英语本科毕业论文-从现代汉语中的外来词看中国文化对西方文化的吸收与处理.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权，请联系网站删除 本科毕业论文从现代汉语中的外来词看中国文化对西方文化的吸收与处理学生姓名： 学生学号： 200310206119 院（系）： 外国语学院 年级专业： 2003级英语本科2班 指导教师： 二七年五月精品文档Absorbing and Handling Western Culture By LoanwordsYue ShaUnder the Supervision ofWang LiSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2007ContentsAbstract.IKey Words.I摘要.关键词 .Introduction.1. Different Loanwords and the Influence of Loanwords.3 A. Different Loanwords.3B. the Influence of loanwords.5. The Conflicts between Chinese Culture and Western Culture.6. Different Handling Styles of Loanwords.7A. Translation.7B. Free Translation9C. Half Transliteration and Half Free Translation10D. Both Transliteration and Free Translation.10E. Borrowed Translation.11F. Abbreviation Form of English Alphabet.11G. Some Brands Translation.11Conclusion.13Acknowledgements15Bibliography.16AbstractDifferent nations are different in economy, politic, culture, and so on. When contact becomes much closer between two nations, one nation of lower productivity learns from the other of higher productivity level and advanced culture, as is beneficial to its development obviously. In order to develop our country faster, we need to learn other countries cultures and advanced technology. But this needs us to communicate with people from other countries well. Language is one of the most important tools to humans. Language reflects social reality; culture reflects language, which can be embodied in the meaning of vocabularies distinctively, especially the loanwords. Loanword is a production of direct contact and indirect contact among different nations. Language will blend different elements from languages and have the duality of different cultures. We can absorb and handle something useful through loanwords.Key WordsLoanwords; culture; absorb; transliteration摘要不同民族在文化，经济，政治方面的发展是不平衡的。当两个民族的关系日益密切的世界，生产力水平比较低，文化比较落后的民族，学习生产力发展水平比较高，文化比较发达的民族显然有利于自己的发展。在现代社会，一个国家排斥外来事物是不可能，也是愚蠢的。因此，为了我们国家更好的发展，我们就必须学习其他国家的文化和先进技术。但是这就需要我们能够与其他国家很好地交流。语言就是人类最重要的交际工具。文化对语言的影响最明显地体现在词汇的语言意义上，尤其是外来词。外来词是民族之间直接或间接接触的产物，它会融合不同的语言文化，具有语言文化的二重性。了解了更多的外来词后，我们可以更好地学习其他民族的先进文化和技术。 关键词外来词; 文化; 吸收; 音译IntroductionLanguage is the carrier of culture. Impacted with different national cultures, language always plays the important leading role. The communication and blend of cultures always leave deep marks. In all components of language, loanwords can represent such marks more clearly.The Chinese vocabulary has experienced long process. The vocabulary has become rich through the development of itself; on the other hand, the vocabulary has become richer because they have absorbed amounts of foreign components from other languages. From Qin Dynasty to the contemporary era, contacting with foreign culture every time, the Chinese vocabulary has absorbed amounts of loanwords. Some loanwords have experienced longer history; we cannot distinguish their “foreign identity” now (Liu Zaifu, 1998). At the same time, most of them have become parts of Chinese through Chinesization and make the Chinese show a lenience trait，so the Chinese vocabularies have such profound visage. For every historical period, predecessors discussed loanwords earlier, but how the loanwords entered into Chinese and became parts of Chinese, they did not pay more attention to. Different nations are different in economy, politic, culture, and so on. When contact becomes much closer between two nations, one nation of lower productivity learns from the other of higher productivity level and advanced culture, as is beneficial to its development obviously. The trade communication and cultural communication are among different nations, their immigrants live together，conquer of the war. All of these differences will increase the contact of language, affect each other in contact process, and make the structure of one language permeate into another language.The components of language include construction, semantic，vocabulary and grammar. They have great differences with the social contact; such differences keep the imbalance of social contact. Semantic and vocabulary can reflect and change society quickly. Contrasted with them, language and grammar are more stable. In social life, fresh things bring old things, the concepts of people will be changed, and this can be reflected in vocabularies. Every language has absorbing function, and such function can be reflected clearly on the vocabularies sometimes. (Xu Tongqiang, P320, 2001) It does not fear to be connected with other languages, and then it can absorb fresh vocabularies when it is necessary. The fresh vocabularies reflect fact. In the modern society, it is impossible and foolish that an independent country expels exotic, foreign things. Because of reality, our nation must absorb amounts of loanwords no doubt. If we do not absorb loanwords, we cannot settle the problem about conveying information. The cultural communication of different nations has offered chances to loanwords. Several essential conditions can promote the loanwords atmosphere in Chinese. They are introduction and dissemination of foreign things, self-identity of foreign culture by the common people. It needs an opening social environment as a benign cause to promote the “growth” of loanwords. The frequency usage of loanwords is decided by the dissemination level of foreign things. The ability of loanwords to create new vocabularies is related to the self-identity level of the common people. Different Loanwords and the Influence of LoanwordsMany loanwords relate to our daily life. The steps of modern life become faster and faster, then fresh things and productions come forth continuously. There