浅谈思维导图在小学英语课前研究的作用与实施.doc

to clean and repair, it is strictly forbidden to head reaches into the mechanical stroke range. 17th article: in overhead transmission line following work should blackout, cannot blackout Shi, due isolation protection measures, crane shall not in overhead transmission line following work, through overhead transmission line should will lifting arm falls, in overhead line side work Shi, regardless of in any situation Xia, lifting arm, and rope or weights, and overhead transmission line of recently distance should not is less than Xia table provides: transmission line voltage 1000 v following 1-15 kV 20-40 kV 60-110 kV 220,000 v Allow minimum distances with the transmission line (m) vertical 1.5 level 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 4 6 18th: lamp voltage may not exceed 36 volts, when working in a damp place or metal containers, lamp voltage may not exceed 12 volts. 19th: pressure vessel should have a safety valve, pressure gauge, and avoid sun exposure, collisions, oxygen cylinders to prevent contaminated oil; of acetylene gas, LPG, must have a safety device to prevent tempering. 20th: x-ray and gamma-ray flaw detector operation area, non-operator, not allowed to enter. Article 21st: corrosion, dust and radioactive and toxic work, protective measures are required, and to carry out regular inspection. Spider-man 22nd section III: Spider-man to regular medical examinations of the medical diagnosis, who suffer from high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, epilepsy and other discomfort in the Spider-man shall not engage in aerial work. 23rd: Spider-man dressed spirit, banned the wearing of hard bottom and easy slip-on shoe nail. 24th: Spider-man material stack stationary, tools should turn into a tool bag, transfer prohibited throwing of objects. 25th: in case of bad weather (such as wind in the above grade) construction safety, prohibition of the open air, lifting and piling. 26th article: ladder shall not deficiency document, no padded using, ladder cross document spacing to 30 cm suitable, using Shi top to tied prison, bottom should take anti-sliding measures, single ladder and ground angle to 60 degrees suitable, ban II people while in ladder Shang job, as needed received long using, should lashing firm, people Word ladder in end of feet pulled prison, in channel at using ladder, due guardianship or set fence. 27th: no security measures, prohibited in hip joints, supports, trusses of the roof truss cantilever beams, and choose the frame and half fixed widget or job to walk on, Spider-man and the ground . Nine, ten basic security to prevent vehicle damage claim 1, without legal training of qualified certified personnel not familiar with vehicle performance is not driving a car. 2, should insist on doing defense work, vehicle brake, Horn, steering systems, lighting and other safety components such as poor are not allowed out of the car. 3, dump truck, dump truck car hop is strictly prohibited, prohibited goods mixing, loading of vehicles should not overload,stavebn tm vdce mst een. een by mlo zahrnovat analzu rizik, monost nehod charakteristik a nouzovch postup, nouzov zpracovn a obsah opaten. 