xx年金榜考博英语冲刺班阅读理解补充材料

xxxx年金榜考博英语冲刺班阅读理解补充材料年金榜考博英语冲刺班阅读理解补充材料 金榜考博英语冲刺班阅读理解补充材料川大金榜考博 助你金榜题 名1Passage1What weknow ofprenatal developmentmakes allthis attemptmade by a motherto moldthe characterof her unborn childby studyingpoetry art or mathematicsduring pregnancyseem utterly impossible How couldsuch extremelyplex influencespass from the motherto the child There isno connectionbetween theirnervous systems Even theblood vessels of mother and child do not join directly An emotionalshock to the motherwill affecther child because itchanges theactivity ofher glands and sothe chemistryher blood Any chemicalchange in the mother s bloodwill affectthe childfor betteror worse But wecan notsee howa lookingfor mathematicsor poeticgenius can be dissolvedin bloodand producea similarliking orgenius in the child In ourdiscussion ofinstincts wesaw that there wasreason to believe thatwhatever weinherit mustbe ofsome verysimple sortrather thanany plicatedor verydefinite kindof behavior It iscertain thatno oneinherits a knowledge of mathematics It may be however that childreninherit moreor lessof a rather general ability that we maycall intelligence If veryintelligent childrenbee deeplyinterested inmathematics they willprobably makea suessof thatstudy As formusical ability it maybe thatwhat is inherited isan especiallysensitive ear a peculiarstructure of the handsor the vocal organsconnections betweennerves andmuscles thatmake itparatively easy to learnthe movementsa musicianmust execute and particularlyvigorous emotions If these factors areall organizedaround music thechildmay bee a musician The samefactors in othercircumstance might be organizedabout someother centerof interest The richemotional equipmentmight findexpression inpoetry The capablefingers mightdevelop skillin surgery It is not theknowledge ofmusic that isinherited then noreven thelove ofit but acertain bodilystructure thatmakes itparatively easyto acquiremusical knowledgeand skill Whether that ability shallbe directedtoward musicor someother undertakingmaybedecided entirelyby forcesin theenvironment inwhich a child growsup 1 Which of the followingstatements isnot true A Some motherstry toinfluence theirunborn childrenby studyingart and other subjectsduring theirpregnancy B It isutterlyimpossiblefor usto learnanything aboutprenatal development C The bloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly D There areno connectionbetween mother s nervoussystems andher unbornchild s 2 A motherwill affectherunbornbaby on the conditionthat A she isemotionally shockedB she has a goodknowledge ofinheritance C she takespart inall kindof activitiesD she sticksto studying3 Aording tothe passage achildmay inherit A everything fromhis motherB aknowledgeofmathematicsC arathergeneralabilitythatw ecall intelligenceD her mother s musicalability4 If achild inheritssomething fromhis mother such as an especiallysensitive ear a peculiarstructure of the handsor of thevocalorgans he will A surely beemusician B mostly beea poetC possibly beea teacherD beeamusician onthe conditionthat allthesefactorsare organizedaround music5 Which of the followingis thebest titlefor the passage A Role ofInheritance B An UnbornChild C Function ofinstincts 金榜考博英语冲刺班阅读理解补充材料川大金榜考博 助你金榜题名2D Inherited Talents Passage2A controversyerupted in the scientifiommunity inearly1998over theuse of DNA deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprinting in criminal investigations DNA fingerprintingwas introducedin1987asamethod toidentify individualsbased ona patternseen in their DNA the moleculeof whichgenes aremade DNA ispresent inevery cellof thebody exceptred bloodcells DNA fingerprinting has beenused suessfullyin variousways such as to determinepaternity whereit isnot clearwho thefather of a particularchild is However it isin thearea ofcriminal investigationsthat DNA fingerprintinghaspotentially powerfuland controversialuses DNA fingerprintingand otherDNA analysistechniques haverevolutionized criminalinvestigations bygiving investigatorspowerful newtools in the attemptto troveguilt not justestablish innocence When usedincriminalinvestigations a DNAfingerprint patternfrom a suspect ispared witha DNAfingerprint patternobtained fromsuch materialas hairsor bloodfound atthe sceneof acrime A match between thetwo DNA samples can be usedas evidenceto convictasuspect The controversyin1998stemmed forma reportpublished inDecember1991by population geicists RichardC Lewontin ofHarvard Universityin Cambridge Mass and DanielL Hartl