are apparent reflections on absorbing the different lines of loanwords.A. Different LoanwordsIn our everyday life, we can see many loanwords everywhere. But we did not pay more attention to them, because some loanwords have experienced longer history, we cannot distinguish their “foreign identity” now, even we think they are just Chinese. Especially some loanwords have experienced longer history, such as, Kentucky, McDonalds, Coca-cola, Sprite, hot dog, cheese, and so on. We can see these loanwords everywhere, and they have experienced a long time. Western culture is introduced into our country continually. So we cannot distinguish they are loanwords or Chinese.For example, many people know Coca-cola is a production of foreign company, but maybe they think the name of this brand is a production of Chinese. In fact, in 1886, Georgia, a pharmaceutical doctor Pemberton made a special liquid medicine by himself. This liquid medicine can refresh oneself, and it is loved by many consumers deeply. One day, a consumer come to buy this liquid medicine, Pemberton made a mistakehe mixed a kind of brown liquor into it, which changed the prescription of this liquid medicine unconsciously. Surprisingly, that consumer felt the taste become better than before. After that, the reputation of this liquid medicine raised largely. So Pemberton decided to ameliorate such liquid medicine. He made it become a kind of drink, and invited Robinson to nominate his invention. Robinson was a clever salesman, he had spire from two components of this liquid medicine and named it. The two components are the leaf of Coca and the fruit of Kola. For order, Robison changed K into C. Coca-colas English name only refers to the drink with coca and cola two components, but it hasnt more deep meaning. Its Chinese name can make imagination. So Coca-cola can become one of the most popular drinks.There are some fresh loanwords. We can know more about western culture by these loanwords in recent years. Such as, green food, buffet, toast, instant coffee, a jar of beer, milkshake, contact lenses, mosaic, Pepsi-cola, airbus, ATV(its full name is air-terrain bus, it is a kind of bus going on all kinds of terrains), and so on. Otherwise, there are still some loanwords relating to our daily life. Such as, Viagra, supermarket, Sunna, SOS, AIDS, and so on. AIDS was originated from the United States. When appearing in China, we translated it into a long word through CCTV. Such word was very long and difficult to know. In Hong Kong, they translated it into “Ai Zi Bing”. Such translation method is very easy to remember and know. So this translation can be accepted by the common people quickly. Until now, we still use this translation. Such translation method includes not only its pronunciation, but also meaning.Amounts of loanwords appeared in our entertainment aspect, too. Such as, soap opera, NBA, MTV, carting, Bunge jumping, boomerang, water ballet, Disney land, disco, break-dance, party, bowling, golf, and so on. ()We can know a lot of loanwords just in daily life. Although we can hear and see them everyday, everywhere, we did not pay more attention to them. Now we cannot distinguish their “foreign identity”. These loanwords have enriched Chinese culture and enlarged our knowledge. Especially most parts of these loanwords take part in our daily life. It tells us that the common people can accept loanwords easily and quickly. It is of course that these loanwords appeared in our daily life firstly. There are many fresh vocabularies appeared in our daily life continually, and these loanwords bring amounts of fresh vocabularies and culture to our country.With the development of science technology and blend of different cultures, loanwords present to not only our daily life, but also telecommunications, electron productions, cultural value concepts, and so on. Such as Internet, videophone, DNA, clone, E-mail, cellular phone, CD, VCD, DVD, VCR, and so on. These loanwords are fresh vocabularies in recent years. From this, we can know that our country contacts with other countries closer. More vocabularies are absorbed continually. These loanwords become parts of Chinese and enrich Chinese vocabularies gradually. B. The Influence of LoanwordsLoanwords appeared in Chinese as fresh things in the beginning, so different people treated them in different styles. But language has its own developing principle. Loanwords become rich in Chinese gradually, as indicate such foreign components through Chinesization. They are handled by Chinese in a stable form, which is beneficial to the development of Chinese vocabulary materials. Communicating and contacting with other nations, we often bring amounts of foreign things and concepts.How to express these things and concepts concisely is an important subject to the language. Reconstructing the loanwords and making them become the daily vocabularies fit for Chinese custom can enrich the materials of Chinese vocabulary and maintain the characteristics of Chinese. And loanwords bring the adjustment to Chinese vocabulary system. It seems that not only Chinese has absorbed amounts of loanwords, but also many fresh loanwords have appeared in Chinese. It brings the adjustment and revamp of Chinese vocabulary system. The typical foreign culture adds foreign colors to the loanwords. With the process of time and level of joining Chinese, the foreign colors of loanwords will be desalted gradually. But when we talk about “evolutionism”, “modern Sheila”, we still can feel the flavor of modern western culture, just like the teenagers talking about “internet bar”, “MTV”, “pose”, “cool” under such international fashion. (Shi Youwei, 2001)Contacting