4, integrovan pohotovostn plny, speciln havarijn plny a mst een by mly bt mezi sebou a s ostatnmi jednotky zapojeny v nouzi, kter jsou vzjemn propojeny. 5, havarijn pln by ml zahrnovat havarijn personl a organizace kontakt, nouzov rezervn seznam a dal informace. Informace by mly bt pravideln aktualizovny a zajist, e informace jsou pesn a platn. tyi, havarijn pln revize 1, Recenze pohotovostn plny pezkoumn formul a prvky pezkumu a opaten pijatch dvma zpsoby. Kdy host slou pedevm pro havarijn plny pro zznam v podob Recenze, prvek hodnocen pro nouzov hodnocen. . Kd pro porn ochranu konstrukce budov a nsk republice ny exploze nebezpen oblasti elektrick bezpenostnch pedpis a pedpis o porn ochranu design rafinaci ropy a chemickch podnik, napklad poadavky na pedpisech a nazench. 2. pi provdn instalace me zpsobit por, exploze, kter sti by mly bt pln nastaven peht, petlaku, micch pstroj, alarm (zvuk a svtla). 3. kde je holav plyn (pra) me unikat , holav plyn koncentrac detekce, alarm by mla bt nastavena. 4. vechny komunikoval s holav, vbun zazen s inertnm plynem, plynov penosov potrub, by mla bt nastavena zabrnit holavch a vbunch ltek do zazen, ale nemla bt samostatn zptn ventil. 5. holav plyn (pra) nastavit plamen svodi odvzduovac vvod, snadno pracovat, kde se zastavit ventily, aby pi vstupn vtrac potrub je v plamenech, peruil por plynu odvzduovac potrub ml bt nainstalovn v nejni hasicho zazen. 6. kdy dopravu holavch materil by mla odpovdat prmru potrub a stedn mrn odpor, sprvn zen prtoku, co nejvce se vyhnout statick elektiny. Antistatick opaten, jako jsou zazen, potrub, by mlo bt v souladu s technickmi pedpisy pro uzemnn design pro chemick podniky pslunch ustanoven. 7. nhl vbun petlaku nebo rychlho rozkladu vrobnch zazen nebo skladovacch zazen by mly bt vybaveny vbuchu (nevbun membrna), vvoz nonel trubice smrem k bezpenosti a aby prevence sekundrnch exploz, protiporn opaten. 8. vrobnthe principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges, into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax, financial and other resources, and construct Government credit + business credit credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to raise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central eight rules and opposing the four winds and practicing three Suns, and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the partys political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the partys political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the partys political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the partys political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs further浅谈概念图在小学英语前置性作业的实施与作用内容提要：小学英语新课程标准中关于认知策略是这样阐述的“学习策略指学生为了有效地学习和发展而采取的各种行动和步骤。英语学习的策略包括认知策略、调控策略、交际策略和资源策略等。教师应在教学中，帮助学生形成适合自己的学习策略。认知策略是指学生为了完成具体学习任务而采取的步骤和方法 。”前置性作业通过“先做后学”的方式，提高课堂学习的有效性,培养了学生解决学习困难、主动寻求学习策略的能力。