calledinto questionthe methodsto calculatehow likelyit isthata matchbetweentwo DNAfingerprints mightour bychance alone In particular they argued that the current methodcannot properlydetermine thelikelihood thattwo DNA samples willmatch becausethey camefrom the same individualrather thansimply from two different individuals whoare membersof the same ethnic group Lewontin and Hartl calledfor bettersurveys ofDNA patternsmethods areadequate In responseto theircriticisms populationgeicistsRanajit Chakrabortyof theUniversity ofTexas inDallas andKenh K Kidd ofYale Universityin NewHaven Conn arguedthatenough dataare alreadyavailable toshow that the methodscurrently beingused areadequate In January1998 however the federalBureau of Investigation andlaboratories thatconduct DNAtests announcedthat theywould collectadditional DNAsamples formvarious ethnic groups in an attemptto resolvesome of these questions And in April a National Academy of Sciences calledfor strictstandards andsystem of areditation for DNA testinglaboratories 1 Before DNA fingerprinting isused suspects A would haveto leavetheir fingerprintsfor furtherinvestigations B would haveto submitevidence for their innocenceC could easilyescape convictionof guiltD could beconvicted ofguilt as well2 DNAfingerprintingcan beunreliable when A the methodsused forblood cell calculationare notaurate B two differentindividuals of the sameethnicgroupmay havethe sameDNAfingerprintingpattern C amatchis bychance leftwith fingerprintsthat happento belongto two differentindividualsD two differentindividuals leavetwo DNAsamples 3 To geicistslike LewontinandHartl thecurrentmethod A isnotso convincingas toexclude thelikelihood thattwo DNAsamples cannever e from twoindividuals B is arguablebecause twoindividuals ofthe sameethnicgroupare likely to havethe sameDNA pattern C Is notbased onadequate scientifictheory ofgeics D Is theoreticallycontradictory towhat theyhave beenstudying4 The attitudeofthe Federal BereauofInvestigationshows that A enough dataare yetto be collected formvarious ethnic groups to confirm theunlikelihood oftwo DNAsamples ingfromtwoindividual membersB enough dataofDNAsamples should becollected toconfirmthat onlyDNAsamplesfrom thesame personcan match金榜考博英语冲刺班阅读理解补充材料川大金榜考博 助你金 榜题名3C enough dataare yetto becollected from various ethnicgroups to determine thelikelihood oftwodifferentDNAsamplesing formthesameperson D additional samplesfromvariousethnicgroupsshould becollectedtodetermine thattwo DNAsamples areunlikely to efromthesameperson5 NationalAcademyofSciencesholds thestance that A DNA testingshouldbesystematized B Only authorizedlaboratories canconduct DNAtesting C The academyonly isauthorized towork outstandards fortesting D The academyhas theright to aredit laboratoriesforDNAtesting Passage3A study of art history mightbe agood wayto learnmore about a culturethan ispossible tolearn ingeneral historyclasses Most typicalhistory coursesconcentrate onpolitics economics and war But art history focuseson muchmore thanthis because art reflectsnot onlythe political values of a people but alsoreligious beliefs emotions and psychology In addition information about the daily activities ofour ancestors or of people verydifferent fromour own can beprovided byart In short art expressesthe essential qualities of a time and a place and a studyofit clearlyoffer usa deeperunderstanding thancan be found inmost historybooks In historybooks objective informationabout thepolitical lifeof acountry ispresented thatis facts aboutpolitics aregiven but opinions are notexpressed Art onthe other hand is subjectiveit reflectsemotions andopinions The greatSpanish painterFrancisco Goyawas perhapsthe firsttruly political artist In hiswell known paintingThe Thirdof May1808 he criticizedthe Spanishgovernment forits misuse of powerover people Over ahundred yearslater symbolic imageswere usedin PabloPicasso s Guernicato expressthe horrorof war Meanwhile on anothercontinent the powerfulpaintings ofDiego Rivera Jose ClementeOrozco and DavidAlfaro Siqueiros as wellas theworks ofAlfredo RamosMartines depicted theseMexican artists deep angerand sadnessabout socialproblems In thesame way art canreflect aculture s religiousbeliefs For hundredsof yearsin Europe religious artwas almostthe only type of art thatexisted Churches andother religiousbuildings werefilled withpaintings thatdepicted peopleand stories fromthe Bible Although mostpeople couldn t read they couldstill understandbiblical storiesin thepictures onchurch walls By