初中语法之过去完成时和过去将来时的讲解.doc

初中语法时态学习之（七） 过去完成时1.【概念】过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。-|- |-|-那时以前 那时 现在 Eg:I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟.(此句义表示在车来的那一刻，我在车站等待这个动作已经发生在车来之前，就表示发生在“过去的过去)2.【结构】主语+had+V过去分词3.【时间状语】before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no soonerthan，yet，already+【过去的时间】等。（注意：过去完成时和现在完成时在句中的使用区别关键看主从句的时态）【过去完成时-语法判定】1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。Eg: I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （在昨晚九点，我就看完小说了。）（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。Eg: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （在上学期末，我就已经学会了超过2万个英语单词.）（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。 Eg: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. (上周三，他们就已经种植了600棵树。) 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 Eg:She said that she had seen the film before. (她说他之前就看过这部电影。)（ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。Eg: After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. （当他完成作业之后，他就上床睡觉了。）【“完成作业”这个动作发生在“上床睡觉”之前】注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （关门与离开课室这两个动作紧密相连，那么主从句都是用一般过去时）（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing. 【语法区别】1.【过去完成时与现在完成时的区别】【现在完成时】表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；【过去完成时】则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它，其结构为【had +过去分词】。 比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 2.【过去完成时与一般过去时的区别】虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。 比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。 She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.【拓展练习与延伸】1. 句型转换。1.She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）2.They began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.（否定）3.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑问）4.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改一般疑问）5.When he had read the note, he ate it. （对划线部分提问）6.Jack didnt go to the cinema because he had seen the film. （对划线部分提问）2. 单项选择题。1He asked me _ during the summer holidays.A. where I had been B. where I had goneC. where had I been D. where had I gone2. What _ Jane _ by the time he was sever?A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done3. I _ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt4. She _lived here for _ years.A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _ the dinner already。A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked6. She said she _ the principle alreadyA .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen7. She said her family _ themselves _ the army during the war.A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, fromC. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with8. By the time he was ten years old, he _.A. has completed university B. has completed the universityB. had completed an university D. had completed university9. She had written a number of books _ the end of last year.A. for B. in C. by D. at10. He _ to play _ before he was 11 years old.A had learned, piano B. had learned, the pianoC. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano.11. What _ Annie _ by the time he was ten?A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done12 .He _ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work13. By the end of last week, they _ the bridge.A. has completed B. completed C. will complete D. had completed14. Ben hates playing _ violin, but he likes playing _ football.A. athe B. the the C. / the D. the/15. By the time he was 4, he _ a lot of German words.A. had learned B. has learned C. learned D. learns16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _ the classroom.A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left17.They _ in Guangzhou since 2000.A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living18. The train from Beijing_ ten minutes ago.A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived19. The students _ their classroom when the visitors arrived.A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned（八） 过去将来时1.【概念】过去将来时表示过去某个时候看来即将发生的动作或存在的状态。如：He said he would come here next Friday. 他说他下周星期五来这儿。2.【结构】(1) would + 动词原形。如：Eg:When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 过去当你请她帮忙时，他绝不会拒绝。(2) was / were going to + 动词原形。如：Eg:He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我说他要参加那次会议。(3) was / were to + 动词原形。如：Eg:Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李蕾很快就要到了。(4) was / were about to + 动词原形。如：Eg:We were about to leave there when it began to rain.就在我们要离开时，天下起了雨。(5) was / were +现在分词。如：Eg:He was leaving the next day. 他第二天要走了。3.【过去将来时的用法概要】（注意：过去将来时一般不会独立使用，一般根据语境出现在复合句中） (1) 过去将来时，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如：He said he would never go there again. 他说他绝不会再去那儿。 (2) 过去将来时，用于虚拟语气中，如：If I were you, I would not do that. 要是我是你的话，我就不会那样做。 【拓展练习与延伸运用】 ( ) 1. There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be( ) 2. Charlie _ here next month. A. isnt working B. doesnt working C. isnt going to working D. wont work( ) 3. He _ very busy this week, he _ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be( ) 4. There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening. A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be( ) 5. _ you _ free tomorrow? No. I _ free the day after tomorrow. A. Are; going to; will B. Are; going to be; will C. Are; going to; will be D. Are; going to be; will be( ) 6. Mother _ me a nice present on my next birthday. A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give( ) 7. Shall I buy a cup of tea for you? _. （不，不要。） A. No, you wont. B. No, you arent. C. No, please dont. D. No, please.( ) 8. Where is the morning paper? I _ it for you at once. A. get B. am getting C. to get D. will get( ) 9. _ a concert next Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are( ) 10. If they come, we _ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have( ) 11. He _ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday. A. gives B. gave C. will giving D. is going to giving( ) 12. He _ to us as soon as he gets there. A. writes B. has written C. will write D. wrote( ) 13. He _ in three days. A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back( ) 14. If it _ tomorrow, well go roller-skating. A. isnt rain B. wont rain C. doesnt rain D. doesnt fine( ) 15. Will his parents go to see the Terra Cotta Warriors tomorrow? No, _ （不去）. A. they willnt. B. they wont. C. they arent. D. they dont.( ) 16. Who _ we _ swimming with