但是，由于小学生认知面比较窄,生活经验不多,独立完成前置性作业质量不高。概念图的应用，很好地解决了两者的矛盾学生独立完成前置性作业过程中，概念图发挥了指引方向和提供帮扶的脚手架的功能，对学生的自学能力培养，起到了指导性作用。关键词：概念图 前置性作业 正文：小学英语新课程标准内容标准关于认知策略是这样阐述的“认知策略是指：学生为了完成具体学习任务而采取的步骤和方法。它的内容是：1、根据需要进行预习； 2、在学习中集中注意力， 3、在学习中积极思考； 4、在学习中善于记要点； 5、在学习中善于利用图画等非语言信息理解主题； 6、借助联想学习和记忆词语； 7、对所学习内容能主动复习并加以整理和归纳； 8、注意发现语言的规律并能运用规律举一反三； 9、在使用英语申，能意识到错误并进行适当的纠正； 10、必要时，有效地借助母语知识理解英语； 11、尝试阅读英语故事及其他英语课外读物。小学生达标准则为二级。前置性作业，指的是教师向学生讲授新课内容之前，让学生先根据自己的知识水平和生活经验所进行的尝试性学习。它不等于课前预习，它在传统的英语预习的基础上，拓展了内容，更具科学性和趣味性。学生通过先做后学，对新知识有了初步感受和浅层理解，从而更有目的性地进行课堂的学习，提升课堂教学的有效性。但是，小学生知识面窄，生活经验不多，虽然现在使用的教材与生活实践联系紧密，但是如果不做任何指导,要求学生独立完成前置性作业，不但前置性作业不能取得预期的效果，还会令学生对英语前置性作业的目的产生质疑，最终对英语学习产生厌学情绪。我认为，概念图是解决，培养学生英语学习策略能力和小学生能力不高，两者矛盾的方法。概念图运用图文并重的技巧，把各级主题的关系用图表现出来，将零散的知识和资源，融会贯通成为一个系统，学习者可以更快地把新知识与生活中已掌握的旧知识整合起来，成倍提高学习速度和效率。通过两年来在我所带的小学三至六年级的教学实践中探究，我发现学生借助概念图进行前置性作业，不但提升了学习效率，而且逐步培养了自主学习的能力。以下几点是在实施过程中总结出来行之有效的方法，供给大家借鉴。一 主树图 理清课文脉络，紧抓重、难点概念图中的主树图是指：用来显示因果信息、层级关系、分支程序、整体局部、主题专题等关系。组织一个信息的层级序列，反映上位的或从的元素。Success with English第三册Unit 5 Our Heroes And Heroines是篇具有童趣的对话文。围绕着本文几个孩子的心中的偶像这一主题，进行关于人物性格特征单词及相关句型的学习。学习难点是新授单词有18个，部分单词如handsome、hardworking、heroine、honet、patient、parents字形相近，发音比较拗口。另文章篇幅比较大，各人物对话句子较长。此课前置性作业要求为：1、观看金太阳课件中的Unit 5 课文故事 2、完成主树图，并在新单词旁，标注上中文 3、你觉得哪几个单词比较难记忆，请圈出它们 4、尝试画出自己心中的一个偶像， 用不少于10个字描述他（她）的外貌和性格特点。其中第1至3点，要求全班学生都完成，第4点，部分后进生（10人）不要求完成写作部分。此作业要求学生在两天内完成。主树图如下： 前置性作业的第一步，学生在观看VCD的过程，激发了他们的好奇心，并对个别人物的话语有了初步印象。第二步，学生在完成此主树图的过程中，不断重复的句型，让学生对句型的表达，和单词的书写和中文意思有了进一步的印象。第三步，学生提出有待解决的难点，让教师能更好地把握学生的认知程度，在备课中设计相应的教学手段，解决难点，提高课堂教学的有效性。第四步，学生画出自己心中的偶像，并用英语句型表达自己的思想，促使学生尝试把课本知识转变成自己的语言，在使用的过程中，对部分新授单词的读音和拼写记忆得更牢固了。学生上交的作业，色彩丰富，童趣盎然。44份作业，其中36份完成了4点要求，其中27人写出3句以上的句子。部分后进生虽然没有完成写作，他们也画出了图画，并涂上了丰富的色彩，证明他们对本课内容感兴趣，希望参与写作。另一方面，学生普遍反映patient与parents难于记忆，句子写作语法错误比较多，集中在I love she/ he .(应该为her/ him)。针对学生在作业中反映的问题，我及时地调整了备课内容及教学方法。在课堂深入学习中，学生们格外自信，渴望向老师和同学展现自己的学习成果，思维脉搏会处于“高度快速反应”之中。学生已经区别了hero（男英雄/偶像）与heroine（女英雄/偶像），并能运用相应的He与She做答。个别难点单词已经解决了，如：handsome 与hardworking，部分学生提出把单词分解为hand-some与 hard-working。对于各人物的交谈内容，他们已经熟悉明了,在对话操练中，所有学生都积极参与练习，大胆举手表演对话，体会到了英语交际的乐趣。在课堂拓展环节，能力较强的学生已经能脱稿单独表演课文对话了。学生感觉比较难的单词patient与parents，我提供了音素记忆法和情景记忆法，学生们重点操练这两个单词，有效地解决了难点。此课的家庭作业是：学生模仿此主树图，设计一个四人情景对话。要求主树图中，不能出现句型，只能是关键词。学生们快乐的接受了，并马上着手设计及练习对话。巩固课上，学生们的对话表演出色，部分学生还找出了lovely(可爱的)、naughty(调皮的)、warming heart(热心肠)等词汇，我把这些词书写在黑板上，学生们自觉地把他们记录在了单词本上。主树图在前置性作业中，发挥了梳理课文主要内容，让学生在完成各个小环节的过程中，对课文内容、单词读音及拼写、难点句型都有了一定的了解和初步的运用，进而帮助他们在课堂学习中，提高课堂学习的有效性。由此看来，提供给学生行之有效的工具，激发学生自主学习的热情，提高学生自主学习能力，亦非难事。二 流程图清晰事件脉络，提高写作水平概念图中的流程图是指：用来显示一系列事件是如何相互作用，而产生一系列结果的图式。此图，比较适用于学习故事性强的文章，有利于培养学生以清晰的思维，叙述事件的过程，从而提高六年级学生的写作水平。 Success with English第8册 Unit 4 Trees Planting Day 是一篇日记式的故事文。本文重、难点有两个，一是用英语表述植树过程，二是动词的不规则过去式单词的掌握。就学生而言，六年级学生，他们学习的独立性和能力都更强了，知识面更广了，因此，他们独立探索知识的欲望更为强烈。流程图在前置性作业中的使用，既满足了学生独立探求知识的愿望，又为指明了他们研究方向。此课的前置性作业任务为1、完成以下图表,并在文字下画出简易图画 2、用波浪线标出过去式动词，在其旁边写出其动词原形 ，尝试根据单词发音规律，朗读不规则动词。3、尝试复述植树的过程。其中第1、2点要求全班学生完成，第3点部分后进生不要求完成。流程图如下: 第一步，学生在完成此图的过程中，首先激发了他们回忆植树的过程，促使他们在课文中寻找相应的英语的句子，并对这些句子有了初步印象。第二步，绘画的过程中，学生对英语句型的表达理解更深刻了。把文字转化成图像，令记忆再次加深，发展了学生的形象思维。