contrast one ofthe maincharacteristics of art in the MiddleEast was and stillis its absenceof humanand animalimages This reflectsthe Islamicbelief thatstatues areunholy 1 More can be learnedabout aculture fromastudyof arthistory than general historybecausearthistory A show usthe religious and emotionsof apeople inaddition topoliticalvalues B provide uswith informationaboutthedailyactivitiesof peoplein thepast C give usan insightinto theessentialqualitiesofatimeand aplace D all ofthe above 2 Art issubjective in that A a personaland emotionalview ofhistory ispresented throughit B it caneasily rouseour angeror sadnessabout socialproblems C it willfind aready echoin ourhearts D All ofthe above 3 Which ofthe followingstatements isnot trueaording tothepassage A Unlike FranciscoGoya Pablo andseveral Mexicanartists expressedtheir politicalopinions in their paintings B History booksoften revealthe pilers political views C Religious artremained inEurope forcenturies theonlytypeofartbecause mostpeople regardedthe Bibleas theHolyBook D All theabove mentioned 金榜考博英语冲刺班阅读理解补充材料川大金榜考博 助你金榜题名44 The passageis mainlydiscussing A the differencebetween general history andarthistory B The makingofarthistory C What canwe learnfrom art D The influenceof artistson arthistory 5 It maybe concludedfrom thispassage that A Islamic artistshave hadto createarchitectural decorationswith imagesof flowersor geometricforms B History teachersare moreobjective thangeneralhistory C It ismore difficultto studyarthistorythangeneralhistory D People andstoriesfromtheBiblewere paintedon churches andotherbuildings inorder topopularize theBible Passage4Recent researchhas claimedthat anexcess of positive ionsinthe air canhave anill effecton people s physicalor psychologicalhealth What arepositive ions Well the airis fullof ions electrically chargedparticles and generallythere isa roughbalance between the positiveand thenegative charged But sometimesthis balancebees disturbedandalarger proportionof positive ions arefound This happensnaturally beforethunderstorm earthquakes whenwinds such as theMistral Hamsin orSharav areblowing incertain countries Or it can becaused bya build up ofstatic electricityindoors fromcarpets orclothing made of man made fibres or fromTV sets duplicators orputer displayscreens When alarge number ofpositiveionsare present intheairmany peopleexperience unpleasanteffects such as headaches fatigue irritability and someparticularly sensitivepeople suffernausea oreven mentaldisturbance Animals arealso affected particularly beforeearthquakes snakes have been observedtoeout ofhibernation rats toflee fromtheir burrows dogs howland catsjump aboutunaountably This hasled theUS GeographicalSurvey tofund awork ofvolunteers towatch animalsinaneffort toforesee suchdisasters beforethey hitvulnerable areassuch asCalifornia Conversely when largenumbers of negative ionsarepresent then peoplehave afeeling ofwell being Natural conditionsthat producethese largeamounts arenear thesea close towaterfalls orfountains or inany placewhere wateris sprayed or formsa spray This probablyaounts for the beneficialeffect ofa holidayby thesea or inthe mountainswith tumblingstreams orwaterfalls To increase the supplyofnegative ions indoors some scientistsremend theuseofioniserssmall portablemachines which generatenegative ions They claimthat ionisersnot onlyclean andrefresh theair but also improvethe health ofpeoplesensitive toexcess positiveions Of course there are the detractors other scientists who dismisssuch claimsand areskeptical aboutnegative positiveionresearch Therefore peoplecan onlymake uptheir ownminds byobserving the effects onthemselves or onothers ofanegative richor poorenvironment After allit isdebatable whetherdepending onseismic readingsto anticipateearthquakes ismore effectivethan watchingthe cat 1 What effectdoes exceedingpositive ionizationhave onsome people A They thinkthey are insane B They feelrather bad tempered andshort fussed C They beeviolently sick D They aretoo tiredto doanything 2 In aordancewith thepassage static electricitycan becaused by A using home made electricalgoods B wearing clothesmadeofnatural materials C walking onartificial floorcoverings D copying TVprograms ona puter 3 A highnegativeioncount is likelyto befound A near apound witha waterpump 金榜考博英语冲刺班阅读理解补充材料川大金榜考博 助你金榜题名5B close to a slow flowing river C high in some barrenmountains D byarotating watersprinkler 4 What kindof machinecan generatenegative ionsindoors A Ionisers B Air conditioners C