with different nations must bring cultural blend. Cultural blend can be embodied on household utensils, system and the bottom of mind. Loanwords are just another embodiment place of cultural blend. Loanword is a production of direct contact and indirect contact among different nations; it will blend different language culture certainly and have the duality of language culture.Modernit was introduced into China from the beginning of this century to now, and it always means fashion. Although such a word holds original meaning of foreign cultures completely, it is selected by Chinese. And it becomes one member of Chinese language and cannot be treated equally as foreign language any longer. Another example, salonthe original meaning is the art of the classes，discussion meeting about political affairs, reception and art exhibition, but only the first meaning was selected when it was absorbed in Chinese. It is not fixed in the classes. The Conflicts between Chinese Culture and Western CultureMost of loanwords are absorbed and used by Chinese, but there are still some loanwords reflecting the conflicts between Chinese culture and western culture. There are some reasons. Loanwords embody the blend of different cultures, so there will be different reflections when different cultures embodying them on the loanwords. Some of them are harmonious and happy to be admitted; some of them are unharmonious and repelled in different degrees. Some can promote the adjustment of vocabulary, and some will induce disappearance of those loanwords. The latter has two reasons. One is that loanwords are moved because of the conflicts between social politic and cultural tradition; the other is that language cultural factor of our nation reflecting on the loanwords is lack or unjust. Cultural conflicts are necessary reflections in the process of cultural blend, which is another behavior in the blend process. English is one of the most widely used languages all over the world. With our country contacting with other countries more frequently, the English loanwords appear more and more in daily life, especially during such new period of our reform and opening. Our country has joined in WTO successfully, which also promotes more English vocabularies to enter into our daily life. Chinese culture and western culture are different. The two nations have different natural environments, climates, and different life styles. Different life styles must result different material cultures, and derive different concepts, beliefs, interests, behaviors, mentalities and characteristics, which form two different spiritual cultures. In ancient time, China was a society lying on farming. Chinese culture rooted in country, and originated from the wide agricultural ground along the Yellow River. Our nation shared more biases and less pressure from nature. Agriculture played the most important role on economy, which made our nation nurture such life custom to fit it. The Chinese looks up upon agriculture and looks down upon business, relies on land, and makes land and climate keep close relationship. We keep our land stable; we have the stable time to do everything. It is our life style. This is our nation. We rely on agriculture, and we do not extravagant hope to expand our territories. We just hope we can live a very long time. Opposite to Chinese agricultural culture, western culture is business culture. They are long for richness and strength. Their predecessors lived in very bad circumstance, they faced turbulence, execrable climate and shared more ruthless and cruel from nature. They struggled for living. Western culture differs from Chinese culture. Loanwords bring us the blend of different cultures. At the same time, they bring us the conflicts of different cultures. In order to absorb loanwords better, we must know and handle these conflicts well. Different Handling Styles of LoanwordsDifferent loanwords have different handling styles. We can know more about loanwords from these styles. Why do we use such translation method? The reason is that it relates to culture. From these translation methods, we can know about the differences between Chinese culture and western culture.A. TransliterationThis method is translating loanwords into Chinese in the same pronunciation. There arent own meanings of these loanwords. They just contain their pronunciation and writing, like Cool, disco, OPEC, TOFEL (it is an English level test to foreign students in America, Chinese call it “Tuo Fu”. “Tuo Fu” is a parol in China, means all right. All of students hope they can through the test all right.), bikini, Beatles, mummy, Boeing (it means a plane making in American Boeing plane manufacturing company. “Wave” and “sound” is a physical phenomenon, means quick.), vitamin (it is one of the chemical species, and it is necessary to our body. Vitamin means maintaining life. When we hearing such name, we can think it is a kind of important medicine as soon as possible.), hacker (it is originated from hack, its original meaning is “sabrecut”. After expanding, its meaning is changed to those proficient computer users. Those users are proficient in computer, but they are unkindly. So they could be called “cracker”, it means they have crime records. But, bit by bit, many people mix the meanings of the two names, so we translate hacker into “Hei Ke”.), clone (“hacker” and “clone”, the two transliteration vocabularies have become fashion vocabularies. “Hacker” refers to those people are proficient in computer. They utilize computer to destroy and make trouble malice. They are not very fairness, and always do some evildoing. They are crashers of webs. “Clone” refers to asexual propa