第三步，用波浪线标出动词的过去式，促使学生在查找答案的过程中，发现更多的不规则动词，激发他们对新单词的好奇心。在尝试运用单词发音规律朗读不规则单词，让能力较强的学生，学以致用。能力较弱的学生也会对单词留下了印象。把知识交给学生自己去寻找和发现，与直接由教师讲述式的呈现，来得更加生动，记忆效果也更深刻，全班41人，共36人完整的完成了此项作业，简易图都画出了主要内容，100%正确写出不规则动词过去式dug的原形dig。课堂上的学习效果非常好，他们成为了课堂的主人，复述植树的过程及动词的过去式不规则单词的掌握被“快速消化”。调查学生的记忆方式，他们普遍反映为，“脑袋里浮现出了生动的植树画面，句子不断的冒出来。”使用事件链图进行前置性作业，有助于学生把学习精力集中在关键知识点之间的连接上，培养学生的发散思维，促使他们以清晰的思路，叙述事情经过，提高英文写作能力，充分运用学习策略，提高学习能力。三 对比矩阵图 在对比中发现知识，碰撞出智慧的火花 概念图中的对比矩阵图指的是：根据理论篇中关于图形组织器的讲解内容，主讲教师以图例来讲解图形组织器。主讲教师向学生展示应用于教学的图形组织器的图例。Success With English第6册 Unit 7 Is Yongxians New School Larger ? 此课重、难点为形容词比较级的学习。我利用了对比图，把重难点集中起来，引领学生在课前先体验形容词比较级书写规律。要求是：1、 完成此表格 2、请你观察加er 的单词的规律 3、观察课本P31的两副图，尝试用表格中的语言描述Yongxian 新、旧学校的区别。表格如下：完成后的图为：从学生作品中，我了解到，学生经过对比矩阵图的归纳，他们对Yongxian新、旧学校面貌的区别已经有了一定了解。本课的难点，形容词比较级的规律，全班41人，90%的学生归纳出了形容词尾加er的规律，另70%的学生归纳出了big后双写g再加er的规律。但是，他们在more的使用上，表现得比较生硬。进入课堂学习后，我使用多媒体课件呈现课文内容的同时，引导学生再次归纳新、旧学校的区别，学生们能看着此图，完整地讲述句子。在归纳形容词比较级的环节，加强了more的情景操练。整节课下来，学生们精神高度集中，智慧的火花在碰撞中不断的升高，课堂气氛活跃，教学质量高。此外，对比矩阵图在区分相近知识中，发挥的作用比较大，例如，一般现在进行时与一般将来时的比较，六年级下册Unit 16与17中西方节日的区别，反义词的对比记忆等。学习策略是灵活多样的，在英语课程实施中，帮助学生有效地使用学习策略，不仅有利于他们把握学习的方向、采用科学的途径、提高学习效率，而且还有助于他们形成自主学习的能力，为终身学习奠定基础。概念图在英语前置性作业中的使用，不但帮助学生更有效地独立完成知识的前期学习，提高学习效率，而且还有助于他们形成自主学习的能力，为终身学习奠定基础。参考文献1、 郭思乐.教育走向“生本”M.北京：人民教育出版社，2001.1972、 小学英语新课程标准（试验稿），北京师范大学出版社，2001年6月。3、 Carrell, P.L. and Eisterhold, J. C. 1983. Schema theory and ESL reading pedagogyJ.TESOL Quarterly 17: 533-573to clean and repair, it is strictly forbidden to head reaches into the mechanical stroke range. 17th article: in overhead transmission line following work should blackout, cannot blackout Shi, due isolation protection measures, crane shall not in overhead transmission line following work, through overhead transmission line should will lifting arm falls, in overhead line side work Shi, regardless of in any situation Xia, lifting arm, and rope or weights, and overhead transmission line of recently distance should not is less than Xia table provides: transmission line voltage 1000 v following 1-15 kV 20-40 kV 60-110 kV 220,000 v Allow minimum distances with the transmission line (m) vertical 1.5 level 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 4 6 18th: lamp voltage may not exceed 36 volts, when working in a damp place or metal containers, lamp voltage may not exceed 12 volts. 19th: pressure vessel should have a safety valve, pressure gauge, and avoid sun exposure, collisions, oxygen cylinders to prevent contaminated oil; of acetylene gas, LPG, must have a safety device to prevent tempering. 20th: x-ray and gamma-ray flaw detector operation area, non-operator, not allowed to enter. Article 21st: corrosion, dust and radioactive and toxic work, protective measures are required, and to carry out regular inspection. Spider-man 22nd section III: Spider-man to regular medical examinations of the medical diagnosis, who suffer from high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, epilepsy and other discomfort in the Spider-man shall not engage in aerial work. 23rd: Spider-man dressed spirit, banned the wearing of hard bottom and easy slip-on shoe nail. 24th: Spider-man material stack stationary, tools should turn into a tool bag, transfer prohibited throwing of objects. 