Exhaust fans D Vacuum pumps 5 Some scientistsbelieve that A watching animalsto anticipateearthquakes ismore effectivethan dependingon seismography B the unusualbehavior ofanimals cannotbe trusted C neither watchingnor usingseismographs isreliable D earthquake Passage5Western airlinermanufacturers seem to be tripping over themselves intheir eagernessto signcollaborative agreementswith Asian partners asa low cost routeto developingnew airliners Their potentialAsian partnersseemtobetrippingoverthemselvesto signsuch agreements asalow cost routeto acquiringnew airlinertechnology If theyare notcareful thetwo sideswill endup trippingover eachother theone byselling itsbirth right forshort term gain theotherby tryingto breakinto amarket whichisn t bigenough tosustain it Technology transferworks ina growingmarket where theaspirations ofthe newentrant receivingthat technologycanbemet throughexpansion The airlinermarket isnot sucha device Even themost optimisticprojections ofairliner salesfor thenext20years showthat airlinermanufacture canonly beprofitable ifa smallnumberofaircraft buildersshare theavailable sales It followsthat ifnew manufacturerse intothe marketand takesales their salesmust efrom substitution not expansion Given theplexity oftoday s airliners it isunlikely thatany newentrant willhave boththe financialand technicalresources toe intothe marketwithout theinvolvement ofan established manufacturer In theshort term such involvementmay notbe tothe exclusivebenefit ofthe newentrantmost ofthe establishedmanufacturers aresearching forways toreduce costsof manufacture In theshort term itcanbe ofbenefit toan establishedWestern manufacturerto haveeither ponentsof pleteair frames madeor assembledin lower wage economicssuchasChina Taiwan orKorea while retainingthe design development and marketing ofaircraft foritself It wouldbe avery unwiseWestern manufacturerwhich didnot heedthe factthat thesedeveloping economiesare acquiringskills like puting at leastas quicklyas theyare acquiringskills inmetallbashing The dangeres whenthe newentrant nolonger needsthe establishedWestern partnerbecause ithas acquiredthe technicaland intellectualability todesign andbuild its own aircraft An Asianpartner maywell finditself inthe happyposition ofhaving thelow cost labourbase the high cost technologybase and the vitalfinancial baseto builda newairliner 1 The author s attitudetowards Western eastern collaborationcanbedepicted as A positive B progressive C conservative D negative2 The airlinermarket isnot sucha device means thatthe airlinermarket A does notencourage technologytransfer B is toolimited to offer chancesof suessC requires hi tech rather than unaepteddevices D is fullof petitionseven fornew entrants3 Established manufacturerssearch forpartners inorder to A save thecost ofthe airframeB improve someaircraft ponentsC save thecost oflabour D develop newtechnology金榜考博英语冲刺班阅读理解补充材料川大金榜考博 助你金榜题名64 Aording tothe author a wiseestablishedmanufacturershould A try tobenefit fromboth financialand technicalresources B break uphis partnershipwith theEast onceprofits aremade C keep atight holdover hi tech developmentandmarketingof airlinersD collaborate withAsianpartnersfor ashort time5 The word base inthe last paragraphrepresents A a productionplace B the initialoperation ofbuilding aircraftC a researchinstitute D a positionwhere tostart buildingPassage1 Global WarmingOn Feb 2 xx the UnitedNations scientificpanel studyingclimate changedeclared thatthe evidenceofawarming trendis unequivocal and thathuman activityhas very likely been thedriving forceinthatchange overthelast50years The lastreport bythe group the IntergovernmentalPanel onClimate Change inxx had foundthat humanityhad likely played arole The additionof thatsingle word very did morethan reflectmounting scientificevidence thatthe releaseof carbon dioxide andother heat trapping gasesfrom smokestacks tailpipes andburning forestshas playeda centralrole inraising the average surfacetemperature ofthe earthby morethan1degree Fahrenheitsince1900 It alsoadded newmomentum toa debatethat nowseems centeredless overwhether humansare warmingthe pla but insteadover whatto doabout it In recentmonths business groupshave bandedtogether tomake unprecedentedcalls forfederal regulationof greenhousegases The subjecthad ared carpet momentwhen formerVice PresidentAl Gore s documentary An InconvenientTruth was awardedan Oscar and theSupreme Courtmade itsfirst globalwarming related decision ruling5to4thattheEnvironmental Protectio