3) 表语从句句型表语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句，可构成各种句型。1 The first thing to be mentioned is that2 Another point to be considered is that3 The last thing to be shown is that(4) 同位语从句句型同位语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句，与其前面所修饰名词形成同位关系。1 I have a dream that one day, all roads will be made plain.2 We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.(5) 定语从句句型定语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句，常常起修饰的作用。 who先行词是人，在定从中可以做主语或宾语Children who study abroad will have a good opportunity to experience a different culture. which先行词必须是物，在定从中可以做主语或宾语Advertisements often urge people to buy things which they do not need. that先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做主语或宾语The Internet is a tool that can expand ones horizon. whom先行词是人，在定从中做宾语Children whom their parents encourage to take part-time jobs will adapt to the society better in the future. whose先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做定语Children whose parentsguidance is consistent and rational will have more self-confidence. Where先行词一般是表示地点的名词，后面加完整句The museum is the place where people can get educated and entertained. When先行词一般是表示时间的名词，后面加完整句Iamlookingforwardtoatimewhenthereislong-lastingpeaceratherthanwar. Why先行词一般是表示原因的名词，后面加完整句That is the reason why I am in favor of the former view. As引导的非限制性定语从句1 As has been said,2As has been mentioned,(6)状语从句句型状语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句，一般分为九种。(一)时间状语从句When dry desert ends, the green grass grows.(二)地点状语从句Where there is a will, there is a way.(三)条件状语从句If the economy still develops at present way, the environment will be getting worse and worse.(四)原因状语从句Collecting provides relaxation for leisure hours, as just looking at ones treasures is always a joy.(五)结果状语从句Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it.(六)目的状语从句Such a plan should be carried out so that the goal of education could be better met.(七)让步状语从句Although advertisements are never without disadvantages, their advantages carry more weight.(八)方式状语从句If we cannot do as we would, we must do as we can.(九)比较状语从句The more we study, the better we understand lifeC:非谓语动词归纳总结在英语中，不做句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式To do, Ving和Ved三种。(一)不定式：不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，及物动词的不定式可以带宾语。不定式的否定结构是在to前面加上not.不定式在句中可以做除了谓语外的任何成分。不定式一般在写作中可以做主语，宾语，后置定语，目的状语，宾语补足语和插入语。1(主)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。It is vitalto receive education in this ever-accelerated society.It is no exaggerationto say that friendship is to people what perfume is to flowers.2(宾)I preferto choose the latter for the following reasons.In this way, children can learnto cooperate with others.3(后置定语)The deepest urge in human nature is the desireto be important.The important thing in life is the determinationto attain a great aim.4(目的状语)To associate with friends, we should be honest and open.To achieve happiness, one has a long way to go.5(宾语补足语)Difficulties train oneto be great.The updating society requires peopleto accept new things positively.6(插入语)To start with, the eye-catching development of technology is a good case in point.Needless to say, we can never do without media.(二)V-ing:V-ing由动词加ing构成，及物动词的ving可以带宾语。ving在句中可以做除了谓语外的任何成分。ving一般在写作中可以做主语，宾语，定语，状语，和插入语。1做主语：Helping othersis happiness in itself.Losingcan be a real beginning.2做宾语：Change requiresadapting oneself to a new environment.Reading a book is likeopening a window to the outside world.3做定语：A前置(将Ving放在名词前修饰名词 相当于一个形容词)Change is anexcitingbusiness.The Internet is developing at aneye-dazzlingspeed.B后置 (将Ving放在名词后修饰名词 相当于一个省略了的定语从句)Peopleholding the latter viewdo strongly believe that international tourism has more benefits. = Peoplewho hold the latter viewdo strongly believe that international tourism has more benefits.Childrenspending too much time surfing the Internetmay suffer from some psychological illnesses. = Childrenwho spend too much time surfing the Internetmay suffer from some psychological illnesses.4做状语： (只要主句的主语是Ving的发出者，Ving可以做所有的状语)Having entered the 21stcentury, we are now blessed with more opportunities and confronted with more challenges.Surfing the Internet, we are often annoyed by various advertiseme