25th: in case of bad weather (such as wind in the above grade) construction safety, prohibition of the open air, lifting and piling. 26th article: ladder shall not deficiency document, no padded using, ladder cross document spacing to 30 cm suitable, using Shi top to tied prison, bottom should take anti-sliding measures, single ladder and ground angle to 60 degrees suitable, ban II people while in ladder Shang job, as needed received long using, should lashing firm, people Word ladder in end of feet pulled prison, in channel at using ladder, due guardianship or set fence. 27th: no security measures, prohibited in hip joints, supports, trusses of the roof truss cantilever beams, and choose the frame and half fixed widget or job to walk on, Spider-man and the ground . Nine, ten basic security to prevent vehicle damage claim 1, without legal training of qualified certified personnel not familiar with vehicle performance is not driving a car. 2, should insist on doing defense work, vehicle brake, Horn, steering systems, lighting and other safety components such as poor are not allowed out of the car. 3, dump truck, dump truck car hop is strictly prohibited, prohibited goods mixing, loading of vehicles should not overload,ch zazen, budov a konstrukc, tanky a jin zsuvky prmyslov vody, krom ustanoven vodu tak, by mlo bt instalovno v oblasti s vodou k utsnn vrtu, uzavrac ventil, aby se zabrnilo velk mnostv holavch a vbunch materil do kanalizace. 9. pouit v holavch, vbunch plyn pojistn ventil a vtrac potrub, je nutn export trubice je umstn mimo a vy ne 2 metry nad budovou. (B) pouvn ohn, ohe (viz systm sprvy prce) (c) porn zazen a organizac 1. realizace prevence prvn a integrovan prevence ohe politiku, pijmout modern technologie poru a vbuchu prevence a pomoci, provdn zen podle cl. 2. zzen veden spolenosti a vedouc jednotlivch oddlen Porn bezpenost vboru, workshop zaloena porn ochrany, vedouc skupiny a nastavit dobrovolnch hasi. 3. spolenost tvaru ochrany spotebitele na pln vazek hasii, hasii formulovat pln protiporn prevence a akn pln, provdn zen podle cl, pravideln proveden publicitu porn prevence a vzdlvn a kolen, v kombinaci s oekvan porn cvien. 4. soubor stacionrn ohn uvnit spolenosti zazen, protiporn zazen mus bt v Sprva slueb, rozvoj provozn postupy a systmy zen. 5. porn zazen na serveru nastavit jasn, pstup k pohodln a bezpen msto, pravideln kontroly drby, ti (to je, pevn, fixn typ a mnostv, podle odbornk), a nem nikdo nenapadal, pachatel dle systmu ke zpracovn. 6. vechny holav a vbun ltky ve spolenosti a potenciln ped porem a vbuchem nebezpen vroby, skladovn, prodej a pouvn procesu a jeho souvisejc vybaven, psn zen. 7. kdy je ohe, pole tby okamit uspodejte do boje s ohnm, a ohledn vroby, plnovn, alarmy a ohn a adresu urit sti ohn a pinastreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no